创业因素中英文新选

1、中文版：关于大学生创业意向状况调查与思考摘要：近年来由于大学生创业教育的提出与发展， 开辟了我国高等教育 理论研究的新领域， 促使了高等教育观念的改革与创新，对今后人才素 质的培养提出了新要求、 新标准。为了更全面深入地探讨大学生创业意 向状况，提高对大学生进行创业教育的针对性和为我国及时有效地开展 教育提供现实依据。本调查，在全国各地大学进行取样调查，以全日制 在校大三或者大四学生作为调查对象进行调查，其中理工科、 商科学生 为主，涉及十余个专业。调查内容则是侧重大学生的创业意向、执行及 其机三个方面。 调查结果反映了一下特点 : 对社会职业环境了解有限、 创业意向比例低、对职业生涯规划缺乏

2、认同等。 关键词：大学生；创业意向；状况调查；思考在社会主义市场经济背景下， 党中央在新时期创业精神的新形势下，大 力倡导并发挥对大学生进行创业教育的重大措施。 大学生创业教育的提 出，使得了我国高等教育观念有巨大改观。据报道我国劳动力供需关系 目前处于并将长期处于供大于求关系， 因此，为缓解当前严峻的就业形 式，我国许多省份把争先以促进大学生创业作为带动就业的动力。 同时， 我国政府在鼓励大学生自主创业方面也出台了多项政策， 但大学生自主 创业的成功率并不高，所以，很有必要分析大学生创业失败的原因，并将探究提高大学生自主创业成功率的途径作为当今高校和政府的重要 工作。调查现状（一）对社会的职

3、业环境了解不够 根据调查显示，其中近一半的大学生都承认自己只了解所学专业的内 容，但是并不了解行业的就业前景；有五分之一左右的学生对两者都不 了解，仅有六分之一左右的学生能做到对专业与行业都很了解。同时， 在调查过程中仅有不足十五分之一的人认为自己对以后的职业情况和 要求很了解， 其余人均处于摇摆不定的朦胧状态。 在选择就业的大学生 中，有三分之一以上的人所看中的是要所选职业对他以后有较大的发展 空间，四分之一以上的人相中的是稳定而有固定保障的职业， 看中其丰 厚薪水的仅有不足四分之一。 而至于那些对当前国家对大学生自主创业 等方面政策和发展情况关注却很少只有十分之一左右。（二）当今大学生的有

4、创业意向的比例低 从被调查大学生的多向选择数据可以得出 : 选择就业的占一多半，继续 深造如考公务员或者考研的占到不足四成， 选择毕业后去创业的大学生 只占不到两成，还有对于那些毕业后选择出国留学、选调生、服务西部 计划、参军等加起来都没有十分之一。 其中大多数的大学生青睐那些相 对安稳的工作岗位如：学校、政府机关企业等。统计表明，选择自主创 业的大学生中有十分之一左右的学生是为了挑战极限、 超越自我、 实现 多年来的梦想而萌发创业之情的，相比一下，为了公益性、社会性的原 因而创业的学生少之又少，仅有百分之一。（三）有些大学生对自己的职业生涯的规划缺乏认同根据调查结果显示， 有一多半的大学生对

5、自己的职业生涯规划还停留在 初始的设计阶段， 还没准备好进入社会实践。 对于自己的职业生涯规划， 四成的大学生是根据自身特长，兴趣爱好等去规划，从自身专业发展与 社会需求出发来规划职业生涯是更多大学生的选择。其中，关于大学生 的职业生涯规划的指导意见或职业理念， 有三分之一是来自父母或身边 亲人的意见， 一多半大学生是从自身的条件和能力出发，其余的对与自 身职业未来没有具体规划，只有随遇而安。而在进行职业生涯的规划过 程中，多数大学生根本不知道如何准确认清自己的实力水平， 有近四成 的大学生在进行职业生涯规划时没能得到专业人士的指导或培训， 有三 分之一的大学生却对相关方面的学习实践没有充分注

6、意，相比之下，在 做职业生涯规划时以国家社会发展的方向和人民的利益为依据的大学 生仅是少数人，四成的大学生是以实现个人的梦想，能让自己以后生活 更好等才是创业动机。据报道， 当前大学生的自主创业人数在西方发达 国家中平均占两到三成， 但是、 在我国却还远达不到大学毕业生总数的 千分之一。二、调查结果分析根据调查结果可知， 当前我国占大多数的大学生对自主创业并不关 心，而其中部分大学生的创业动机在很大程度上受限于他们对创业缺乏 足够的认识， 受限于自身的期望和社会现实之间的落差突与矛盾。 他们 中很多依赖长辈、 亲朋好友的同时过分高估自己实力， 接受信息不够主 动，对社会变动了解甚少，同时缺乏社

