托福-练习二十八

1、托福-练习二十八（总分：7.00，做题时间：90分钟）BPassage 1/B(总题数：3，分数：3.00)1.THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND ROMANTICISMThe Romantic Movement in music and literature was a reaction against the Enlightenment philosophy that had dominated much of the eighteenth century. Enlightenment ideals held that human society could reach perfe

2、ction through rational thought, while Romantic philosophy reveled in the beauty and unpredictable power of Nature. The Enlightenment gloried in civilization and believed in princely rule of a benevolent kind. Romanticism believed in democracy and the common people, reviving folk traditions, ballads,

3、 and medieval sagas that made heroes of rural characters.Artistically, the Enlightenment condemned excess and dictated that the discipline of formal structure was beneficial to artistic expression. Romanticism, on the other hand, celebrated emotions and the senses, believing that the emotional deman

4、dsof a particular work should dictate its form. While the Enlightenment believed in a generally positive approach to life and the abandonment of superstition, Romanticism found inspiration in death as an "other kingdom" and in the supernatural; hence, literature developed a "Gothic&qu

5、ot; streak that eventually found its way into music.1. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the philosophy that they illustrate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.This questi on is worth 3 pointsAnswer ChoicesA. There is value in emotions, the senses, a

6、nd the power of Nature.B. The discipline of formal structure benefits artistic expression.C. Death and the supernatural are sources of inspiration.D. Artistic values are more important than social themes.E. Human society can reach perfection through rational thought.F. Folk traditions are important

7、because common people are heroes.G. Symbols and patterns of images convey artistic meaning.(分数：1.00)A.B. VC.D.C. VF.G.解析： Enlightenment: .the Enlightenment. dictated that the discipline of formal structurewas beneficial to artistic expression; . human society could reach perfection through rational

8、thought A, C, F Romanticism: .celebrated emotions and the senses.Romantic philosophy reveled in the beauty and unpredictable power of Nature; Romanticism found inspiration in death as an"other kingdom "" and in the supernatural.; Romanticism believed in democracy and the common people

9、, reviving folk traditions., that made heroes of rural characters. Answers (D) and (G) are not mentioned.2.VALLEY FLOORS1 The floor of a river valley develops in one of two ways: as a rock-floored valley bottom oras an accumulation valley floor. A rock-floored valley is formed by a stream that no lo

10、nger incises by cutting downward but mther erodes latemlly in a course that winds from side to side across the valley floor. In a rock-floored valley, the valley slopes are undercut and steepened by the sideways erosion. The floor of the river channel lies in the bedrock, and on either side of the c

11、hannel it is covered by only a thin layer of gmvel and sand. As the stream swings across the valley floor, it deposits material on the insides of the bends in the channel.2 The second type of valley bottom, the accumulation floor, cannot easily be distinguished from a rock-floored valley on its surf

12、ace. An accumulation valley floor is created by the continuous deposition of gmvel and sand in an existing incised valley where the accumulation of materialhas replaced the cutting action. Both the channel floor and the floodplain-the part of the valley floor flooded frequently at high water-are com

13、posed entirely of these gmvel and sand deposits.An accumulation floor is much less resistant to erosion than a rock floor since the gmvel andsand of its channel bed have already been transported and may easily be removed during the next flood.2. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choic

14、es andmatch them to the type of valleyfloor that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.This questi on is worth 3points .Answer ChoicesA. The river channel flows directly over the bedrock.B. The top layer of rock is more resistant to erosion than the underlying rock.C. Deposits of

15、 gravel and sand accumulate on the valley floor.D. The river swings from side to side, leaving material on the insides of bends in the channel.E. Sand and rock accumulate parallel to the coast but separated from it by a channel.F. The sideways erosion of the river undercuts and steepens the valley s

16、lopes.G. The channel floor and the floodplain are made entirely of gravel and sand deposits.(分数:1.00 )A. VB.C.B. VE.C. VG.解析： Rock floor: Thefloor of the river channel lies in the bedrock.; As the stream swings across the valley floor, it deposits material on the insides of the bends in the channel,

