外商直接投资的溢出效应：国际经验的借鉴与启示【外文翻译】

1、The Spillover Effect of Foreign Direct Investment: International Experience and Enlightenment1. IntroductionSince the 1990s, as the process of globalization and developing countries to accelerate the opening up of foreign direct investment in the spillover effect more and more by the general concern

2、 of all countries in the world. China and the Asian financial crisis has become a global attracting foreign direct investment than any other country, how best to encourage foreign direct investment in our country have a spillover effect, while foreign direct investment by reducing the negative impac

3、t, but also has been one of our government and the reality faced by the enterprises in question. international level in this area's most famous one of the researchers, as he and his colleagues in 1996, Professor Ari Kokko spillover effect on the description of the foreign direct investment that

4、is spillover effect, as the international business enter or participate in the host country received by the local enterprises improve labor productivity. In fact, the international community on the spillover effects of foreign direct investment In the 1960s, the study has been started, it is precise

5、ly because the nature of the problem, and involved in an open economic environment in the country's development strategy for decades to research in the field more enthusiastic, and really made a lot of progress. Foreign direct investment spillover effect on the core issue of spillover effect is

6、the mechanism, that is, when foreign direct investment after entry into the host country, through the micro-mechanism and how the process of the host country's labor productivity of local enterprises to promote the role of produce. On this issue will undoubtedly contribute to a thorough understa

7、nding of the host country's government and enterprises to take appropriate measures in order to achieve a more effective use of foreign investment, have contributed to the purpose of spillover effects.2. Understanding of evolution: foreign direct investment in the host country's influence an

8、d role Looking back in history, people's attitude toward foreign direct investment has experienced from the initial breach of prudent to open and then take the initiative to attract process. In the late 1950s, foreign direct investment in a limited scale and scholars only treat it as capital flo

9、ws between countries in international trade theory to be discussed to the late 1960s, with the scale of direct foreign investment and the expansion of scholars began to focus on on the market structure of the host country its impact and influence. Study results show that the mainstream, foreign dire

10、ct investment by the sponsors of the national characteristics of an oligopoly market caused by the researchers are worried that foreign direct investment will be the domestic market imperfection of the spread to other countries. At the same time, prices on the international transfer of enterprises,

11、as well as the study on foreign direct investment in the uneven development of the studies have strengthened the right of foreign direct investment resentment and thus the 1960s all countries, particularly developing countries on foreign direct investment holders reject or strictly limit policy. 197

12、0s, the international lending strong support to the capital of the Asian emerging countries the export-oriented economy, as well as Latin American countries import substitution-based economy flourish; However, the 1980s to government borrowing at the core of the Asian emerging mode of financing the

13、development of the country by setbacks; and representatives to Mexico for some Latin American countries and into the debt crisis of developing countries in order to make foreign direct investment in the form of the introduction of international capital had to be re-thinking. At the same time, schola

14、rs of foreign direct investment in the in-depth study also showed some positive results. Many studies show that foreign direct investment in the host country has many spillover effects, particularly in the role of the international transfer of technology by the special attention. Thus, the host coun

15、try for foreign direct investment in a major attitude change, whether passive or active to attract international capital to create opportunities for the international transfer of technology, most countries tend to start some open and the purpose of the introduction of foreign direct investment polic

16、y.Since the 1990's, and people of foreign direct investment has had a positive perception further. Compared to other international transfer of technology, people have found that the more the latest technology and most profitable of the technology, the more likely international companies through

17、international direct investment in the way in the host country use. The reason is that, from the point of view of international companies using such technologies that will form the legal right to remain in the control of the international enterprise. Want access to advanced technology from the point

18、 of view of the host country, for these reasons, the host country's enterprises needed advanced technology is not always able to buy on the market. Under such circumstances, the host country for foreign direct investment in local enterprises the special significance lies in the fact that when th

19、e international enterprises in the local investment and the use of advanced technologies for production activities, local enterprises can be the nearest through observation, imitation, reverse engineering and has been employed persons employed by international companies such channels as the correspo

