定语从句功能及位置

1、学习好资料欢迎下载定语从句功能及位置功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。例: Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please.定语从句定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰 主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般 跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词叫做定语 从句。（定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句一般放在先行

2、词的后面关系词引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词 有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有 what ;关系副词有where, when, why,how 等。关系词常有 3个作用： 连接作用，引导定语从句。 代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 在定语从句中充当一句子成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间 状语，原因状语等。定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作 用的词、短语

3、（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语 中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及 介词短语 也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担 任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句 作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。先行词被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如The man The book编辑本段关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主 语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词 的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1, who, whom, that这些词

4、代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略)，可以指人也可 以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：(1) Is he the man who/that wan ts to see you?他是那个男人想见你？ ( who/that 在从句中作主语)(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)(3) The man who you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男

5、人是我们的英语老师2, Whose用来指人或物(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which 互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom代替)(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n dow n. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is gree n. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。(3) The man whose son is a doctor is professor.3, which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词

6、或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语 等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：(1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appearsin the cou ntryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。( which / that 在从句中作主语(2) The package (which / that) you are carry ing is about to comeun wrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)4, asas可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。 常与 su

7、ch as,the same as等短语连用。5, as与which的区别 as可以放在句首，而 which不行 as表示主观，which表示客观事实 as引导非限制性定语从句编辑本段限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人， which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。 eg : This is the book （ which）you want.2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词 +介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词whic

8、h的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置3. 代表物时多用 which，但在下列情况中用 that而不用which :a）先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词 时；b）先行词由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；c）先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；d）先行词中既有人又有物时；e）整个句中前面已有which， who,that 时；f）当先行词为物并作表语时；g）先行词为one时；h）先行词同时又被 the on ly,the very,the sam

9、e修饰时；4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语， whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物，当它引导的从句修饰物体时，可以与of which 调换，表达的意思一样。关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for which. which介词同先行词搭配）介词同先行词搭配where=in/ at/ on/ . which (1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. whe n引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的

10、是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still remember the first time whe n I met her.我仍然记得我第一次见到她。Each time whe n he goes to bus in ess trip, he brings a lot of liv ing n ecessities,

11、such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,something, anything, everything或 nothing 时，常用 that 来弓丨导There is somebody here who wa nts to speak to you.这里有人要和你说话。非限制性定语从句 的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引 导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

12、编辑本段非限制性定语从句1. which引导的非限定性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或 主句的某一部分2. 当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garde n.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This no vel, which I have read three tim

13、es, is very touchi ng.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3. 非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时 从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water cha nges to vapor, which is called evaporati on.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时as也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that ,而用

14、who, whom代表人，用 which,whose 代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which 代替.；p.s: which引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以编辑本段 关系代词引导的定语从句who指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playi ng football are from Class One.在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人.whom指人在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。(注： who和whom已无太大区别， 基本可

15、以通用。区别是who可以做主语而 whom不可以，whom前可以加介词如to whom，但是 who不可以)(1) Mr. Liu is the pers on (whom) you talked with on the bus.刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.(2) Mr. Li ng is just the boy(whom)I want to see.凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my frie nd.你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.注意：关系代词 whom在 口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省

16、略。如果在从句中做宾语 ,就用 whom或who.比如：He is the man whom/who I talk to.他就是那个和我聊天的男人如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如：He is the man who has anEn glish book.他就是那个有英语书的男人whose通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。(1) He has a frie nd whose father is a doctor.他有一个朋友的父亲是医生.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has falle n in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子

17、中.whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broke n will soon be repaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。(4) The classroom the door of which is broke n will soon berepaired.课堂门，被打破会不久被修复。(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜欢颜色是黄色的书吗？(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?你喜欢的书的颜

18、色，是黄色吗？which指物在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。在非 限制性定语从句中有“，”即可用 which(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.that指人时相当于 who或者whom 指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中做主语，表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to vis

19、it the city eachyear rises one millio n.数目的人民那个/谁来城市观光每年上升之一个百万(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?那个男人在哪里/我看见谁了今天早上 ？编辑本段关系副词引导的定语从句whe n指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用(1) I still remember the day whe n I first came to the school.(2) The time whe n we got together fin ally came.where指地点在定语从句中做地

20、点状语(1) Shan ghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has bee n pulled dow n.why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don ' t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reas on why/ for

21、which he refused the in vitati on is not clear,(2) From the year whe n/in which he was going to school he bega n to know what he wan ted whe n he grew up.编辑本段介词和关系代词1) 介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2) that前不能有介词。3) 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词 when ,where和why互换。This is the house in which I lived t

22、wo years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day whe n you joined our club?This is the reason why he came late.This is the reas on for which he came late.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词+关系代词引导当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系

23、代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom"且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用 that/which/who/whom. 作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如：(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous."that/which" 可以省略=The school in which he once studied is very famous."which”不可省略(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/whic

24、h) you asked for.=Tomorrow I will bring here a magaz ine for which you asked.(3) We ' ll go to hear the famous sin ger (whom/that/who) we have ofte n talked about.=We ll go to hear the famous sin ger about whom we have ofte n talked.注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如:look for, look after,take care of 等正确）错

25、误）whom不可用who或者T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F=2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用that ;指物时用 which，不能用that ;关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(2) The pla ne in which we f

26、lew to Can ada is very comfortable.(T)The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词 + 关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, n either, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词。(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, som

