[福建医科大学]2010福建医大英语考博试题

1、福建医大博士研究生入学英语考试试卷 (2021. 5) Part I. Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET. ( 40 % ) For the first two-thirds of the 20th century, chemistry was seen by many as the science

2、 of the future. The potential of chemical products for enriching society appeared to be unlimited. Increasingly, however, and especially in the public mind, the negative aspects of chemistry have come to the fore. Disposal of chemical by-products at waste-disposal sites of limited capacity has resul

3、ted in environmental and health problems of enormous concern. The legitimate use of drugs for the medically supervised treatment of diseases has been tainted by the growing misuse of mood altering drugs. The very word chemical has come to be used all too frequently in a pejorative sense. There is, a

4、s a result, a danger that the pursuit and application of chemical knowledge may be seen as bearing risks that outweigh the benefits. It is easy to underestimate the central role of chemistry in modern society, but chemical products are essential if the worlds population is to be clothed, housed and

5、fed. The worlds reserves of fossil fuels (e.g. natural gas and coal) will eventually be exhausted, some as soon as the 21st century, and new chemical processes and materials will provide a crucial alternative energy source. The conversion of solar energy to more concentrated, useful forms, for examp

6、le, will rely heavily on discoveries in chemistry. Long-term, environmentally acceptable solutions to pollution problems are not attainable without chemical knowledge. There is much truth in the aphorism that “chemical problems require chemical solutions. Chemical inquiry will lead to a better under

7、standing of the behavior of both natural and synthetic materials and to the discovery of new substances that will help future generations better supply their needs and deal with their problems.Progress in chemistry can no longer be measured only in terms of economical utility. The discovery and manu

8、facture of new chemical goods continue to be economically feasible but must be environmentally acceptable as well. The impact of new substances on the environment can now be assessed before large-scale production begins, and environmental compatibility has become a valued property of new materials.

9、For example, compounds consisting of carbon fully bonded to chlorine and fluorine, called chlorofluorocarbons ( or Freons ), were believed to be ideal for their intended use when they were first discovered. They are nontoxic, nonflammable gases and volatile liquids that are very stable. These proper

10、ties led to their widespread use as solvents, refrigerants and propellants in aerosol containers. Time has shown, however, that these compounds decompose in the upper regions of the atmosphere and the decomposition products act to destroy stratospheric ozone. Limits have now been placed on the use o

11、f chlorofluorocarbons, but it is impossible to recover the amounts already into the atmosphere. . The chlorofluorocarbon problem illustrates how difficult it is to anticipate the overall impact that new materials can have on the environment. Chemists are working to develop methods of assessment, and

12、 prevailing chemical theory provides the working tools. Once a substance has been identified as hazardous to the existing ecological balance, it is the responsibility of chemists to locate that substance and neutralize it, limiting the damage it can do or removing it from the environment entirely. I

13、nevitably, the harmful effects of some substances will outweigh their benefits, and their use will have to be limited. Yet, the positive impact of chemistry on society as a whole seems beyond doubt. The word “tainted in the first paragraph most probably means _. A) abandoned B) limited C) secured D)

14、 spoiled 2. The third paragraph is mainly about _. A) the harmful effects of chlorofluorocarbons on the environment B) the necessity to ensure the environmental compatibility of new chemical substances C) the economic feasibility of new chemical substances D) the objective assessment of the progress

15、 in chemistry 3. According to this passage, chemistry _. A) produces more harmful effects than beneficial ones B) produces no more harmful effects than beneficial ones C) is no longer unanimously regarded as the science of the future D) is not worth pursuing persistently4. The proper title for this

16、passage should be _ A) The Positive Impact of Chemistry 59W B) The Harmful Effects of Chemicals C) Progress in Chemistry D) Chemistry and Society 5. What does the word “neutralize in the last paragraph mean? A) Take away the effect of. B) Make neutral. C) Be central. D) Realize. Passage Two In the h

17、uman species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species. And, as already noted, they are born cultures. Therefore, an infant Homo sapiens must learn a very great deal and acquire a vast number of conditional reflexes and habit patterns in order to live ef

18、fectively, not only in society but in a particular kind of socio-cultural system. Be it Tibetan, Eskimo, or French. This process, taken as a whole, is called socializationthe making of a social being out of one that was at birth wholly individualistic and egoistic. Education in its broadest sense ma