20、nding technological and management of useful information, which can also cause the spillover of its technical information. Moreover, in addition to foreign direct investment may have spillover effects, the Harvard professor Caves also found that if foreign direct investment into the host country'

21、;s monopoly market, the market will break the monopoly of the Central Plains some balance, local enterprises will be in foreign-funded enterprises competitive pressures increase efficiency. This is foreign direct investment reflects a spillover effect. In fact, the 90 countries of the 1980s, foreign

22、 policy is relatively more open, between the neighboring countries to attract foreign capital even more evident intention. It can be said that opening up and attracting foreign investment has become the strategic development of many developing countries an important part. On the above understanding

23、of foreign direct investment This is clearly an important basis for the implementation of the policy.3. Explore mechanisms: direct foreign investment have spillover effectsDespite the presence of foreign direct investment compared with the generally positive awareness, and most developing countries

24、have indeed adopted preferential policies to attract foreign capital, but according to different national manufacturing data by the experience of the results of the study but is not optimistic. The Caves by the Harvard professor, New York University professor and Globerman of Stockholm University Pr

25、ofessor Magnus Blomstrom were led by Australia, Canada and Mexico manufacturing industry studies show that foreign direct investment is in the host country had a spillover effect, but the World Bank study staff Haddad & Harrison & Aitken and the International Monetary Fund. Harri-SOll respec

26、tively Morocco and Venezuela study shows that the manufacturing sector did not have a spillover effect, and researchers from Italy Mariotti the study found, in the professional-oriented industries (Specialist sectors) and the scale industries (Scale intensive sectors) had a spillover effect, and in

27、science-based industries (Science-based sectors) and traditional industries (Tranditional sectors) did not have spillover effects. Based on the results of different studies, international scholars reached a consensus: that foreign direct investment spillover effect is not automatically generated. In

28、 other words, countries and opening up policy itself does not guarantee entry into the country of foreign direct investment in the country will have a spillover effect, therefore, explore in depth the spillover effects on the conditions and mechanisms, become a reality in the countries in the spillo

29、ver effect can effectively guide the key. Under the existing research results on the international spillover effects of foreign direct investment into the mechanism of the "spillover effect within the industry", "inter-industry spillover effect" . Industry spillover effect. Indus

30、try spillover effect is also known as "demonstration and competition effect (Demonstration and Competition effects)," spillover effect of this mechanism embodiment, when foreign direct investment has entered a host of specific industries, on the one hand, foreign-funded enterprises adopt m

31、odern business model and advanced production and management technology to foreign-funded enterprises has created opportunities for high profits, which in the same industries in the local enterprises have a demonstration effect and that local enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises to watch the fi

32、nal acts of imitation to enable local enterprises to improve the efficiency of the results of their labor, access to the spillover effect. On the other hand, the entry of foreign direct investment on the local market and compete in the same industry in the operation of local enterprises a competitiv

33、e pressures in order to maintain the existing market and fight for survival and development opportunities, local enterprises will do their utmost to take all possible measures to enhance operational efficiency. In this competitive environment contributed to improving the efficiency of the spillover

34、effects are also manifestations. In view of this mechanism described Riedel and Lake respectively on the European semiconductor industry conducted two case studies. Case study results indicate that the United States is the entry of multinational corporations in Europe in the industry have brought ne

35、w technology, the demonstration effect of the European role in the rise of the industry significantly; Langdon in the soap industry in Kenya found in a study of the case, Kenya entered the international soap manufacturing machinery manufacturing enterprises will be introduced soap market, local ente

36、rprises original handmade soap manufacturers lost sales, local soap manufacturers also have to introduce the corresponding soap manufacturing technology, thereby increasing productivity.In the above case study on the basis of 1992 Wang & Blomstrom the establishment of a simple theoretical model

37、that the industry will be spillover effects of a push to a new level. Model will be the introduction of foreign advanced technology and the decision-making process of local enterprises to invest in learning the decision-making mutual contact of the two categories of enterprises in competing in the d