17、" In arock-floored valley, the valley slopes are undercut and steepened by the sideways erosion. C,G Accumulation floor: An accumulation valley floor is created by the continuous deposition ofgravel and sand.; Both the channel floor and the floodplain., are composed entirely of these gravel and

18、 sand deposits. Answers (B) and (E) are not mentioned.3.ANIMALS AND PLANTSUnlike1 Wecan distinguish animals from plants by looking at their contrasting modesof nutrition.分数：4.00)plants, animals cannot manufacture their own food. Animals cannot construct organic moleculesfrom inorganic chemicals as p

19、lants can during photosynthesis. Animals must take pre-formed organic molecules into their bodies. Most animals do this by ingestion-that is, by eating other organisms or organic material. Animals store their food reserves as glycogen, whereas plants store their food as starch.2 Animal cells lack th

20、e cell walls that characterize plant cells, and animal cells have uniquetypes of junctions between them. In most animals, cells are successively organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. Animals have two types of tissues that plants do not have. The first is nervous tissue, for the conducti

21、on of electrical impulses, and the other is muscle tissue, for movement. Nerves and muscles, which control active behavior, are unique to animals.3 Animal life began in the Precambrian seas with the evolution of multi-cellular forms that lived by eating other organisms. This new way of life led to a

22、n evolutionary explosion of diverse forms. Early animals populated the seas, flesh water, and eventually the land. The diversity of animallife on Earth today is the result of over half a billion years of evolution from those first ancestors that consumed other life forms.3. Select the appropriate se

23、ntences from the answer choices and match them to the form of life that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Answer ChoicesA. They are not able to manufacture their own food.B. They construct organic molecules from inorganic chemicals.C. They hav

24、e the ability to survive on another planet.D. Nerves and muscles control their active behavior.E. They evolved from multi-cellular forms that ate other organisms.F. They store their food reserves as starch.G. They have evolved very little over one billion years.H. They have neither nervous tissue no

25、r muscle tissue.I. Their cells do not have walls.rflanjHfd(分数:1.00 )A.B. VC.D.E.C. VG.D. VI.解析： Plants: . construct organic molecules from inorganic chemicals as plants can duringphotosynthesis; .plants store their food as starch; . two types of tissues that plants donot have. The first is nervous t

26、issue.and the other is muscle tissue. A, D, E, IAnimals: .animals cannot manufacture their own food," Nerves and muscles, which control active behavior, are unique to animals; Animal life began., with the evolution of multi-cellular forms that lived by eating other organisms; Animal cells lack

27、the cell walls Answer (C) is not mentioned; answer (G) is inaccurate.、BPassage 2/B(总题数：2,COMMERCIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY1 Arcades were built in Paris as early as 1799 and in London in 1816, but these were primarily arched passages through buildings to connect institutions. American

28、 arcades, by contmst, werenot just passages to some other destination but the entire focus of large commercial blocks,andwere, in effect, prototypical shopping malls. The Providence Arcade (1829) in Rhode Island's capital illustmtes the American tmnsformation of the arcade into a temple of shopp

29、ing. The Arcade's pitched glass roof sheltered a large open space surrounded by tiered shops. The Arcade was set at the edge of Providence's business district, making it a focal point for future growth.On thetwo street sides, six huge gmnite columns modeled on a Greek temple dominated the bu

30、ilding's facades.2 Nineteenth-century urban Americans flocked to another ancestor of the contemporary shoppingmall, the department store, a controlled indoor world where an army of goods were organized under a single management. The origins of the department store were in Cincinnati, where in 18

31、29, a new kind of building was dedicated to tmde, business, and culture. This building, called the Bazaar, featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome that meant to unite multiple functions under one symbolic roof. Unfortunately, however, the Bazaar was short-lived. A more successful commercia

32、l and architectuml prototype was the department store known as the Marble Palace, which opened in New York in 1846. Monumental in style, the building's impressive facade of Corinthian columns, with large plate glass display windows between them, easily lured in the city's wealthy customers.1

