利用时间数轴例证法_学习英语时态

1、利用数学知识+例证法，学习英语时态1. 前言：在英语的学习过程中，时态是我们感到最难掌握的一个语法点。而时态却是英语 学习中的一大重点，每年的高考中都占有很大的比例。那么，怎么才能学好英语中时态这一 语法现象呢？数学屮的数轴、点、线、绝对和相对等概念能很好解释英语屮的时态问题，只 要能了解相应的概念，运用时间数轴，时态现象就不难学习。2. 几个概念的定义1）时间数轴:所谓时间数轴就是引进数学中的数轴概念，把数轴中的原点定义成现在，把 数轴中的正方向定义成将来，而把数轴中的负方向定义成过去。如下图所示：过去现在将來时间数轴2）段时间:所谓段时间，就相当于数学屮的线段概念，它是指一段时间，可以短到

2、几微秒, 长到儿天、儿年其至儿个世纪，它可以用一定的数量词去修饰，如：a few second, two hours, three week, millions of years等，它可以是过去的段吋间、现在的段吋间及将来的段吋间，如 图所示：过去段时间.现在段吋间将来段时间段时间3）点时间:所谓的点时间，就是指数轴上旳尺、，仕©儿，我们把它分成“绝对点时间”和 “相对点时间”。“绝对点时间”是指一个特定的时间概念，它不能再细分成其它的时间，也不能被其 它的数量词所修饰，它在时间数轴上只是一个“小”点，它一定是含在一个“相对点时间” 中间的,three o'clock, no

3、w, this time yesterday等。它可以是过去的"绝对点时间",现 在的“绝对点时间”和将来的“绝对点时间”，如图所示：过去绝对点时间现在绝对点时间将來绝对点时间绝对点时间“相对点时间”也是指一个特定的时间概念，但它可以包涵无穷个“绝对点时间”，相 对于时间数轴來说，它只是一个“大”点，我们可以把时间数轴上的原点、正方向和负方向 看成三个大的时间点，即现在、将来和过去，同样它也不能被其它的数量词所修饰，如： yesterday, today, tomorrow, 1999等。它可以是过去的"相对点时间”，现在的“相对点时间” 和将來的“和对点时间”，

4、如图所示：过去相对点时间现在相对点时间将来相对点时间相对点时间3. 常用时态的讲解我们可以把英语中的时态划分成三个大类,即现在的时态、将来的时态和过去的时态, 也就是数轴上的原点、正方向和负方向。下血我们逐一地把高中阶段需要掌握的12种时态 （一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时；一般将来时、将来进行时、将 来完成时；一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时）作一解 释。1）现在的妙'态是指发生或者存在在吋间数轴廈点上，即表示“现在”有关的动作或状态， 它包括四种时态。 一般现在时是指经常性的，习惯性的动作，或表示现在的状态、特征和真理，也就 是说一

5、个动作或一种状态发生或存在在一个“现在”这个“相对点时间”上，所以，它所跟 的时间状语有:often, always, usually, today, every day, every year 等。例 1： do you have any idea what paul does all day? （2007 重庆卷）as i know, he spends at least as much time playing as hea. writesb does writingc. is writingd does write如下图所示：all day （does writing）一般现在时 现在

6、进行时指是现在正在进行的一个动作，也就是说在“现在”这个“绝对点时间” 上所发牛的动作，它所跟的时间状语有：now, at present等。例 2： have you handed in your schoolwork yet?（2007 辽宁卷）yes, i have. i guess itnow.a. has graded b. is gradedc. is being graded d. is grading“绝对点时间”上正在发生的动作（评分）如下图所示：now （is being graded）现在进行吋 现在完成时是指到现在为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态，或者是过去某个动作对 现

7、在造成的影响,也就是说这个动作发牛在过去，但一直持续到现在，或者说，发牛在过去, 对现在造成的影响，所以，它一般跟"段时间”状语连用，如：for a few seconds, for three week, since 1999, in the past（last） two years, ever since, by far, by now 等。例 3： the unemployment rate in this districtfrom 6% to 5% in the past two years（2007上海春）a. has fallen b. had fallenc. is f

8、allingd. was falling如下图所示：past two years （has fallen）two years ago现在完成时now 现在完成进行时是指到现在为止已经完成的动作并r这个动作还在进行，也就是说 这个动作发生在过去，但一肓持续到现在还在进行，它强调的是“完成并进行着”,所以， 它一般也跟“段时间”状语连用,如:for a few seconds, for three weeks,或者有相关表示现 在时间信息的句子。仮4： cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at sunshine schoo