27、e of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty stude nts in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.(4) The boat, the n ame of which is Topsail, is famous.(5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are writte n by Lu Xun.关系代词关系代词（一般情况下）that可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。which指物，在从句中作主语，谓

28、语或宾语； who在从句中作主语；whom在从句中作宾语； where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语； when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语； why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reaso n"有时why也可用fo叶which 代替。例: A doctor is a personII who looks after people's health.主语谓语先行词定语从句修饰先行词判断介词和关系代词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词； 而及物动词后接宾语，则

29、要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.ril n ever forget the days whe n I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the moun

30、tain village （which） I visited last year.（对） r II n ever forget the days （which） I spe nt in the coun tryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museumyou visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例 2. Is this

31、 the museumthe exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例 1 变为肯定句：This museum isyou visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句：This is the museumthe exhibition was held.在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有 the one可以，而后面的 you visited a few days ago贝U做 one 的定语从句。而句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用 副词where，又因in

32、 the museum词组，可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）;先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。编辑本段先行词和关系词"Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（Whoever 可以用anyone who 代替）2）The pare nts will use what they have

33、 to send their son totechnical school. （what可以用 all that 代替）但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“ Whoeve”、“ what ”分别用“ An yo newho”、“ all that ”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“ Anyone'、“ all ”。由as, which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this 或and that 。 As 一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smok ing is ha

34、rmful to on e's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very importa nt to us.典型例题1) Alice received an invitation from her boss,came as asurprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案Co此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用 which. ， it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2) The weather turned out to be very good,was

35、more than wecould expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案Bowhich可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起 在英语语法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterday, prevented mefrom going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案Boas和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所 表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主

36、要 有两点：(1 ) as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2 ) as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必 须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which. o在本题中，preve nt由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As的用法例1. the same as ； suchas中的 as 是一种固定结构 ，和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smok ing is harmful to on e's health

37、.As is known, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.As是关系代词。例 1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。一、“ as / which ”特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分，具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：My grandmother' s house was alwaysof great importanee to me,as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主 要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的

38、名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有 形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短 语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几 个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“ as/whieh ”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“ as/whieh ”特殊定语从句在句中的 位置有以下几种情况：1.

39、形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的 名词）作先行成分，“ as / which ”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which ”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插 入成分时，“ as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时：“ as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于 先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“ as”特殊定 语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“ as”特殊定语从句 与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“ as”特

40、殊定语 从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“ which ”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、“ as/which ”特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分 为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词 result, make, en able, cause 和形容词 interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。2. 表示评注表示评注的特殊定语从句对其

41、先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾 向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用； 从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生” 等意义的词语，女口 n atural, known to all, usual等。3. 有无状语意义“ as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“ which ”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“ as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要 求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“ which ”特殊定语从句则不 受这种限制。四、关系代词 as与which的句法功能1. as / which在特殊定语从句中作主语。as作主语时，

42、谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem ），主语补语为usual、a rule 、a matter of fact 等时，系动词 be习惯经常省略。 行为动词作“ as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“ as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常 见的有 happen 一词。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was atte nding the conferen ce.Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动 语态时助动词be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. a

43、s和which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：We thought him a gen tlema n, as/which he could n ever be.“ as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“ which ”从句中则不能主谓倒 装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as如：He talked like a n ative, which/as he hardly was.4. which 在特殊从定语句中作定语。which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不

44、能作定语。如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.编辑本段关系代词that的用法不用that的情况(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old. Is very famous here.(b) 介词后不能用。We depe nd on the land from which we get our food.We depe nd on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用t

45、hat作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a) 在there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。(b) 在不定代词，如：any thi ng, no thi ng, the one, all等作先行词时，只用that ，不用which。(c) 先行词有 the only, the very,the same,the lastjust修饰时,只用that 。(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。.(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时.(g) 为了避免重复.(h) 先行词是the way或the reason 时，th

46、at可作关系副词，也可省 略(i) 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时举例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who that break the window should be puni shed.谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚.All that is n eeded is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Fin ally, the thief han ded everyth ing that he had stole n to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给

47、了警察。that必用1先行词是最咼级或被最咼级修饰2是序数词或被序数词修饰3不定代词4先行词既指人又指物5 被 only ； the every ， no，one of 等修饰6 主句有 which ； who； whom7there be 句型中8如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用了which,另一个关系代词宜用that9先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语是宜用thatthat在作宾语时可省10.不是任何时刻关系词作主语宾语是能用that编辑本段难点分析(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1、 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing

48、(something除夕卜)，few, all, none, little,some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some,no, little, few, much, each 等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for himin the world.(3) All that can be done has bee n done.(4) There is little (

49、that) I can do for you.注意1:部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将 that用括号括住。 注意2:当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing.2、当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have see n.4、当形容词被 the very, the only ,

50、 the same,the last ,any,little 等修饰时(1) This is the very good dicti onary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the on ly thi ng that he own ed.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeti ng ?5、 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who i

51、s the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember the scie ntist and his theory that we have learn ed?7、当关系代词在定语从句中做表语The village is no Ion ger the one that it used to be 10 years ago.8.当在there be 句型中，通常情况下用that，不用 which(二)关系代词as和which引导的

52、定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句 子。(1) He married her, as/which was n atural.(2) He was hon est, as/which we can see.2、as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚 至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a develop ing coun try

53、.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his acce nt.(3) Joh n, as you kno w, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don' tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。(5) Tomwas always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3、 当先行词受 such, the same修饰时，常用 as(1) I have n ever heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) Thi