7、会公益事业关注的意识。这种对 外界漠不关心的态度与自身有限的知识通常会内化成为一种对创业的 阻抗心态，并外化为一种消极的创业热情， 从而还会对他们的创业精神、 创业效率等产生严重影响。主要从以下几方面体现出来：（一）学校、社会没能很好给大学生创造创业氛围 一直以来，我国绝大多数的高校并未将创业教育列入各学科专业的教育 体系中，就算有也只是作为就业指导课程的一项补充内容，其实，很多 学校进行的各项实践活动不仅没有达到激励学生去自主创业的效果， 有 些还会对大学生产生负面影响，扼杀他们创业的激情。改革开放以来， 中国经济发展的突飞猛进已使许多陈旧的创业观念受到冲击， 并出台了 相关创业的激励政策，

8、但是，由于我国人民在数千年来的农耕文化的影 响下，使人们满足于小富小康的生活， 并且重农轻商思想仍严重影响现 代人的生活观念，对于安稳、风险小、投资小、见效快的的创业观念 仍然是广大家长和社会所推崇的。（二）国家相关政策服务保障不足虽然这些年来政府积极提倡大学生自主创业， 但是，大学生真正的 创业实践中往往会遇到许许多多现实问题，如政策阻碍、融资困难、社 会服务不周等。 目前我国还没出台一套完整的扶植和激励大学生创业的 社会服务体系， 仅仅靠中央所发布的文件和那些差异巨大的地方性政策 难以将大学生的创业热度提高到一个层次上去。此外，社会对大学生创 业的社会保障体系还没形成， 使得经济因素是大学

9、生进行自主创业时必 须考虑的因素。相比教师、公务员等岗位的人所享有的优厚而稳定的福 利，大学生创业所存在风险没人能预测到，很有可能使本已够潦倒的大 学生的生活捉襟见肘。所以，不能责怪当今大学生的拜金主义，也不能 对大学生缺乏创业激情横加指责。 因为，我国目前尚未完善的社会保障 体系使得大学生创业的风险太高。（三）大学生所学专业与社会产业结构脱节从目前看来， 传统农业和低端的加工制造业在我国产业结构中还占据 着相当重的比例，我国大多数的企业基本处于世界产业链中的低端环 节。使得我国在培养大学生时，大多数以面向加工制造业为主，然而， 对于产品开发设计、原材料的采购、订单处理、批发经营、终端零售等

10、环节却在我国一直处于被忽略的地位。 仍受世界经济危机阴影所笼罩的 今天，我国大学生创业意向状况在当今以制造业为主的产业链面前呈现 出不理想局面，找不到合适自己的项目来开创事业。就算是那些能够找 到合适自己项目的， 都会因为当前社会环境中缺乏相应的服务管理体系 难以继续下去，这样的现象还将会使得有创业意向的大学生者望而却 步（四）许多大学生缺乏对自己职业生涯规划 大学生对自己以后职业生涯规划大程度上能够帮助自己科学定位、 优化 目标以及实行创业的发展。大学生职业生涯的规划，必须要对自我的定 位有所了解以及探清外部的职业环境。 目前， 全国只有少数学校开设了 职业生涯规划教育课程， 有限的就业指导

11、并不能使大学生系统的理论学 习职业生涯规划体系，对于实践运用更是天方夜谭。大学生无法通过有 效途径来增加创业实践经验 ; 无法了解外部社会的创业环境，不能对自 己的学习有的放矢，有针对性。大学生对自己职业规划的迷茫，对职业 生涯规划的缺乏使得他们难以摆脱现代就业常规，没胆量做出创业抉 择。三、调查反思前些年所开展的国际职业教育大会指出，在 21 世纪中全球有将近 50% 的大学生会选择自主创业之路。创业教育，应该既要教会学生大学生如 何走创新之道与培养自己的创业实践能力还要使创业教育能够为大学 生传达一种创新精神。 现在从以下几方面对当前大学生创业意向进行反 思：（一）大学生要积极储备创业基本

