英语公共演讲课englishspeech

1、英语公共演讲课之一english public speaking (1)lecture 1what is public speaking?in this lecture, there is a brief history of public speakingof both ancient greek and chinese oratorsand summarize their methods of persuasion and debate. and then a detailed assessment of the course objectives, content, materials

2、and methodology.1.1 a historical reviewpublic speaking has always had a great importance in western culture. the ancient greeks called speechmaking ability rhetoric, meaning the art of persuasion. with inquiring minds seeking after truth, the ancient greeks formed a habit of raising questions which

3、were likely to be followed by a debate the winner of the debate was considered to be possession of the truth. socrates was such an example unlike people who piously believed in gods, socrates, considered it to impose religious ideas on others. he argued that man should have the freedom to make decis

4、ions about his own destiny. in order to convince his neighbors of his own thinking. socrates used to stop people in the street, raising doubts about their current beliefs by asking them questions if the person being asked could not answer him directly, or if the answers were not correct, socrates wo

5、uld debate him until he accepted socrates' opinion. unfortunately, this method of seeking truth made socrates infamous. he was eventually poisoned to death because people no longer want to listen to his argument. he was guilted for "being coixupted the youth11.apart from its political funct

6、ion, oratorythe art of speechwas also useful in law. when a tyrant was overthrown, ordinary people needed to regain their property. one's persuasive powers of oration increased the likelihood of winning one's case. thus, elocution (演讲)was regard as one of the essential skills for success in

7、public life.aristotle identified three criteria for a successful argument: ethos（人格）， pathos（感情），and logos（逻各斯 逻辑）."ethos” refers to the uprightness of the speaker or the authenticity of his argument, because only an ethical and honest man could present a truthful argument. npathosn stands for

8、the appeal to emotional power. the speaker needs to have deep passion for his argument. the word "logos” relates to logic and the language the speaker uses to persuade. only when the speaker builds his argument on solid ground can he successfully win his case based on these three criteria, aris

9、totle later invented a reasoning formula known as the "syllogism（三段论，演绎推理）.the importance of rhetoric was later evidenced during the middle ages, when it was included as one of the liberal arts （大学文科，美语）that should be learned at school. together with rhetoric were logic and grammar, which were

10、called the trivium（中世纪大学三科）.with the development of society, the term "rhetoric" was gradually replaced by the term "public speaking0. its meaning has been changed accordingly. the previous emphasis on ornamentation of style and floweriness of words disappeared. it was replaced by pra

11、cticality in real life communication. public speaking has become one of the essential skills in communication in the west, especially in the english speaking world.similar to oratory in western tradition, eloquence in ancient china was also deemed important, especially in political life. the sad tru

12、th is that this tradition was not maintained and passed down from generation to generation because of the cultural reasons. but we have had many brilliant speakers who should not be ignored. in chinese history, the spring and autumn and the warring states periods were two of the most politically cha

13、otic. after the zhou dynasty was overthrown, the country was segmented into many smaller states. people stared to fight against one another, and society became a battlefield where the powerful oppressed the powerless. there seemed to be no justice or righteousness, because statesmen needed to illust

14、rate their ideas in order to conquer other states.among the numerous orators emerged a famous philosopher mo di（墨w,468376 b.c.）, who advocated universal love and invented a theory of debate one of the functions for the word bian（辩），or debate, is to persuade or give advice the frequently adopted meth

15、ods of argument are inductive reasoning and the use of analogy. if he wants to convince the king of his measures to develop the country, mo zi, would first give positive examples, such as successful reigns of great ancient kings like yao or shun. then he would use negative examples like how the tyra

16、nts zhou and you（周幽王）lost their countries. finally, mo zi would give his own opinion as to how successful kings should govern.other examples of the period concern the stories of lianheng and hezong. in order to persuade the six smaller states, i.e. qi, chu, yan, han, zhao, and wei to untie and fight

17、 against the stronger state qin, su qin made great efforts to lobby between the kings of the smaller states and successfully won over their support. though solidarity failed to defeat qin, the great orator's name was passed down through history. on the other and, orator zhang yi did something qu

18、ite the opposite to what su qin had done trying to persuade the smaller states to submit to qin, zhang yi tried to alienate the smaller states from each other. in the end, zhang was the winner because qin shi huang, the first emperor of qin, successfully untied china.in history, there were many othe

19、r eloquent speakers such as zhuge liang in the period of the three kingdoms. he wrote the chu shi biao and convinced the king liu shan to send armies to invade the state of wei, governed by cao pi. ji xiao lan was the most witty and versatile speaker of the qing dynasty. after the may fourth movemen

