四级英语语法

1、四级英语语法.txt男人的承诺就像80 岁老太太的牙齿，很少有真的。你嗜烟成性的时候，只有三种人会高兴，医生你的仇人和卖香烟的。高手点拨：英语四级语法题难点突破语法题难点突破在历年词汇与结构的题中语法部分约占40% ，词汇部分约占60% ，而且多有交叉。 总的说来，语法题主要有以下考点：1. 虚拟语气：强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词( 如 lest ，in case，otherwise等) ；一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句。同位语从句往往采用“(should)+动词原形

2、”；虚拟倒装句；在would rather，wish， as if ，it time that 等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望：混合虚拟句。2. 主谓一致：这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判定谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词作主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如 people ， poultry， militia等；用and 连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数；就近原则；主语中含有某些连词( 如as well as，besides ，in addition to等) 时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。3. 倒装结构：表示强调或突出，分为全部倒装和部分倒装。哪些否定词(

3、组 ) 、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有何区别，as 在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。4. 非谓语动词：这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重，解题时可以从三个方面人手：根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词；非谓语动同同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在分词一般式或过去分词；在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式；发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式；表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。5. 独

4、立主格题： 一般说来， 在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都作状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。6. 时态： 英语中一共有16 个时态， 最常用的5 个时态是一般现在时。现在进行时、 一般过去时。 一般将来时和现在完成时。四级考试中出现最多的考点是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。针对这一题型，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续性时间？7. 名词性从句：形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分

5、( 做宾语。主语还是状语等) ，从句的语序等等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句。同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。易犯的英语四级语法错误1 . sentence fragments make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence. 我经常看到句子成分不全，或者两个句子不加任何连词的用在一起的情况，出现这种情况的原因有

6、两个：1 是句子太长，把作者自己搞晕了2 是有些人还不清楚两个完整的句子不能排在一起而不加任何连词。还有一种情况是一个完整的单句带有有连词，却没有主句。 或者将一个主从句断裂开了。第二个例句就是此类。sentence fragment tests of the shroud of turin have produced some curious findings. for example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to europe and the middle east. 改正：tests of the shroud of turin

7、have produced some curious findings. for example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to europe and the middle east. 原句：scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. 改正：scientists

8、 report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. 2. sentence sprawl too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences. 过尤不及，虽然我们强调句子要有一定的复杂性，但是实际上老米教授、专家从来不主张过长的句子，读者也不爱看。不过，要达到精确而又不啰嗦的表达，的确是有

9、难度的。sentence sprawl the hearing was planned for monday, december 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following friday, and then all the witnesses could attend. there are no grammatical errors here, but the sprawling sentence does not communicate clearly

10、and concisely. 改正：the hearing, which had been planned for monday, december 2, was rescheduled for the following friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend. 3. misplaced and dangling modifiers place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the se

11、ntence. misplaced or dangling modifier when writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.(错位 ) 改正：when writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research. 原句many tourists visit arlington national cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00

12、 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. 本句最后是一个dangling modifer悬虚的修饰成分，让人产生误解， 此成分应该靠近发出动作的人或物改正：every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit arlington national cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried. 4. faulty parallelism be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to e

13、xpress two or more matching ideas or items in a series. 平行结构是很容易出错的，在托福语法中也是出题点，这种错误很容易被忽视。英语我们的是非母语，在语感上来识别错误的可能就降低了。写作和检查的时候注意主胃、动宾的搭配、一致，主动被动的转换。faulty parallelism the candidate s goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system. 改正：the candidate s goals i

14、nclude winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system. 原句：some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long. 改正：some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long. 5

15、. unclear pronoun reference all pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents nouns. use it, they, this, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion. 错误的使用代词或模糊的是用代词，是我经常在论坛作文里面发现的。不是说不可以用，但是一定要很清楚地有所指。作文的开头部分，我的建议是尽量不要用很多代词，因为开头部分是整个文章的一个概览，thesis必须 clear, 不要怕麻烦， 即便是多陈述一遍( 不要用原

16、句！换换说法 ) ，也是对 thesis的强调，并不累赘。正文、结尾只要使用代词得当就可以了。不要小看代词，它对你思想的表达有的时候很关键，如果指代不清，其他写得再好读者也会 confused unclear pronoun reference einstein was a brilliant mathematician. this is how he was able to explain the universe. 改正：einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain

17、 the universe. 原句：because senator martin is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it. 改正because of his interest in economic development, senator martin sometimes neglects the environment. 6. incorrect pronoun case determine whether the pronoun is bein

18、g used as a subject, or an object, or a possessive in the sentence, and select the pronoun form to match. 比较弱的错法，不过你敢保证你从没犯过？！incorrect pronoun case castro s communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and president kennedy. 改正：castro s communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between him and president kennedy. 原句：beca