19、y properly be regarded as the process by which the culture of a socio-cultural system is imposed upon the plastic, receptive infant. It is this process that makes continuity of culture possible. Education, formal and informal, is the specific means of socialization. By informal education is meant th

20、e way a child learns to adapt his behavior to that of others, to be like others, to become a member of a group. By formal education is meant the intentional and more or less systematic effort or affect the behavior of others by transmitting elements of culture to them, be it knowledge or belief, pat

21、terns of behaviors, or ideals and values. These attempts may be overt or covert. The teacher may make his purpose apparent, even emphatic, to the learner. But much education is effected in an unobtrusive way, without teacher or learner being aware that culture is being transmitted. Thus, in myths an

22、d tales, certain characters are presented as heroes or villains; certain traits are extolled, others are deplored or denounced. The impressionable child acquires ideals and values, an image of the good or the bad. The growing chill is immersed in the fountain of informal education constantly; the fo

23、rmal education tends to be periodic. Many socio-cultural systems distinguish rather sharply a series of stages in the education and development of full-fledged men and women. First there is infancy, during which perhaps the most profound and enduring influences of a persons life are brought to bear.

24、 Weaning ushers in a new stage, that of childhood, during which boys and girls become distinguished from each other. Puberty rites transform children men and women. These rites vary enormously in emphasis and content. Sometimes they include whipping, isolation, scarification, or circumcision. Very o

25、ften the ritual is accompanied by explicit instruction in the mythology and lore of the tribe and in ethical codes. Such rituals as confirmation and Bar mitzvah in modern Western culture belong to the category of puberty rites,With marriage come instruction and admonition, appropriate to the occasio

26、n, from elder relatives and, in more advanced cultures, form priests. In some socio-cultural systems men may become members of associations or sodalities: mens clubs, warrior societies, secret societies, magic or medicine. In some cases it is said that in passing through initiation rites a person is

27、 “born again. Women also may belong to sodalities, and in some instances they may become members or secret, magical societies along with men. 6. It is improper to say that a newborn infant is _. A) unsophisticated B) self-centered C) unconventional D) enlightened 7. Whats the second paragraph mainly

28、 about? A) the plastic, receptive infant. B) the education and development of a mature adult. C) the explanation for the idea that education is the specific means of socialization. D) the differences between formal and informal education. 8. What does the word “usher in the third paragraph most prob

29、ably mean? A) creates. B) escorts. C) introduces. D) shows. 9. It is implied in the passage that _. OK A) no creatures other than human being have any instincts B) the period of informal education for a boy does not begin until he reaches puberty C) the period of formal education never lasts so long

30、 as to cover the whole life of an individual D) no growing child can escape whipping, isolation, scarification, and circumcision10. Which statement is true according to the text? A) By informal education is not meant the way a child learns to adapt his behavior to that of others, to be like others,

31、to become a member of a group. B) The formal education tends to be periodic. C) Growing child is sure to suffer from whipping, isolation, circumcision. D) Women also belong to sodalities, but the societies of their own. Passage Three Has the quick pace of modern living gotten you down? Has your life

32、 grown too complicated? Has the quest for more money and more excitement become an obsession? Surveys show that a lot of Americans are feeling overwhelmed by their responsibilities. In their wild search for fulfillment, theyve gotten themselves into situations in which they feel like theyre on a tre

33、admill and cant get off. Among many couples, both husband and wife work because they claim they have to make end meet. Granted, in this society with its wide difference of income, it often takes two breadwinners in a family to survive. But in other cases, what people are really saying is that they h

34、ave to pay for the luxuries to which theyve grown accustomedthe extravagant vacations, boats, new cars, brand-name clothes, expensive house, costly memberships in the golf club, the motor homes. But as Paul reminds us in the Bible, we didnt bring anything into this world, and we wont take anything w

35、ith us when we leave. People who want to be rich fall into all sorts of traps and temptations. They are caught by foolish and harmful desires that drag them down. Many of us pride ourselves on never having an idle moment. Yet when there is no time for quiet, there is no time for the soul to grow. Th

36、e man who walks through the countryside sees much more than the one who runs. The British philosopher Bertrand Russell said once, “A certain power of enduring boredom is essential to a happy life. He pointed out that the lives of most great men have not been exciting except at rare moments, nor did

37、the great men of the past travel widely. Kant, the famous 18th-century German philosopher, never got more than ten miles from his home in Konigsberg in Prussia. Darwin, after going around the world, spent the rest of his life in his own house. Socrates would mainly just take a walk in the afternoon