20、t, there are famous orators like li da zhao, lu xun, wen yi duo, and mo ze dong the sad truth is that the tradition founded by mo zi was not given enough attention, and the art of public speaking was not considered an subject and ability that needed to be cultivated.now, fortunately again in the 20t

21、h century, with the enthusiasm of study english, public speaking has once more become an important subject, mo zi s tradition comes back.1.2 public speaking as an arthaving traced the history of rhetoric, let's turn our attention to the modern concept of public speaking. meeting the name we migh

22、t think of abraham lincoln, franklin roosevelt, and martin luther king, because our chinese name of it is "演讲"，which seems to indicate that a speech made in public has to take place in a grand place and grand time. the speakers are all great persons, to be experienced and eloquent, and the

23、 audience must be numerous. but that is not the sense we will going to discuss abom. our public speaking is in a broader sense it mainly concerns speechmaking in an academic environment, such as a seminar, a book report, oral presentation, or term paper presentation.as college students, we have many

24、 chances to speak in public for instance, when we return from a trip where we worked as a volunteer tutor, and we want to report our experience, our presentation belongs to the genrepublic speaking. similarly, when we finish a book we need to report to a group of classmates or our teacher, and let t

25、hem share our feelings and thoughtsalso called an academic or public speech. and if we want to run for an office in the student union, we want to give a public speech to convince others that we are the right persons for the position. all these types of speech are types of public speaking.but, why we

26、 called it an art? the word nartn here refers to something that needs concerted efforts of many components such as articulation, content and organization, delivery, etc. for instance, we have written an interesting draft with beautiful languages and a touching story. yet when delivering the speech,

27、we felt a little nervous and forgot one of the important points prepared beforehand. to make things worse, we stammered twice before moving on to the next sentence, simply because we were too much in a hurry. needless to say, it would be a failure before the audience with such a speech. therefore, o

28、nly when we are proficient in all the above areas can we indeed make a successful speech. hartn has to do with the knowledge of when to pause, when to quicken the pace, and when to emphasize, apart from good content and effective body language.1.3 our objectivesas mentioned above, the objective of o

29、ur course is: to enhance the english speech-making competence in an academic environment and got a good prepare for the future entering of society. specifically, the following areas are covered: articulation (pronunciation, intonation, etc,), composition (content, organization, and language), and de

30、livery (fluency, eloquence, body language, etc.).1.4 materials1.4.1 distinguished speechesin order to illustrate the art of effective speech making, distinguished speeches are used for analysis. the speech samples were chosen according to style, language quality, and historical value through a close

31、 examination of these speeches, we not only learn strategies for public speaking, but also broaden our horizons, knowing the historical changes of english speaking languages, even some history. lincoln, martin luther king, shakespeare reveal how successful speeches encourage and inspire we also tast

32、e some samples by contemporary celebrities.1.4.2 reading materialsapart from analysis of speech samples, a few articles are attached to each lecture helping to broaden our brains as each group of articles centers round current affairs, like campus love, major transfer, or use of the internet, these

33、will encourage us to brain storm ideas and produce our own points of view.the reading materials provided for each lecture are for acquisition purposes. presumably, learners at this stage have fewer problems with grammar than they have with expressions, phrases or idioms. when encountering new words

34、or phrases which are not familiar with, learners can use the contextual clues to guess the meaning. learning takes place when learners try to use the newly learnt phrases in their speeches or presentations. therefore, it is strongly recommended that to read many good articles as possible.1.5 teachin

35、g approachhaving mentioned the materials used for the course, we now come to the issue of how to administer the class, which is termed teaching approach. according to the applied linguist merrill swan(2007), comprehensible output can lead to second language acquisition. she describes three functions

36、 that comprehensible out put produce: 1) noticing; 2) hypothesis testing; 3) metalanguage in the case of english learning, swan means that when learners practice oral english, they notice the gap between their proficiency and the target language, thus paying attention to the errors. secondly, learne

37、rs can also cross check their english with the hearer to see if he/she is understood. finally, communication in english through correcting and learning helps contribute to a command of the language. thus, our class adopts a task-based and student-centered approach in which learner needs are taken in

38、to consideration, and classroom activities are designed to enhance oral proficiency. producing output is essent诅 1 for learning a new language. thus, the teacher will try to create a classroom environment in which learners can most effectively practice their english. tasks that are suitable would be

39、 individual presentation, debate and discussion.an individual presentation refers to a prepared speech made by students on a self-chosen topic. there are many advantages for students to choose their own topics. first, it stimulates the learners' interest when discussing topic of which they have

