人教版物理八年级上册知识点总结

1、exchange experience in safety, commend advanced teams and indivi duals; 8, the establishment of the workshop safety management network, regular checking, arrangement of security work, workshop and team security officer role into full play9, issued strict enforcement of labor protection articles, hea

2、lth standards, and do a good job post workers labor protecti on wear, guaranteed post workers safety and health; 10, develop emergency plans and drills are regularly organized. assistant superintendent of security responsibilities 1, director of the workshop on the safety of the unit responsi ble, d

3、eputy dire ctor in charge of business-wide security work; 2, seriously carry out the party and the countrys work safety laws, regulations, standards, and research on safety technology, exemplary in the implementation of operational procedures and safety manager. 10, develop emergency plans and drill

4、s are regularly organized. group leaders safety duties 1 and carry out business and workshop on safety instructions and requirements, the teams overall responsibility for the safety and personal safety and health of workers; 2 organize and participate in security activities, adhere to safety, before

5、 class to check security, after summing up the security system; 3, responsible for new workers (includi ng internships, a ccompanying staff) job safety, education and the right to stop without the third-level education and safety assessment of qualified workers operate independently; 4, found acci d

6、ents signs and accidents take effective measures to prevent the situation from expandi ng and reporting; shall immediately report the accident and organized rescue, protect the scene, make detailed records, participate in acci dent i nvestigations, organize workers to analyze the cause of the acci d

7、ent, the implementation of preventive measures; 5, engagi ng in obvious danger or serious violations of the employee shall be entitled to stop the operation of the procedures and arrangements post operator, report to the leadership; 6 so as to improve safety and fire fighting facilities, equipment i

8、nspections and maintenance work, remain flexible to use, che ck the worker reasonable use of personal protective equi pment, and proper use of fire fighting equi pment. 7, focus on team-building, improve management level of teams. keep the work site tidy, clean, realization of civilization, and do i

9、deological and politi cal work team; 8 so as to improve track safety contest, commend the advanced experie nces. craft safety responsi bilities 1, responsible for their own safety in the context of work, ensure the safety and reliability of the technical w ork. 2, is responsible for the preparation

10、of technical spe cifications for the units security a nd safety management system. in the preparation of start up, shut down, or when equipment maintena nce , technical feasibility, to havereliable health and safety measures and inspection of the implementation. 3, in the area of staff security tech

11、nique and safety training, organization of technical training activities, regular assessment. 4, often goes int o the field to checkproduction safety situation, potential acci dent is discovered in time to propose measures t o eliminate them, to stop illegal operati ons. do not scatter in an emergen

12、cy, to stop their work, and to immediately report to the management. 5 participate in work shop e qui pment, changes in technology programme and review of roasting temperature curve i s modified, to comply with safety requirements and product requirements. 6 participate in any accident investigation

13、, analysis, and find out the reason, responsibility and come up with preventive measures, nd shall promptly report to the leadership or authority. 7, making maintenance, shutdown, work programme, in particular when process cha nges, mapping work well before start. level 1 employee safety responsibil

14、ities, conscientiously study the relevant saf ety instructions, rules and safety procedures, mastering the post operating rules; 2, must wear ppe as required operation, proper use a nd proper storage of protective equipment and fire-fighting equipment; 3, work will focus on safety, stable operation

15、and strictly observe labour discipline and process discipline and conscientiously records, gang, leave, is strictly prohibited in the post, not sl eeping, slapstick and other disciplinary matters, to discourage the illegal actions of others and . 2, responsible for fire analysis and enter the tower,

16、 tanks of gas metering and analysis data reported to the authorities. 3, responsible for acci dent investigation, statistics and reporti ng work. 1 electrical safety responsibilities, conscientiously study and abide by the safety rules and regula tions, i n strict compliance with the prohibitions an

17、d provisions of safety, perform guard dutie s. 2, before the operation, wear appr opriate ppe, implement se curity measures, issuing safety permits, inspection tools, instruments are in good conditi on. 3, any electrical applia nce without inspection, shall be deemed to have access to electricity, i

18、s forbidden to touch. 4, electrica l maintenance, you must stop, cut off power, and hang up the no close warning signs before they can w ork. 5, good job in ele ctricity, maintenance recor ds, easily lead to key parts of ongoing supervision and inspection of the acci dent. 人教版物理八年级上册知识点总结初二上物理知识点总结第

