孙远的GMAT作文讲义（2）

1、.精品资源，临风文档。ËïÔ¶µÄGMAT×÷ÎĽ²Ò壨2£©¾Å¡¢ArgumentС½áPartTwoÊ®¡¢ÊÇ·ÇÎÊÌâÀýÎÄ·ÖÎ

2、;öCaseStudy1£º¡°Peopleoftencomplainthatproductsarenotmadetolast.Theyfeetthatmakingproductsthatwearoutfairlyquicklywastesbothnaturalandhumanresources.Whattheyfailtosee,however,isthatsuchmanufacturingpracticeskeepcostsdownfortheconsumerandstimulatedemand.¡±Whichdoyou

3、findmorecompellingthecomplaintaboutproductsthatdonotlistortheresponsetoit?Explainyourpositionusingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplesdrawnfromyourownexperience,observations,orreading.2·Ö×÷ÎÄ£ºIfindtheresponsebetterthanthecomplaintofpeople.Theresponseseemstooriginate

4、withoutmuchthoughtinvolved.Itismoreofanemotionalcomplaintthanoneanchoredinlogicorthought.Yes,itisawasteofhumanresourcesbutthatiswithoutconsiderationtothebenefits:lowercostsandstimulateddemand.Thus,theresponsefailstorecognizethebenefits.Thestrengthoftheresponseisthatitforcesthereadertoreconsidertheco

5、mplaint.Itaddsanewdimensiontotheargument.It,however,failstoaddresstheissueofwastinghumanresources.Doesthismeantheresponderagreeswiththenotionofwastingresources.Inallactualityboththeresponseandcomplaintisineffective.Thecomplaintdoesn¡¯trecognizeoraddressthebenefits,liketheresponsedoesn¡

6、;¯taddresstheissueofwastingresources.Theresponse,however,doesbringinanewdimensionandthusweakenstheargumentofthecomplaint.4·Ö×÷ÎÄ£ºIfindtheresponsetothecomplaintmorecompelling.Althoughthecomplaintisvalid,itismostoftenthecasethebuildingaproducttolastforever

7、willindeedcostmorethantheaverageconsumeriswillingtopay.Creatingsuchaproductwouldrequiremorematerialsand/ormoreheavy-dutywearresistantmaterialswhichinherentlyaremoreexpensive.Anotherfactorthatwoulddrivecostsupisthefactthatdemandforproductswoulddecrease.Thedemandwoulddecreasesincepeopledonothavetorepl

8、aceoldproductswithnewproductsasoften.Withtheincreasedvariablecostsformaterialscombinedwithareductionintheproductionvolumeassociatedwithlowerdemand,manufacturersmustraisepricestobreakevenormaintainthecurrentlevelofprofits.Althoughafewproducersmaymakeproductstolast,itisunderstandablehowthesecompaniesc

9、anbedrivenoutofexistence.Ifanewcompetitorentersthemarketwithasimilarproductthathasashorterlifebutasubstantiallylowerprice,thentheywillprobablystealmajorportionsoftheothercompany'smarketshare.Theeffectsdependheavilyupontheconsumer¡¯sperceptionofqualityandwhatthecustomersrequirementsfrom

10、theproductactuallyare.Forexample,consumersmaydecidebetweentwotypesofautomobiles.Onecarmaybebuilttolastalongtimebutmaynothavetheperformanceorbeascomfortableasanothercarthatischeaper.Somostconsumerswouldpurchasethecheapercareventhoughitmaynotlast-aslongastheheavy-dutycar.Consumersmaynotrealizethatthem

11、oreexpensivecarisofhigherqualityinthesensethatitwilllastlongerandwillnotbewillingtopaytheextracost.Consumerdecisionsalsodependonwhatconsumersareactuallylookingforinaproduct.Consumerstypicallygettiredofdrivingthesamecarformanyyearsandwanttobuynewcarsfairlyoften.Thistendencyforcesproducerstokeepcostsl

12、owenoughtoallowlowenoughpricesforpeopletobuycarsoften.Peopledon¡¯twantcarstolastforever.Inconclusion,producersareinthesituationthatthey'reinduetoexternalforcesfromtheconsumers.Producersmustcompeteandtheyhavefoundthebestwaysatisfythemajorityoftheconsumers.6·Ö×÷Î

13、Ä£ºManypeoplefeelthatproductsarenotmadetolast,andcorrespondingly,manynaturalandhumanresourcesarewasted.Ontheotherhand,itcanbenotedthatsuchmanufacturingpracticeskeepcostsdownandhencestimulatedemand.Inthisdiscussion,Ishallpresentargumentsfavoringtheformerstatementandrefutingthelattersta