38、and meet a few friends along the way. Jesus, according to the Bible, never left the confines of tiny Palestine. A happy life, said Russell, must be to a great extent a quiet life “for it is only an atmosphere of quiet that true joy can live. 11. According to the author, in many families, both husban

39、d and wife work because _. ? A) they want to make ends meet B) they want to live an extravagant life C) they are overwhelmed by responsibilities D) they are obsessed with work 12. By quoting Paul in the Bible, the author means _.A) foolish desires plunge men into ruin and destruction B) people shoul

40、d be content with simple living C) pursuit of money is contrary to human nature D) rich people will not be happy 13. By saying “The man who walks through the countryside sees much more than the one who runs, the author means _. A) one should idle through ones life B) one should leave some time for t

41、hinking C) one should walk rather than run if he wants to enjoy the country scenery D) one should balance work with leisure 1. 14. According to Bertrand Russell, if one wants to be happy, _. A) he should not get excited except in rare moments B) he should not travel widely C) he should live a quiet

42、life D) he should live in the confines of his native town 15. We can infer from the passage that the quick pace of modern life _. A) has left many people depressed , B) has provided many people with great excitement C) has given many people the opportunity for self-fulfillment D) has resulted in a r

43、apid increase in psychological illnesses Passage Four A few years ago, a query about the health of a persons hard disk drive would have been met with a blank stare. Nowadays, almost everyone is aware of this remarkable electronic storage medium that is part of every modern computer, even though most

44、 users remain ignorant of the complexity of hard drive technology. In the early days of computing, an information record of a computers memory content was kept on punched cards similar to the way in which an automated piano stores the keynote sequences on a piano roll. Later, magnetic tape was used

45、to store electronic signals, and is still the favored means of economically backing up the contents of hard drives. However, accessing information sequentially stored on tape is slow since the electronic data must be input through a fixed head in single pass. Hard disk drives solve this problem by i

46、ncorporating a spinning platter on which magnetic data can be made accessible via a moving head that reads and writes information across the width of the disk. It is analogous to the way in which a person can choose to play a particular track on a CD player by causing the arm to move the head across

47、 the disk. The CD player is, in fact, necessarily similar in design to a hard drive, although there are significant differences in speed of data access. Most modern hard drives incorporate several platters to further reduce the time spent seeking the required information. Also, some newer drives hav

48、e two heads; one for reading, and a second head for writing data to disk. This separation of tasks enables much higher densities of magnetic information to be written on the platter, which increased the capacity of the hard drive. There are three important ways in which the capacity of hard disks ha

49、s been increased. First, the data code itself has been tightened with express coding techniques. Second, as previously noted, the head technology has been improved; and third, the distance between the heads and the platters has been greatly reduced, It is hard to believe, but the head can be made to

50、 pass over the magnetized platter at distances of less than 1 micro-inch ( the width of a typical human hair is 500 micro-inches ). This is achieved by means of a special protective coating applied to the platter. Each of these three improvements enables speedier access to the data. Hard drives are

51、more commonplace than tape recorders these days, but it must be remembered that they are much more fragile. Treated with respect they may last a number of years, but they are quite easily damaged, often with disastrous consequences for the user, whose precious data can become lost forever. Dropping

52、a drive is almost always fatal, as is passing an incorrect electrical current through one ( by faulty connection ). Dust and even extremes of temperature can cause failure. Yet, no physical damage can ever result from the input of data via the keyboard or mouse. Of course, over time the magnetized c

53、oating on the platter will erode, yet this is almost entirely independent of the amount of use. There are serious questions being raised about the direction of the future of electronic storage media. Some researchers claim that it would be wiser to invest more time and money in setting up systems fo

54、r streaming data across networks of computers from centralized banks of information storage. This would avoid the need for each personal computer user to have his or her own copy of a software program resident on a local hard drive. Personal data files could be kept at central storage unit, and be s

55、uitably protected from disaster by a fail safe backup system. As the Internet becomes ever more pervasive, and the speed of access to other machines increases across our telephone lines, it might be possible to do away with local storage systems altogether. 16. Magnetically coated disks are one of many types of _.A) sequential access information systems B) information storage solutions C) tape storage solutions D) CD players 17. Connecting a hard drive incorrectly usually _. ?e6|E.S2 A) results in excess temperature B) ero