12、知识 大学生要创业就必须储备社会各种知识， 其中包括法律、 市场营销税务、企业管理等，因为这不仅是反映创业者本人所掌握的知识程度， 更是创业中团体协作意识、创新能力、交际能力等的综合运用。大学阶 段，正是每个大学生 创业能力实践与创业发展方向培养的最佳时期。所以，高校应该积极建立并健全创业教育体系，善于给学生创设条件， 营造创业气氛氛围，最好能把把有意向创业的学生组织起来一起培训并分享经验。 这样不但可以为他们提供系统的创业 理论知识培训。如创业课程的研究，并设置相应的创业必修课程；还能 够使他们增强创业实践能力， 提高创业成功率。如学校在周末多举办创 业设计竞赛活动等，引导大学生的创业意向。

13、（二）大学生应该亲身实践，提高创业实践能力 创往往需要大学生在有创业意向之后， 积极地加入到社会实践中去为自己以后的创业打下基础。 大学生可以在创业前模仿并学习以下几种目前 较为成熟的创业模式：创业教育模式、创业教育 +创业资金 +创新基地模 式、创业教育 +创业资金模式，从中吸取精华并提高自己的创业实践能 力。还可以通过校方安排的暑期社会实践或者专业课的实习活动等社会 实践提升自己的实际操作能力。这些风险小、成本低的项目，能够很有 效地让大学生培养创业意识，积累创业经验。（三）各高校要努力培育大学生的企业家精神 所谓企业家精神，是冒险精神、创业精神、创新精神和宽容精神的综 合体现， 对于各种

14、行业的人群同样适用。 富有创业精神的人他们所拥有 的创业热情和创业能力所体现的往往是对某种资源或行业的竞争， 对于 当今大学生来说创业是一个比较新颖却富有挑战性的话题因为其中不 乏风险与挑战。因此，若没有一种富有创业的企业家精神指引，大学生 很难在创业过程中一帆风顺， 即使有些大学生有幸创业初见成效， 但也 很难将眼前的事业继续发展下去。作为新知识、新文化传播地的高校， 要想让其大学生在今后人生道路的创业中能长久发展下去， 就必先从培 养大学生的“企业家精神” 着手，使其能在创业前具有一定的指导理论。 同时，高校更应大力倡导“企业家精神”，使大学生创业教育能够在全 国范围内普及。英文版：Stu

15、de nts En trepre neurial Inten ti ons Survey andReflectio nAbstract: Enterprise Education for Students and development in recent years has ope ned up new areas of theoretical study of higher educati on in China to promote the con cept of higher educati on reform and inno vati on, new dema nds on the

16、 quality of tale nt cultivati on in the future, the new sta ndard in order to more explore the depth entrepreneurial intention status of college students, to improve the releva nee of en trepre neurship educati on on college stude nts and for our timely and effective educati on to provide a realisti

17、c basis. survey sample survey across the country University to full-time in school junior or four students to in vestigate the survey, in clud ing scie nce and engin eeri ng and bus in ess stude nts main ly in volved in more tha n 10 professi on al, a survey is focused on college students entreprene

18、urial intention, execution and the machine in three aspects. The survey results reflect the followi ng characteristics: social and professi onal environment to understand the limited proportion of entrepreneurial intention, agree that the lack of career pla nning.Keywords: College Stude nts, En trep

19、re neurial Inten ti ons Survey,Thi nki ngIn the con text of the socialist market economy, the CPC Cen tral Committee,under the new situation of the new era of entrepreneurship, and vigorouslyadvocated and play a sig ni fica nt measure of en trepre neurship educati on oncollege stude nts. En terprise

20、 Educati on for Stude nts proposed the con cept ofChina's higher education have a huge difference, according to reported thatChin a's labor supply and dema nd relati on ship is and will be a long period ofoversupply relati ons, in order to alleviate the curre nt severe forms of employme nt,m

21、any of our prov inces rushed to promote college stude nts ven ture as a driv ingforce to stimulate employme nt. Mea nwhile, the gover nment en courage collegestude nts to in depe ndent the importa nce of the way to en trepre neurship has alsoin troduced a nu mber of policies, but the success rate of

22、 college stude nts starttheir own bus in esses is not high, so very n ecessary to an alyze the stude nts the reas ons for bus in ess failure, and explore to improve college stude nts start their own bus in ess success rate as today's colleges and uni versities and gover nment job.Survey The Stat

23、us Quo(Occupati onal En vir onment Of A Society Do Not Know Eno ughAccording to the survey, nearly half of college students admit that they only un dersta nd the content of the professi on al, but do not un dersta nd the employment prospects of the industry, about one fifth of students neither under