40、knowledge second, it motivates the learners to become actively involved in the learning process because they have many ideas about the chosen topic third, it provides opportunities for learners to practice and improve their englishwhile the topic for individual presentation is chosen by the students

41、, the topic for debate is provided by the teacher. students are given opportunities to prepare by reading the materials attached to each of the lecture. readings are carefully selected for each debate topic, so students can read associated articles beforehand and be familiar with relevant vocabulary

42、 and expressions. in addition, students can use these readings to form their own ideas the purpose of the debate is to train the learners in logical thinking, fluency and spontaneity in speaking.compared with debate, classroom discussions are less demanding. if the classroom is large, this part can

43、be put away to after class. the aim is similarly with debate, to encourage students to think and express unrehearsed ideas impromptu（ r|j 的）conversation develop the important ability to quickly organize ideas and speak spontaneous!y.classroom activities should be oriented to enhance the students'

44、; language competence and communicative skills furthermore, those activities should also target raising the learners* autonomous learning so that they learn to take control of their own studies in the future.1.6 assessmentcontinuous assessment of the students* progress is important to obtain a compr

45、ehensive picture of learning proficiency. each students performance in class should be recorded as a tool for assessment students also are encouraged to submit their speech drafts beforehand so that the teacher can keep a record of the students* academic development.in summary, this lecture briefly

46、review the history of the public speaking, and describes in detail course goals, methodology and student evaluation.now let us taste two samples from william shakespeare's play julius caesar, which, i hold, the earliest classics of english speech. let's start from william shakespearelecture

47、2how to select a topic?2.1 a brief introductionspeechmaking simultaneously involves two parties: speaker and the audience. it is important for the speaker to take two things into consideration when selecting a topic:whether it is of important to the speaker himself/herself, and whether it can arouse

48、 the curiousity or interest of the audience. it is only when both the speaker and the audience find the topic interesting and informative that the speech can be a successhistorically, successful speeches are invariably those that have attractive and inspiring topics. for instance, the speech given b

49、y the leader of the civil rights movement martin luther king entitled, hi have a dream", stimulated americans, enthusiasm to fight for the rights of the black people. and the speech made by franklin roosevelt titled, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself", brought confidence

50、to his fellow american in overcoming difficult social and ecomomic problems. both topics immdiately attracted and riveted audience attention. therefore, before making a speech, the speaker needs to make a carefull analysis of both himself/herself and the would-be audience this lecture focuses on the

51、 criteria for selecting a speech topic, in addition to types of public speaking.2.2 criteria for selecting a topic221 appealing to the speakerwhy is it important to make a speech appealing to the speaker? if a topic does not attract us as speakers, we will lack the emotional enthusiasm and knowledge

52、 to attract the audience. so first we need to ask :,what am i really interested in?" if we show interest in the examination system in china, we must have read widely about the topic and know a great deal about public opinion on this issue. furthermore, we must have thought about this issue at l

53、ength and formed our own opinions thus, when we select it as our speech topic, we'll know where to look for information, how to summarize current views on the issue, and how to win over our audience. if we choose a topic of little interest to us, and have not researched it thoroughly, we would c

54、ertainly have little to say about it. consequently, our audience would not be impressed either. so before we select a speech topic, it is better for us to ask the following questions and see if we can have a satisfactory answer to each of them.a) ann i really interested in this topic?b) do i have mu

55、ch knowledge regarding the topic?c) have i read a great deal about the topic?d) what is the controversal issue?as a college student, we might show great interest in a whole range of topics, such as sports, literature, art, history, the development of science and technology. but the things that inter

56、est us might not necessarily interest our audience. so the issue for us to consider next is how to interest the audience in our speech.2.2.2 appealling to the audienceonce we dicide on a topic that we know a great deal about, and we have a deep interest in, what else can we do to make our speech suc

57、cessful? the second consideration is to analyze our audience. think about who our audience will be. in an academic setting like a college, our audience may include professors, researchers, classmates, and friends we want to learn waht kinds of topics these people minght be intersted in. the question

58、s to ask ourselves may include:a) does my topic are a universal appeal to my audience?b) is the chosen topic a hot issue that attracts most of the people present?c) does my audience have a similar educational background to mine?these are key factors in determining whether our topic will be interesti

59、ng, but of course, there are other factors such as our major, hobbies, motivations. but one thing is certain: our depth of understanding of the topic is most important.2.2.3 purpose of speechmakingthere are generally two different purposes for giving a speech one is to inform, and the other to persuade. to inform refers to passing information, explaining certain things such as a new concept, a new type of technolegy, or introducing an institution, a school, or a subject. before choosing a speech topic, we should be aware of what we intend our speech to acc