14、tement.Productsthatarenotmadetolastwasteagreatdealofnaturalandhumanresources.Theexactamountofwastednaturalresourcesdependsonthespecificproduct.Forexampleintheautomobileindustry,theYugoistheclassicexampleofanunderpricedvehiclethatwasnotmadetolast.ConsideringthattheaverageYugohad(not¡°has

15、61;±sincetheyarenolongerproduced!)alifeexpectancyoftwoyearsand25,000miles,itwasaterriblewaste.Automobileindustrystandardstodaycreatevehiclesthatarewarrantedforaboutfiveyearsand50,000miles.ByproducingcheapYugosthatlastlessthanhalfaslongasmostcarsarewarranted,theYugoproduceriswastingvaluablenatur

16、alresources.ThesesameresourcescouldbeusedbyFordorToyotatoproduceanEscortorTercelthatwilllasttwiceaslong,therebyreducingtheusageofnaturalresourcesbyafactoroftwo.Humanresourcesinthisexamplearealsowasteful.Ontheproductionside,manufacturersofapoorqualityautomobile,liketheYugo,getnopersonalorprofessionsa

17、tisfactionfromthefactthattheirproductistheworstautomobileintheUnitedStates.ThisknowledgeadverselyaffectstheproductivityoftheYugoworkers.Conversely,theworkersattheSaturnplantsconstantlyreceivepositivefeedbackontheirsuccessfulproducts.Saturnpridesitselfwithitsreputationforqualityandinnovationasisseeni

18、nitsrecentmassiverecalltofixadefect.ThisrecallwashandledsowellthatSaturn'simagewasactuallybolstered.HadarecalloccurredataYugoplant,thebadsituationwouldhavebecomeevenworse.Anotherfactorinthehumanresourcesareaisthereactionbytheconsumer.AgreatdealofhumanresourceshavebeenwastedbyYugoownerswaitingfor

19、thedreadedtowtrucktoshowuptohaulawaytheYugocarcass.Anyvehicleownerwhoisuncertainofhis/hervehicle'sperformanceat7AMashe/sheisabouttodrivetowork,sensesagreatdealofdespair.Thisisagreatwasteofhumanresourcesfortheconsumer.Whiletheconsumersensesthewasteofnaturalandhumanresourcesinapoorqualityproduct,s

20、odoesthemanufacturer.PeoplewhoarguethatlowqualitymanufacturingprocesseskeepcostslowfortheconsumerandhencestimulatedemandshouldlookattheYugoexample.Inthemid-1998¡¯stheYugowasbyfarthecheapestcarintheUnitedStatesat$3995.By1991,theYugowasnolongersoldhereandwassynonymouswiththeword¡°l

21、emon.¡±CaseStudy2£º¡°Thebestwaytogiveadvicetootherpeopleistofindoutwhattheywantandthenadvisethemhowtoattainit.¡±Discusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeopinionexpressedabove.Supportyourpointofviewwithreasonsand/orexamplesfromyourownexperiences,observat

22、ions,orreading.StudentEssayWhenIwasinSeniorMiddleSchool,Iwasanexcellentstudent.AndallmyteachersbelievedthatIwouldenterintoafirst-classuniversityandwouldhaveasplendidfuture.Unfortunately,justbeforetheEntranceExamination,lmetanaccidentandlaiddowninbedforseveralmonths.Atlast,Iwasonlyadmittedbyasecond-c

23、lassuniversity.Withgreatdisappointment,Ifeltthatmyfuturewasnothingbutdarkness.AndalsoIwasafraidofbeingblamedbymypatents.Mothersawthroughmythoughts.Sheborrowedseveralinstructivebooksformeandseldommentionedtheexams.Forthefirsttime,myparentsaskedforseveraldaysoffandtookmetoQingdao-themostfamousscenicsp

24、otofChina-forvacation.Alongtheseaside,Mothertalkedwithmeformanytimes.Icanstillclearlyrememberwhatshesaid:¡°Thewaystosuccessaredifferent.Ifyoukeeppositiveandmakeeffortscontinuously,Ibelievethatyouwillbenolessexcellentthanthosefromfirst-classuniversities.¡±Atlast,eternity?Askyourse