24、stand, only one sixth so students can do on professional and industry are aware of. the same time, in less than one fifteenth of people that own future career and requireme nts are to un dersta nd the course of the in vestigati on, and the remaining per capita in the hazy state of wavering . Choice

25、of employment, college stude nts, more tha n one third of the fancy to the selected career after him more room for developme nt, more tha n a quarter of the phase stability and protection occupation, Chinese and only less than a quarter of its lucrative salary. As for those on the curre nt state pol

26、icy and the developme nt of college stude nts own bus in esses concern rarely only about one ten th.(B Proporti on Of Today's College Stude nts With An En trepre neurialBentCan be drawn from the college students surveyed, to select the data: the choice of employment accounted for more than half

27、of further studies to account for less than 40% of the civil service exam or Entrance Exam in ati on, select to go into bus in ess after graduati on, only less tha n two perce nt of college stude nts, as well as for select who graduated abroad, tran sferri ng stude nts, service in the wester n regi

28、on, to join the army did not add up to one tenth of which the majority of stude nts favor those relatively secure jobs, such as: schools, gover nment age ncies en terprises. Statistics show that, select the in depe ndent stude nts are about one tenth of the stude nts of en trepre neurship and germ i

29、n ati on of the feeli ng of entrepreneurship in order to challenge the limits, beyond the self, the dream for many years, compared to, for the reasons of public welfare, social en trepre neurship fewer stude nts but also less, only one perce nt.(C Some Of The Stude nts Lack Of Recog ni tion Of Their

30、 Own CareerPla nningAccord ing to the survey, half of college stude nts on career pla nning to stay in the in itial desig n stage, not ready to en ter the social practice for their own career pla nning, 40 perce nt of college stude nts accord ing to their stre ngths, in terests and hobbies to pla nn

31、ing, career pla nning is a choice of more stude nts start ing from their own professional development needs of the community in which stude nts career pla nning guida nee or vocati onal philosophy, on e-third from the pare nts or close relatives comme nts, mostly college stude nts from starti ng the

32、ir own conditions and capabilities, the rest of the right and the future of their own career, there is no specific plan, and only go with the flow during the career planning process, the majority of students do not know how to accurately recognize their own strengths , nearly forty percent of colleg

33、e students during career pla nning did not get the professi onal guida nee or training, releva nt aspects of the study and practice of on e-third of college stude nts but the n did not pay fullattention, compared to doing career planning when the direction of the nationalsocial developme nt and peop

34、le's in terests as the basis for college stude nts is onlya small nu mber of people, 40% of college stude nts is to achieve our in dividualdreams, is the entrepreneurial motivation to make their own later in life better,etc. It is reported that college stude nts the nu mber of their own bus in e

35、sses in theWester n developed coun tries acco un ted for an average of two to three perce nt,however, still far less than one-thousandth of the total number of universitygraduates in China.Second, The FindingsAccording to the survey results shows that the current China accounted for most college stu

36、de nts do not care about their own bus in esses, some of which stude nts en trepre neurial motivati on is largely limited in their lack of un dersta nding of the entrepreneurial, subject to their own expectations and social reality. the gap betwee n con flict and con tradicti ons. many of them rely

37、on their elders, frie nds and family while overestimated their own stre ngth, not active eno ugh to receive information, little is known about the social changes, while a lack of awareness of social welfare un dertak ings concern such in differe nee to the outside world attitudes and their own limit

38、ed kno wledge usually intern alized into the impedance of an entrepreneurial mindset, and outside as a negative entrepreneurial enthusiasm, which will have serious implications for their pion eeri ng spirit, en trepre neurial efficie ncy.Reflected Main ly The Follow ing Aspects:(A School, Could Not

39、Very Well To The Stude nts Create A Busi nessAtmosphereAll along, the vast majority of our colleges and universities did not include entrepreneurship education in all disciplines of professional education system, eve n if only as a career guida nee course a compleme nt, in fact, many schools the pra

40、ctice is not only effect, and also to motivate students to start their own bus in esses have a n egative impact on college stude nts, to stifle their en trepre neurial passi on. Since the reform and ope ning up, Chin a's econo mic developme nt by leaps and bounds un der attack have caused many o

41、f the old con cept of en trepre neurship, and in troduced a related en trepre neurial incen tive policy, but, due to our people un der the in flue nce of the farming culture for several thousand years, so that people meet in small rich well-off life, and the idea of heavy agricultural and light indu

42、stry remains a serious impact on the modern con cept of life, for a stable, risk is small, small in vestme nt, quick con cept of entrepreneurship is still respected by the majority of parents and the community.(Two Releva nt Nati onal Policies And Services In adequate Protect ionThese years the Gove