19、一部分声现象1. 声音的发生：声音是由物体的振动产生的，一切正在发声的物体都在振动，振动停止，发声也就停止。但并不是所有的振动都会发出声音。2. 声的传播：声的传播需要介质，声在不同介质中的传播速度不同。（v 固 v 液 v 气）真空不能传声。3. 回声：声音在传播过程中，遇到障碍物被反射回来人再次听到的声音叫回声（1） 区别回声与原声的条件：回声到达人的耳朵比原声晚0.1 秒以上。（2） 低于 0.1 秒时，则反射回来的声音只能使原声加强。（3） 利用回声可测海深或发声体距障碍物有多远（声纳系统）4. 音调：声音的高低叫音调，它是由发声体振动频率决定的，频率越大，音调越高。5. 响度：声音的

20、大小叫响度，响度跟发声体振动的振幅大小有关，还跟声源到人耳的距离远近有关6. 音色：不同发声体所发出的声音的品质叫音色7. 噪声及来源从物理角度看， 噪声是指发声体做无规则地杂乱无章振动时发出的声音。从环保角度看， 凡是妨碍人们正常休息、学习和工作的声音都属于噪声。8. 声音等级的划分用分贝来划分声音的等级，30db 40db 是较理想的安静环境，超过50db 就会影响睡眠，70db 以上会干扰谈话，影响工作效率，长期生活在90db 以上的噪声环境中，会影响听力。9. 噪声减弱的途径：可以在声源处、传播过程中和人耳处减弱10声的利用：（1）利用声音传递信息（如b 超、声纳、雷达等）（2）利用声

21、音传递能量（洁牙、超声波碎石、清洗精密零件等）第二部分光现象及透镜应用（一）光的反射1、光源：能够发光的物体叫光源2、光在均匀介质中是沿直线传播的。大气层是不均匀的，当光从大气层外射到地面时，光线发了了弯折3、光速：光在不同物质中传播的速度一般不同，真空中最快，光在真空中的传播速度：c = exchange experience in safety, commend advanced teams and indivi duals; 8, the establishment of the workshop safety management network, regular checking,

22、arrangement of security work, workshop and team security officer role into full play9, issued strict enforcement of labor protection articles, health standards, and do a good job post workers labor protecti on wear, guaranteed post workers safety and health; 10, develop emergency plans and drills ar

23、e regularly organized. assistant superintendent of security responsibilities 1, director of the workshop on the safety of the unit responsi ble, deputy dire ctor in charge of business-wide security work; 2, seriously carry out the party and the countrys work safety laws, regulations, standards, and

24、research on safety technology, exemplary in the implementation of operational procedures and safety manager. 10, develop emergency plans and drills are regularly organized. group leaders safety duties 1 and carry out business and workshop on safety instructions and requirements, the teams overall re

25、sponsibility for the safety and personal safety and health of workers; 2 organize and participate in security activities, adhere to safety, before class to check security, after summing up the security system; 3, responsible for new workers (includi ng internships, a ccompanying staff) job safety, e

26、ducation and the right to stop without the third-level education and safety assessment of qualified workers operate independently; 4, found acci dents signs and accidents take effective measures to prevent the situation from expandi ng and reporting; shall immediately report the accident and organiz

27、ed rescue, protect the scene, make detailed records, participate in acci dent investigations, organize workers to analyze the cause of the acci dent, the implementation of preventive measures; 5, engagi ng in obvious danger or serious violations of the employee shall be entitled to stop the operatio

28、n of the procedures and arrangements post operator, report to the leadership; 6 so as to improve safety and fire fighting facilities, equipment inspections and maintenance work, remain flexible to use, che ck the worker reasonable use of personal protective equi pment, and proper use of fire fightin

29、g equi pment. 7, focus on team-building, improve management level of teams. keep the work site tidy, clean, realization of civilization, and do ideological and politi cal work team; 8 so as to improve track safety contest, commend the advanced experiences. craft safety responsibilities 1, responsibl

30、e for their own safety in the context of work, ensure the safety and reliability of the technical w ork. 2, is responsible for the preparation of technical spe cifications for the units security a nd safety management system. in the preparation of start up, shut down, or when equipment maintena nce

31、, technical feasibility, to havereliable health and safety measures and inspection of the implementation. 3, in the area of staff security technique and safety training, organization of technical training activities, regular assessment. 4, often goes int o the field to checkproduction safety situati