38、ecision-making mechanism. They believe that the local enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises in the competitive pressure to invest in the learning process, and greater investment in the learning process, the technical capacity of local enterprises is stronger, more access to higher profits, thus pe

39、rformance for the local because the access of foreign capital enterprises won the spillover effect; At the same time, foreign-funded enterprises in which the reduction of the technological gap, which will lead to more foreign-funded enterprises to host subsidiaries to the faster transfer of technolo

40、gy to enhance the corresponding competitiveness and to maintain the profits of the original space; This embodies funded enterprises as a result of the strengthening of competitiveness led to a spillover effect of foreign-funded enterprises, and is gratifying to note that the improvement of foreign-f

41、unded enterprises, in turn, access for local enterprises and further spillover effect Extension a new exhibition space. Thus, we understand, now, Wang & Blomstrom the industry spillover effect on the mechanism for a possible "spiral" development mechanism. Kokko in a 1994 against Mexic

42、o on the experience of the manufacturing sector to a certain extent, confirmed Wang & Blomstrom the conclusion of the study. inter-industry spillovers. Inter-industry spillovers is also known as the "downstream correlation effects." This spillover effect through the branches of multina

43、tional companies with local suppliers and customers arising from the links between. Raul 1980 India has been selected two large truck manufacturers AL (foreign investment accounted for the major share) and TELCO (joint ventures), inspected the two enterprises, as well as their 36 suppliers in the es

44、tablishment, information technology, finance, purchase of raw materials and the management and distribution channels, and other aspects of. According to the case study, All summed up that may lead to "upstream" spillover effects of the overflow of complementarily, he considered that the ad

45、option of the following methods of transnational corporations may raise local suppliers of production efficiency: First, has the potential to help vendors build production facilities Secondly, to improve the supplier's product quality and innovation capacity to provide technical assistance or in

46、formation; and third, to provide or help suppliers to purchase raw materials and intermediate products; fourth, for the management of vendors and organizations providing training and assistance; Fifth, to help suppliers to find more customers. Following Raul, Linda & Pang selected Singapore'

47、s three export-oriented electronics companies and conduct a case study. Linda & Pang selected three electronics companies are the world's leading electronics companies (the United States, Europe and Japan, the multinational corporations) in Singapore, a subsidiary or a branch, and three comp

48、anies in Singapore have been operating for 8-13 years, their more than 90 percent of products exported overseas. Through the management of three companies visit, Lim & Pang found that the three companies are willing to local suppliers to establish connections, and from the financial, technical,

49、management, and other aspects of the suppliers to provide help. On the basis of this is that Lim & Pang, multinational companies selling their products in the global market, market forces so that they sought in the global scope of the long-term efficiency, and local businesses (suppliers) that t

50、he favorable conditions to a certain extent, to reduce the risk of foreign-funded enterprises and uncertainty. Therefore, they proposed that the host government to pass a stringent policy to increase the limit for the purchase of local products is not necessary, the Government needs to strengthen lo

51、cal enterprises and multinational corporations who export-oriented association, crossed enterprises can be passed on to the links local enterprises have spillover effects.And the industry spillover effect similar to the study of the foreign-funded enterprises and local enterprises in the host associ

52、ation study also not optimistic about the situation there. A study found against Mexico in the North American Free Trade Area after the establishment of a large number of American enterprises in the industry chain will need to use cheap labor to transfer part of the Mexican border. This industry is

53、the transfer of enterprises from the United States access to the benefits of the lower costs, but did not play in Mexico related industries to help enhance the efficiency of the role. Seen in this light, to be effective access to the spillover effects industry, but also need more in-depth and more t

54、argeted research.The result of the movement of spillover effects. As caused by the movement of foreign direct investment in the spillover effect is sometimes known as labor spillover effect, it mainly for multinational corporations to its local employees will generally give multifaceted, multi-level

55、 training, once these multinational corporations to other staff leave companies or set up their own office, they learn from multinational companies in the technology will benefit local enterprises. This spillover effect on the mechanism described is Irving Gershenberg through case studies of Kenya.翻