43、r nment will actively advocate of college stude nts start their own bus in esses, but the real bus in ess practice Stude nts ofte n encoun ter many practical problems, such as policies that hinder the financing difficulties, social service has bee n poor. At prese nt, China has not in troduced a com

44、plete set of the social service system to nurture and motivate the en trepre neurship of college stude nts, just difficult to rely on the docume nts released by the cen tral gover nment and those huge differe nce in local policies and en trepre neurial heat of uni versity stude nts in creased to the

45、 n ext level up. In additi on, the social security system of social en trepre neurship of college stude nts have not formed , making the economic factors must be considered when college stude nts start their own bus in esses. enjo yed a favorable and stable welfare compared to the status of teachers

46、, civil serva nts and other people, college stude nts bus in ess there is a risk no one can predict, is likely to have dow n eno ugh stude nts livi ng in straite ned circumsta nces. can not blame today's college stude nts money worship, nor the stude nts lack of en trepre neurial passi onun warr

47、a nted charges, because China has yet to perfect the social security system makes college stude nts ven ture too risky.(Three College Stude nts Lear n The Professi onal And In dustrialStructure Out Of LineFrom now, the traditional agricultural and low-end processing and manu facturi ng in Chi na'

48、;s in dustrial structure occupies a very heavy proporti on of the majority of our en terprises are basically at the low end of the world in dustrial chain link. Our College Students majority-oriented processing and manufacturing,however, for product development and design, raw material purchasing, o

49、rderprocess ing, wholesale bus in ess, retail term in als, and other aspects of our countryhas bee n in the status of being ignored still un der the shadow of the worldeconomic crisis enveloped the showing the front of the college students ofentrepreneurial intention condition in today's manufac

50、turing industry chain isnot an ideal situati on, can not find the right project to develop a bus in ess, eve nthose who will be able to find a suitable project because the current socialen viro nment lack of appropriate service man ageme nt system is difficult tocontinue, this phenomenon will be mak

51、ing the entrepreneurial intention ofuni versity stude nts discouraged(D Many College Stude nts Lack Their Own Career Pla nningCollege stude nts can help their future career pla nning large exte nt their own scientific orientation, optimization goals and the implementation of the developme nt of en t

52、repre neurial college stude nts career pla nning, self-positi oning must un dersta nd and explore the clear outside the occupati onal en viro nment. Prese nt, Only a few schools have ope ned career pla nning educati on programs, limited employment guidance does not make the theory of the system of c

53、ollege stude nts lear ning a career pla nning system, is a fan tasy for practical applicati on. Stude nts can not be an effective way to in crease bus in ess practice experie nce; can n ot un dersta nd exter nal social en trepre neurial en viro nment can n ot be targeted for their own lear ning, tar

54、geted stude nts on the con fusi on of their own career pla nnin g, lack of career pla nning makes it difficult for them to get rid of the moder n employme nt practice, cowards to make en trepre neurship a choice.Third, The In vestigati on Reflect onIntern ati onal Vocati onal Educati on Conference i

55、n previous years to carry out that n early 50% of the stude nts will choose the road of their own bus in esses in the 21st cen tury global en trepre neurship educati on should not only to teach stude nts to college stude nts how to take the road of inno vati on and develop their own entrepreneurial

56、practice ability but also to convey a spirit of innovation en trepre neurship educati on for college stude nts from the followi ng aspects to reflect on the current college students of entrepreneurial intention:(A College Stude nts To Active Reserve Basic En trepre neurialKno wledgeStude nts to star

57、t we must reserve all social kno wledge, in clud ing legal, marketi ng, taxati on, bus in ess man ageme nt, because not only reflect the exte nt of the en trepre neurs kno wledge, but also groups of en trepre neurs in the sense of coord in ati on, inno vati on, in terpers onal skills in tegrated use

58、. the best period of university level, is the entrepreneurial capacity of each college students practice and en trepre neurship developme nt directi on of training, so colleges and uni versities should actively establish and sound en trepre neurship educati on system, to create con diti ons for good

59、 stude nts, to create the en trepre neurial atmosphere atmosphere, the most good to be able to inten ti on to bus in ess school . Health Orga ni zati on together with the training and shareexperie nces. This will n ot only provide them with the en trepre neurial theory of kno wledge training, such as the study of en trepre neurship courses and set corresp onding en trepre neurial required courses; that en ables them to enh