32、on, potential acci dent is discovered in time to propose measures to eliminate them, to stop illegal operati ons. do not scatter in an emergency, to stop their work, and to immediately report to the management. 5 participate in work shop e qui pment, changes in technology programme and review of roa

33、sting temperature curve i s modified, to comply with safety requirements and product requirements. 6 participate in any accident investigation, analysis, and find out the reason, responsibility and come up with preventive measures, and shall promptly report to the leadership or authority. 7, making

34、maintenance, shutdown, work programme, in particular when process cha nges, mapping work well before start. level 1 employee safety responsibilities, conscientiously study the relevant safety instructions, rules and safety procedures, mastering the post operating rules; 2, must wear ppe as required

35、operation, proper use a nd proper storage of protective equipment and fire-fighting equipment; 3, work will focus on safety, stable operation and strictly observe labour discipline and process discipline and conscientiously records, gang, leave, is strictly prohibited in the post, not sl eeping, sla

36、pstick and other disciplinary matters, to discourage the illegal actions of others and . 2, responsible for fire analysis and enter the tower, tanks of gas metering and analysis data reported to the authorities. 3, responsible for acci dent investigation, statistics and reporti ng work. 1 electrical

37、 safety responsibilities, conscientiously study and abide by the safety rules and regula tions, i n strict compliance with the prohibitions and provisions of safety, perform guard dutie s. 2, before the operation, wear appr opriate ppe, implement security measures, issuing safety permits, inspection

38、 tools, instruments are in good conditi on. 3, any electrical applia nce without inspection, shall be deemed to have access to electricity, is forbidde n t o touch. 4, electrica l maintenance, you must stop, cut off power, and hang up the no close warning signs before they can w ork. 5, good job in

39、ele ctricity, maintenance recor ds, easily lead to key parts of ongoing supervision and inspection of the acci dent.3 108 m/s ，在空气中的速度接近于这个速度，水中的速度为3/4c ，玻璃中为 2/3c 4、光直线传播的应用：激光准直，影子的形成，月食、日食的形成、小孔成像5、光线：表示光传播方向的直线，即沿光的传播路线画一直线，并在直线上画上箭头表示光的传播方向（光线是假想的，实际并不存在）6、光的反射：光从一种介质射向另一种介质的交界面时，一部分光返回原来介质中，使光

40、的传播方向发生了改变，这种现象称为光的反射7、 光的反射定律：反射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上；反射光线和入射光线分居在法线的两侧；反射角等于入射角可归纳为： “ 三线共面，法线居中，两角相等”8、理解：反射角随入射角的增大而增大，减小而减小，当入射角为零时，反射角也变为零9、两种反射现象（1）镜面反射：平行光线经界面反射后沿某一方向平行射出，只能在某一方向接收到反射光线（ 2）漫反射：平行光经界面反射后向各个不同的方向反射出去，即在各个不同的方向都能接收到反射光线注意：无论是镜面反射，还是漫反射都遵循光的反射定律10、 在光的反射中光路可逆11、 平面镜对光的作用： （1）成像（2）改变

41、光的传播方向12、 平面镜成像的特点（1）成的像是正立的虚像（2）像和物的大小相等（3）像和物的连线与镜面垂直，像和物到镜的距离相等理解：平面镜所成的像与物是以镜面为轴的对称图形13、 实像与虚像的区别实像是实际光线会聚而成的，可以用屏接到， 当然也能用眼看到。虚像不是由实际光线会聚成的，而是实际光线反向延长线相交而成的，只能用眼看到，不能用屏接收。14、 平面镜的应用（1）水中的倒影（2）平面镜成像（3）潜望镜（二）光的折射1、光的折射：光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时，传播方向一般会发生变化，这种现象叫光的折射理解：光的折射与光的反射一样都是发生在两种介质的交界处，只是反射光返回原介质中，而

42、折射光则进入到另一种介质中，由于光在在两种不同的物质里传播速度不同，故在两种介exchange experience in safety, commend advanced teams and indivi duals; 8, the establishment of the workshop safety management network, regular checking, arrangement of security work, workshop and team security officer role into full play9, issue d strict enfor

43、cement of labor protection articles, health standards, and do a good job post workers labor protection wear, guaranteed post workers safety and health; 10, develop emergency plans and drills are regularly organized. as sistant superintendent of security responsibilities 1, director of the workshop o