25、lfwhatareyougoingtobeinthefuture.Tryyourbest,andyouwillreachyourgoal."Forsomanyyears,Mother'swordsseemstohaveinscribedinmyheartandleadmetogainsuccessesoneafteranother.Fromthispersonalexperience,Ifullyunderstandandagreethatthebestwaytogiveadvicetootherpeopleistofindoutwhattheywantandthenadvi

26、sethemhowtoattainit.-µÚÎå¿ÎʱÍê-RevisedEssayWhatisthebestwaytogiveadvicetootherpeople?Thearguerclaimsthatthebestwayistofindoutwhatotherpeoplewantandthenadvisethemhowtoattainit.WhileIadmitthatmanypeopledogiveadvicebycateringtootherpeople¡¯sd

27、esires,Imaintainthatthismethodoversimplifiestheissueandoftenprovesbothharmfulandineffective.Inthefirstplace,peopleveryoftenhavenoclearideaofwhattheyreallywant.Mypersonalexperienceisacaseinpoint.WhenIwasinSeniorMiddleSchool,Iwasanexcellentstudent.Moreover,allmyteachersbelievedthatIwouldenterafirst-cl

28、assuniversityandwouldhaveasplendidfuture.Unfortunately,justbeforetheEntranceExamination,Ihadanaccidentandhadtolieinbedforseveralmonths.Asaresult,Iwasadmittedonlybyasecond-classuniversity,whichpushedmetothebrinkofdespair.Atthisdecisivemomentofmylife,mymothercametomyrescue.Byrecommendingtomeinstructiv

29、ebooksonlife,bytalkingwithmehearttoheart,bytakingmeonatriptothebeach,motherconvincedmethatthegoalofmylifewastoliveasuccessfulandhappyliferatherthantogotoafamousuniversity,andthatthewaystosuccessarevarious.InthiswaymymothersavedmeoutofthecrisisofmylifenotsimplybyfindingoutwhatIwantedandthenadvisingme

30、howtoattainit,butbypatientlyenlighteningmeontheessentialmeaningandpurposeoflife,makingmerealizethatwhatItookforgrantedasmyaimoflifewasnotwhatIreallyneeded.Inthesecondplace,moreoftenthannotwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.AnaivechildmaywanttoquitschoolapatientsufferingfromTBmaywanttosmokeajobless

31、youngmanmaywanttocommitsuicide-thislistcangoonandon.Inallthesesituations,shouldwesimplyfindoutwhattheywantandadvisethemhowtoattainit?Obviouslynot.Admittedly,itwouldbeunwisetoignorethesimplefactthatpeoplearedifferent.Asweknow,excessiveinterferencewithotherpeople¡¯slifetendstothreatentheirfr

32、eedomandindependence,causinghostilityandconfrontation.Therefore,whenofferingadvicetootherpeople,weshouldbeverysensitivetotheiruniquefeelingsanddesires,knowingthatindividualhumanbeingshavetheinalienablerighttomakechoicesintheirlifeandthattheythemselveswillberesponsiblefortheresultsoftheirdecision-mak

33、ing.Inconclusion,Idonotagreethatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindoutwhattheydesireandhelpthemachieveit.Inmyestimation,thepitfallsofsuchatechniqueoutweighitspotentialadvantages.Tobearesponsibleadvisor,weshouldtakeintoaccountfarmoreintricatefactorsrelevanttothepersontobeadvised.Ê®Ò

34、»¡¢IssueµÄÁ¢³¡ÎÊÌâÆÀ·ÖÒÀ¾ÝÊÇ£ºÊÇ·ñÓÐЧµØÖ§³ÖÁËÄãµÄÁ¢³¡T

35、akingaPosition:1.Agreeingwithconcession2.Disagreeingwithconcession3.Refusingtotakesides4.Agreeing5.DisagreeingÊ®¶þ¡¢ÊÇ·ÇÎÊÌâÀýÎÄ·ÖÎöCaseStudy3£º"Theriseofmultinationalcorporat

36、ionsisleadingtoglobalhomogeneity.Peopleeverywherearcbeginningtowantthesameproductsandservices,andregionaldifferencearerapidlydisappearing.""homogeneity:sameness,similarity."basedonyourownexperience,yourobservations,oryourreading.Student'sEssayDuringthepastfewdecades,multinationalc

37、orporationshavesuccessfullyimplementedstrategiesexpandingthemselvesintoalmosteverycomeroftheworld.Theproductsandservicestheyprovidearealmostthesame,leadingtoglobalhomogeneity,indeed.ThemostprominentcorporationamongallhastobeMcDonaldInc.ThereisreallynodoubtthatMcDonaldisapioneeringlobalizingitsmostpr