56、译：外商直接投资的溢出效应：国际经验的借鉴与启示90年代以来，随着全球化进程的加速以及开展中国家的对外开放，外商直接投资的溢出效应越来越多地受到了世界各国的普遍关注。而我国在亚洲金融危机之后已经成为了全球吸引外商直接投资最多的国家，如何最大限度地鼓励外商直接投资在我国产生溢出效应，同时减少外商直接投资所造成的负面影响，也成为了我国政府和企业所面临的现实问题。 瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学的MagnusBlomstrom教授是目前国际上该领域最著名的研究者之一，根据他在1996年与其同事Ari Kokko教授对溢出效应的描述，外商直接投资的溢出效应是指，由于国际企业的进入或参与，东道国本地企业所获得的劳动

57、生产率提高。实际上，国际上关于外商直接投资溢出效应的研究在60年代就已经开始起步，正是由于这一问题本质地涉及到在一个开放的经济环境中国家的开展战略，几十年来该领域的研究越来越热烈，并且也确实取得了很大的进展。外商直接投资溢出效应研究的核心问题是溢出效应产生的机制，即当外商直接投资进入东道国以后，是通过怎样的微观机制和过程对东道国本地企業的劳动生产率产生促进作用的。对这一问题的透彻理解无疑将有助于东道国的政府和企业采取相应的措施，以到达更有效地利用外资、促成溢出效应产生的目的。2.认识演进：外商直接投资对东道国的影响和作用 回忆历史，人们对外商直接投资的态度经历了从最初的抵触到审慎开放，进而主动

58、吸引的过程。50年代后期，外商直接投资的规模有限，学者们也只是把它当作国家间的资本流动在国际贸易理论中加以讨论；到了60年代后期，随着外商直接投资规模的扩大，学者们开始着力研究它对东道国市场结构的冲击和影响。主流的研究结果说明，外商直接投资是由发起国本国市场的寡头垄断特征引起的，研究者们担忧外商直接投资会将这种本国市场的不完善性扩散到其他国家。与此同时，对国际企业转移价格问题的研究以及对外商直接投资的不均衡开展的研究都加强了对外商直接投资的抵触情绪，因而60年代各个国家，特别是开展中国家对外商直接投资都持有拒绝或严格限制的政策。70年代，国际借贷资本强有力地支持了亚洲新兴国家外向型经济以及拉美

59、国家进口替代型经济的蓬勃开展；然而，80年代以政府借贷为核心融资方式的亚洲新兴国家的开展受到了挫折；而以墨西哥为代表的一些拉美国家又陷入了债务危机；从而使得开展中国家对以外商直接投资的形式引进国际资本不得不进行重新的思考。与此同时，学者们对外商直接投资的深入研究也得出了一些积极的结果。多项研究的结果说明外商直接投资对东道国具有多方面的溢出效应，特别在国际技术转让方面的作用受到了特别的关注。由此，东道国对外商直接投资的态度发生了重大的转变，无论是被动地吸引国际资本还是主动地创造国际技术转移的时机，多数国家开始倾向于局部开放和有目的的引进外商直接投资的政策。进入90年代以来，人们对外商直接投资有了

60、更进一步的积极认识。相对于其他国际技术转移的方式，人们发现，越是最新的技术和最具获利性的技术，国际企业越倾向于通过国际直接投资的方式在东道国使用。原因在于，从国际企业的角度考虑，采用这种形式会把这类技术法律上的控制权留在国际企业内部。从希望获取先进技术的东道国的角度考虑，由于上述原因，东道国的企业所需要的先进技术并不一定总能从市场上购置到。在这种状况下，外商直接投资对于东道国本地企业的特殊意义在于，当国际企业在本地投资并采用先进技术进行生产活动的时候，本地企业可以就近通过观察、模仿、反向工程以及雇用曾经被国际企业雇用的人员等渠道取得相应的技术与管理的有益信息，从而也可以造成其技术信息的外溢。此外，除了外商直接投资可能造成的技术外溢效应，哈佛大学的Caves教授还发现，如果外商直接投资进入了东道国的垄断性