44、n the safety of the unit responsi ble, deputy director in charge of business-wide security work; 2, seriously carry out the party and the countrys work safety laws, regulations, standards, and research on safety technology, exemplary in the implementation of operational procedures and safety manager

45、. 10, develop emergency plans and drills are regularly organized. group leaders safety duties 1 and carry out business and workshop on safety instructions and requirements, the teams overall responsibility for the safety and personal safety and health of workers; 2 organize and participate in securi

46、ty activities, adhere to safety, before class to check security, after summing up the security system; 3, responsible for new workers (includi ng internships, a ccompanying staff) job safety, education and the right to stop without the third-level education and safety assessment of qualified workers

47、 operate independently; 4, found acci dents signs and accidents take effective measures to prevent the situation from expandi ng and reporting; shall immediately report the accident and organized rescue, protect the scene, make detailed records, participate in acci dent i nvestigations, organize wor

48、kers to analyze the cause of the acci dent, the implementation of preventive measures; 5, engagi ng in obvious danger or serious violations of the employee shall be entitled to stop the operation of the procedures and arrangements post operator, report to the leadership; 6 so as to improve safety an

49、d fire fighting facilities, equipment inspections and maintenance work, remain flexible to use, che ck the worker reasonable use of personal protective equi pment, and proper use of fire fighting equi pment. 7, focus on team-building, improve management level of teams. keep the work site tidy, clean

50、, realization of civilization, and do ideological and politi cal work team; 8 so as to improve track safety contest, commend the advanced experie nces. craft safety responsibilities 1, responsible for their own safety in the context of work, ensure the safety and reliability of the technical w ork.

51、2, is responsible for the preparation of technical spe cifications for the units security a nd safety management system. in the preparation of start up, shut down, or when equipment maintena nce , technical feasibility, to havereliable health and safety measures and inspection of the implementation.

52、 3, in the area of staff security technique and safety training, organization of technical training activities, regular assessment. 4, often goes int o the field to checkproduction safety situation, potential acci dent is discovered in time to propose measures to eliminate them, to stop illegal oper

53、ati ons. do not scatter in an emergency, to stop their work, and to immediately report to the management. 5 participate in work shop e qui pment, changes in technology programme and review of roasting temperature curve i s modified, to comply with safety requirements and product requirements. 6 part

54、icipate in any accident investigation, analysis, and find out the reason, responsibility and come up with preventive measures, and shall promptly report to the leadership or authority. 7, making maintenance, shutdown, work programme, in particular when process cha nges, mapping work well before star

55、t. level 1 employee safety responsibilities, conscientiously study the relevant safety instructions, rules and safety procedures, mastering the post operating rules; 2, must wear ppe as required operation, proper use a nd proper storage of protective equipment and fire-fighting equipment; 3, work wi

56、ll focus on safety, stable operation and strictly observe labour discipline and process discipline and conscientiously records, gang, leave, is strictly prohibited in the post, not sl eeping, slapstick and other discipli nary matters, to discourage the illegal actions of others and . 2, responsible

57、for fire analysis and enter the tower, tanks of gas metering and analysis data reported to the authorities. 3, responsible for acci dent investigation, statistics and reporti ng work. 1 electrical safety responsibilities, conscientiously study and abide by the safety rules and regula tions, in stric

58、t compliance with the prohibitions and provisions of safety, perform guard dutie s. 2, before the operation, wear appr opriate ppe, implement se curity measures, issuing safety permits, inspection tools, instruments are in good conditi on. 3, any electrical applia nce without inspection, shall be de

59、emed to have access to electricity, is forbidden to touch. 4, electrica l maintenance, you must stop, cut off power, and hang up the no close warning signs before they can w ork. 5, good job in ele ctricity, maintenance recor ds, easily lead to key parts of ongoing supervision and inspection of the

60、acci dent.质的交界处传播方向发生变化，这就是光的折射。注意：在两种介质的交界处，既发生折射，同时也发生反射2、光的折射规律：光从空气斜射入水或其他介质中时，折射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上，折射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧；折射角小于入射角；入射角增大时，折射角也随着增大；当光线垂直射向介质表面时，传播方向不变，在折射中光路可逆。理解：折射规律分三点：（ 1）三线一面（2）两线分居（3）两角关系分三种情况： 入射光线垂直界面入射时，折射角等于入射角等于0 ；光从空气斜射入水等介质中时，折射角小于入射角； 光从水等介质斜射入空气中时，折射角大于入射角3、 在光的折射中光路是可逆的4、