9、l, where sheenglish for a year.（2007 湖南卷）a. studies 如下图所示：b. studiedc. is studyingd. has been studyinga year (has been studying)what we can do four you.c have seenwill fill will seed. will seenowi般将来时a year ago现在完成进行时now2）将采旳/旷态是指发生在时间数轴正方向的，即表示“将來”有关的动作或存在状态。 一般将來吋是指将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生 或存

10、在在“将来”的某个“相对点时间”上，所以，它所跟的时间状语冇：tomorrow, the next day, in two days, 2010 等。例 5： how can i apply for an online course?（2007 北京卷）一 just till out this form and wea. seeb are seeing如下图所示： 将來进行时衣示在将來某个时间正在进行的动作，也就是说在“将來”某个“绝对 点吋间”上所发生的动作，它所跟的吋间状语有:three o'clock tomorrow morning, this time next week等，

11、或者在句中带有表示“将來”的某个“绝对点时间”。例 6： i don't want to miss the match between german and england at 11 o'clock this evening; so don't call me at that time, for ithe match.a. am watching b. will be watching c. will watchd. have watched。如下图所示：11 o'clock this evening (will be watching)now将來进彳亍时 将

12、來完成时是指到将來某个时间为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是说这个 动作发生在将来某个时间以前，但一直持续到将来的这个时间，所以，它一般跟“段时间” 状语连用，如：by 2020等，或者在句中带有表示“将来”的某一 “段时间”。例 7： by the time jane gets home, her auntfor london to attend a meeting.（2005 天津卷）a. will leave b. leavesc. will have leftd. left如下图所示:will have leftnow将来完成时will get home3）过去/妙疗，态是指发生或

13、者存在在时间数轴负方向上，即表示“过去”有关的动作或状态。 一般过去时指发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或一种状态发生 或存在在一个“过去”的某个“相对点吋间”上，所以，它所跟的吋间状语有：yesterday, last year, three weeks ago, 1999等。但冇时没冇明确的时间，只能揣测，考察概率很高。例 8： the play had already been on for quite some time when weat the new theatrea. have arrived b. arrivedc. had arrivedd arrive如下图

14、所示:had been （已知）arrivednowa. would beb. have beenc. had beend. will be-般过去时 过去进行时是过去某个时间正在进行的一个动作，也就是说在“过去”某个“绝对 点时间”上所发生的动作，它所跟的时间状语有：at that time, two olock yesterday afternoon 等，或者在句中含有表示“过去”的某个“绝对点时间”。有时表过去将來意义。例 9： 一 did you see a man in black pass by just now?（2007 四川卷）一 no, si匚 ia newspaper.a

15、. readb. was readingc. would readd am reading。如下图所示：was readingpassed过去进彳亍时now 过去将来时指在过去某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,也就是说一个动作或 i种状态发生或存在在“过去”的某个“相对点吋间”以后，所以，这种吋态往往存在在主 从复合旬中，或者句中含有表示“过去”的某个“相对点时间”來说明动作发生的先后。 例 10： tom, you didn't come to the party last night?（2007 全国卷 ii）一 i, but i suddenly remembered i ha

16、d homework to do.a. had tob. dicingc was going tod. wouldny如下图所示：was going toremembered 过去将来时 now 过去完成时指到过去某个吋间已经完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是说一个动作或 种状态发牛或存在在“过去”的某个“绝对点时间”以前，也就是说发生在“过去的过去”, 所以，这种时态往往存在在主从复合句中，或者句中含有表示“过去”的某个“绝对点时间” 来说明动作发生的先示。例 11: ithere little more than a week when i set to work with the scien

17、tist. （2007 陕西卷）如下图所示:more than a week （had been）过去完成时set to work now 过去完成进行时指到过去某个时间为止己经完成的动作并且这个动作还在进行，也 就是说这个动作发牛在“过去的过去”，但一直持续到过去某个时间还在进行，它强调的是 “完成并进行着”，所以，它一般跟过去的“段时间”状语连用，如：for a few seconds, for three weeks,或者冇相关时间信息的句了。仮！j 12： the crazy fanspatiently for two hours, and they would wait till t

18、he movie stararrived. (2004 重庆卷)a. were waitingb. had been waitingc. had waited d. would wait如下图所示：two hours (had been waiting)过去完成进彳亍时now4.结束语综上所述，我们不难看出，一般现在吋、一般过去吋、一般将来吋和过去将来吋所跟 的时间状语应为“相对点时间”；现在进行时、过去进行时、将來进行时所跟的时间状语是 “绝对点时间”；而现在完成时、现在完成进行时、将来完成时、过去完成时和过去完成进 行时则跟“段时间”状语。只要我们正确利用时间数轴，理解“段时间”、“札i对