38、oducedandyetvery-American-tastehamburgers.Some6yearsagoinChina,Peopleusuallydidnotcareforforeignfood.Veryfewpeopleeverknewthetasteofcheese,asymbolofdifferenceinorientalandWesternfood.However,McDonaldprovedtobehugesuccessinChina.ThefirstbranchitopenedinBeijingisthelargestamongitsthousandsfranchises.H

39、amburgers,Frenchfries,BigMacarebecominghouseholdwordsinChina.Especiallyamongtheyoungergenerations,goingtoMcDonaldonceinawhilebecomesaroutineactivityinlife,justaskidsinotherpartsoftheworlddo.ThereisreallynobetterplacethanChinathatcandemonstratehowhomogeneousourworldhasbecome.AnothergreatexampleisCoca

40、Cola.EveryonehatedthetastewhentheydrankCocaColainthefirsttime.InChina,thetasteissodifferentfromthetraditionalsoftdrinkssoldinChina,whichmainlyfeaturesweettasteandfruitflavor.ThecoloroftheCokeisalsonotlikedbecauseofitssimilaritytomostherbalmedicinefluids.ButitseemsthatpeoplesimplywantCocaColabecauset

41、heyseepeopledrinkitandloveitinothercountries.People'stastescanchange,andtheydidgradually.NowCocaColaisthebestsoldsoftdrinkinChina,andinmanyothercountrieswhereCokewasoriginallydisliked.Theseallhavetobeattributedtothefinancialpowerofmultinationalcorporations.Withsuperiorfinancialstrengthandsuccess

42、fulproductsandservices,thesegiantsareshapingtheworldandthepeoplelivinginitintotheirownfavor,makingpeoplewantthesameproductsandservices,andregionaldifferenceshavebeendisappearing.Whyarepeopleeverywherebeginningtowantthesameproductsandservices?Whyareregionaldifferencesrapidlydisappearing?Thearguerasse

43、rtsthatitistheriseofmultinationalcorporationsthatisleadingtothisglobalhomogeneity.Wedon¡¯thavetolookveryfartoseetheva lidityofthisargument.implementedstrategiesexpandingthemselvesintoalmosteverycorneroftheworld,bringingthesameproductsandstandardservicestocustomersofdifferentcountriesandreg

44、ions.ThemoststrikingexampleamongallisperhapsMcDonaldInc,whichhasmiraculouslyglobalizeditsmass-producedAmerican-flavoredhamburgerallovertheworld.TakeChinaforanexample.Some6yearsago,Chinesepeopledidnotcareforforeignfoodveryfewpeopleknewthetasteofcheese-asymbolofdifferencebetweenOrientalandWesternfood.

45、However,withitsoverwhelmingadvertisingcampaigns,withitsefficientmanagement,withitsstandardizedfoodsandservices,McDonald¡¯shasprovedtobeagreatsuccess,turningHamburger,Frenchfries,BigMacintohouseholdwordsinChina.InadditiontoMcDonald¡¯s,Coca-Colaisanotherstrikingexampleoftheglobaliz

46、ingtrendinworldculture.Todayalmostineverycountryoftheworld,peopleinstinctivelythinkofCoca-Colawhentheywanttodrinksomething.Obviously,withtherapidemergenceofnumerousmultinationalcorporationslikeMcDonaldandCoca-Cola,peopleofdifferentracesandculturesaremoreandmorelikelytoeat,drink,wearanduseuniformcomm

47、odities.Admittedly,theriseofmultinationalcorporationsisnottheonlyfactorthathascontributedtotheglobalhomogeneity.First,themoreandmoreprosperousinternationaltravelhasprovidedpeopleofeverynationwithmoreandmoreopportunitiestovisitandlearnfromforeigncultures.Second,televisionhasmadeitpossibleforpeopleofd

48、ifferentplacestounderstandandimitateeachother¡¯swayoflife.Lastbutnotleast,theInternetisconnectingeveryofficeandfamily,turningthewholeworldintoaglobalvillage.Inconclusion,whilenumerousotherfactorshavecontributedtoandarestilladdingtotheglobalizingtrend,theriseofmultinationalcorporationsiscer

49、tainlyonemajorforceinshapingahomogeneousworld.-µÚÁù¿ÎʱÍê-CaseStudy4£º"Everybusinessdecisionisbasedontheprofitmotive.Evencharityhasasitsultimategoalgeneratinggoodwillforthepersonorgroupdoingthecharity."Assumingthattheterm"bus