19、点时间”和 “绝对点时i'可”的概念，那么，英语时态的学习和运用就易如反掌了。参考书目:1. 薄冰,2004,為中英语语法详解,山西教育出版社2. 各地高考英诰试卷，http:wwwgaoglislich/testpapef(isp?rype=gk2012吋态和语态1. （2012 全国卷 1）23"life is like walking in the snowh, granny used to say, “because every step” a. has shown b is showingc shows d. showed2. （2012 全国卷 1）33 i ha

20、d bee n worki ng on math for the whole after noon and the nu mbersbefore my eyes. a. swim b .swum c. swam d. had swum3. （2012 全国卷 11）14. did you ask sophia for help? i need to i managedperfectly well on my own. a. wouldn'tb. don'tc. didn'td. won't4. （2012 全国卷 11）18. the managerthe wo

21、rkers how to improve the program since 9 a.m.a. has toldb. is tellingc. has been telling d. will have told5. （2012 北京卷）22. by the time you have finished this book, your mealcold.a. getsb. has gotc. will getd. is getting6. （2012 北京卷）25. george said that he would come to school to see me the next day,

22、 but he a. wouldrftb. didn'tc. hasn'td. hadn't7. （2012 北京卷）29. have you heard about that fire in the market? yes, fortunately no onea. hurtb. was hurt c has hurt d had been hurt8. （2012 北京卷）30. our friendshipquickly over the weeks that followed.a. had developed b. was developing c would

23、develop d. developed9. （2012 上海卷）26. is honesty the best policy? wethat it is when we are little.a. will teachb. teachc. are taughtd. will be taught10. （2012 上海卷）30. i hear that jason is planning to buy a car.i know. by nextmon th, he _eno ugh for a used one.a. will have saved b. will be savingc has

24、 savedd saves11. （2012 天津卷）2. the letters for the bosson his desk but he didn't read them untilthree later. a. were putb was putc putd has put12. （2012 天津卷）12 the three of usaround europe for about a month last summer.a. travelledb have travelledc. had travelled d travel13. （2012 江龙;港）32. the ma

25、nager is said to have arrived back from paris where hesomeeuropean business partners.a. would meetb. is meetingc meetsd. had met14. （2012 安徽卷）26. in order to find the missing child, villagersall they can over thepast five hours. a. didb doc had doned have been doing15. （2012 安徽卷）33. walmart, which i

26、s one of the largest american supermarket chains, some of its store ope n 24 hours on mon days through saturdays a. keepsb. keepc. have keptd. had kept16. （2012 安徽卷）35. after school we went to the readingroom to do some reading, only to betold that it.a. was decorated b. had decorated c. had been de

27、corating d. was being decorated17. （2012 湖南卷）22 don' t worry. the hard work that you do nowlater in life.a. will be repaid b. was being repaid c. has been repaid d. was repaid18. （2012 湖南卷）25. close the door of fear behind you, and youthe door of faithopen before you.a. saw b. have seen c will s

28、ee d. are seeing19. （2012 湖南卷）27. uthe momentsoon," he thought to himself, waiting nervously.a. cameb. has come c. was comi ng d. is coming20. （2012 i胡 i矯卷）33i remember you were a talented pianist at college can you play thepiano for me? sorry, ithe piano for yearsa. don't play b. wasn'

29、t playing c haven't played d. hadnt played21. （2012 福建卷）24. when did the computer crash?this morning, while ithe reading materials downloaded from some websites.a. have sorted b. was sortingc. am sorting d. had sorted22. （2012 陕西卷）24. 一can i call you back at two o'clock this afternoon?一km so

30、rry, but by then ito beijing. how about five?a. flyb. will flyc. will be flyingd. am flying23. （2012 山东卷）28. after jack had sent some e-mails, heworking on his project.a. had started b. has startedc. startedd. starts24. （2012 山东卷）34. the manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers

31、a. will leave b. are leavingc. have leftd. were leaving25. （2012 重庆卷）22. kevin, you look worried. anything wrong? well, ia test and lzm waiting for the result.a. will takeb. tookc. had taken d. take26. （2012 重庆卷）27. food supplies in the flood-stricken area we must act immediatelybefore there's none left.a. have run out b. are running out c. have been run outd. are being run out27. （2012 四川卷）9. did you catch what i said?一 sorry. ia text message just now.a. had answering b. have answered c would answer d.