50、inessdecision"isbroadenoughtoincludethedecisionsofanydecision-makingauthority-anindividual,afamily,asmallbusinessoralargecorporation-explainwhetheryouthinkthatthispointisvalid.Inyourdiscussion,usereasonsand/orexamplesdrawnfromyourownexperience,observation,orreading.Student¡¯sEssayMany

51、peoplebelievethatprofitmotiveisthebaseofeverybusinessdecision.Evenultimategoalofpeopleorgroupsistomakeprofitwhentheyaredoingcharity.Ithinkthatsometimespeoplemakedecisionbasedonprofit,butitisnotalwaystrue.Theclaimsmayberealandunderstandableundercertaincircumstances.Inordertoremaininexistence,peopleor

52、organizationsmustgetprofit.Forexample,afood-processingcompanymaydonoritsproductstoAfricachildren,soitcansolveitsexcessivestore,getagoodreputationandpublicityitsproducts.Atlast,itcangainultimateitsaim-makingmoremoney.Althoughthisthingmaybehappeninginourlives,Ithinkitisnotconsistentwithgeneralfacts.Ib

53、elievemanypeople'sdecisionrestsonlovesympathy,humanityandotherthings.Thefamousnurse-Nightingaleisagoodexample:Shewasborninarichfamilyandshecouldliveinacozy,fortunatelife.Butshechosetobeanurseanddevotedherlifetothewoundandthepoor.Nobodycansaywhatallshedidistomakeprofit.Inconclusion,Iholdthatbusin

54、essdecisionsometimesisbasedontheprofitmotive,butinmostcases,itisbasedonpeople'semotionorcharacter.Manypeoplebelievethatprofitmotiveisthebasisofeverybusinessdecision.Furthermore,theyclaimthattheultimategoalofeverypeopleorgroupincludingcharityorganizationsistomakeprofit.Inmyopinion,itistruethatpeo

55、pleoftenmakedecisionsbycalculatingprofit,butitisunfoundedtoassertthatanydecision-makingismotivatedbyprofit.Thearguer'sclaimmaybetrueandunderstandableundercertaincircumstances.Foronething,inordertosurviveintheeconomicworld,peopleororganizationshavetomakeprofit.Asweknow,thefirstthingthatpeoplemust

56、doonearthistosurvive.Withoutadequateprofitoutofinvestment,nosinglehumanbeingororganizationcanmakealiving.Foranother,individualsororganizationsareinstinctivelydissatisfiedwithwhattheyhavealreadyachieved.Theystriveforfurtherdevelopment,forgreatersuccessandhenceforhigherprofit.Forexample,afood-processi

57、ngcompanymaydonateitsproductstoAfricanchildrensothatitcannotonlyreduceitsoverstockingproducts,butalsowinagoodreputationandpublicizeitsproducts.Asitturnsout,theultimateresultisalwaysexpectedlyrewarding-bigbucks.Althoughpeopleallovertheworldsparenopainstoseekfortunethroughvariousmeans,itisunwiseforust

58、oconcludethatanydecision-makingisnecessarilyprofit-oriented.First,someexamplesofaltruismaredifficulttoexplainintermsofself-interestalone.ThefamousnurseNightingaleisagoodexample.Borninarichfamily,shecouldnaturallyliveacozy,fortunatelife.Butshechosetobeanurseanddevotedallherlifetothewoundedandthepoor.

59、Nobodycansayforsurethatallshedidistomakeprofit.Second,thisargumentisnotconsistentwiththefactthathumanmotivationisfartoocomplex.Manyofourdailydecisionsrestonlove,sympathy,humanityandotherthings.Finally,itisridiculoustolumptogether"profit"and"goodwill".Obviously,thesetwotermsarenot

60、interchangeable.Inconclusion,theargueroversimplifieshumannature.Althoughbusinessdecisionsandmanyofourdailydecisionsarebasedontheprofitmotive,itwouldbetoocynicaltoassumethatprofitistheonlythingthatmotivatespeopleintheworld.Iwonderifthespeakerhasanyhiddenprofitmotiveinmakingthisargument,whichiscertainlynotaprofitableidea.PartThree:SummaryÊ®Èý¡¢LanguageSkills1.SentenceVarietyExample1:Change:Beijing¡¯sstreetsarecrowdedwithtaxis,companycarsandprivatevehiclesownedbythenewlyaffluent.Thenumberhasbeenrisingrapidlyinthelastfe