33、. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of building that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. It is a passage under or through a building to connect streets.B. A glass roof encloses

34、an area lined with vertical rows of shops.C. A wide variety of goods are organized under one management.D. It is designed to be the entire focus of a large commercial block.E. The earliest example had a four-story rotunda under a large dome.F. It specializes in selling a single category of high-qual

35、ity goods.G. Its large display windows are designed to attract customers.*ABCDEFGBD-Arcade: The Arcade's pitched glass roof sheltered a large open space surrounded by tiered shops; . the entire focus of large commercial blocksC, E, G Department store: .an array of goods were organized under a si

36、ngle management; The origins of the department store.in 1829, a new kind of building.featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome.; . large plate glass display windows., easily lured in the city's wealthy customers. Answer (A) is inaccurate; answer (F) is not mentioned.(分数:2.00 )(1).COMMERC

37、IAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY1 Arcades were built in Paris as early as 1799 and in London in 1816, but these were primarily arched passages through buildings to connect institutions. American arcades, by contmst, were not just passages to some other destination but the entire focus of l

38、arge commercial blocks, and were, in effect, prototypical shopping malls. The Providence Arcade (1829) in Rhode Island'scapital illustmtes the American tmnsformation of the arcade into a temple of shopping. The Arcade's pitched glass roof sheltered a large open space surrounded by tiered sho

39、ps. The Arcade was set at the edge of Providence's business district, making it a focal point for future growth.On thetwo street sides, six huge gmnite columns modeled on a Greek temple dominated the building's facades.2 Nineteenth-century urban Americans flocked to another ancestor of the c

40、ontemporary shopping mall, the department store, a controlled indoor world where an army of goods were organized under a single management. The origins of the department store were in Cincinnati, where in 1829, anew kind of buildingwas dedicated to tmde, business, and culture. This building, called

41、the Bazaar,featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome that meant to unite multiple functions under one symbolic roof. Unfortunately, however, the Bazaar was short-lived. A more successful commercial and architectuml prototype was the department store known as the Marble Palace, which opened i

42、n New York in 1846. Monumental in style, the building's impressive facade of Corinthian columns, with large plate glass display windows between them, easily lured in the city's wealthy customers.1. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of buildin

43、g that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. It is a passage under or through a building to connect streets.B. A glass roof encloses an area lined with vertical rows of shops.C. A wide variety of goods are organized under one mana

44、gement.D. It is designed to be the entire focus of a large commercial block.E. The earliest example had a four-story rotunda under a large dome.F. It specializes in selling a single category of high-quality goods.G. Its large display windows are designed to attract customers. ruwTi1.00 )A.B. VC.C. V

45、E.F.G.解析： Arcade: The Arcade's pitched glass roof sheltered a large open space surrounded by tiered shops; . the entire focus of large commercial blocks C, E, G Department store: .an array of goods were organized under a single management; The origins of the department store.in 1829, a new kind

46、of building.featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome.; . large plate glass display windows., easily lured in the city's wealthy customers. Answer (A) is inaccurate;answer (F) is not mentioned.(2).RESEARCH DESIGNS1 In the fields of psychology and sociology, a crucial decision for researc

47、hers is which research design to use. Whenthe subject of the study is how people change or develop over time, two designs are frequently used: the cross-sectional design and the longitudinal design.2 Cross-sectional studies look at a cross-section of subjects and compare their responses. Theessentia

48、l characteristics of the design are that it includes groups of subjects at different agelevels, and that each subject is tested or interviewed only once. For example, researchers may give a memory test to adults in their twenties through seventies, select the youngest group as a standard, and then c

49、ompare each older group to that norm. Cross-sectional studies are relatively quick to do and can provide information about possible age differences. However, they do not reveal anything about individual change over time, since each subject is tested only once.3 Longitudinal studies differ from cross

50、-sectional studies because they test or interview the same subjects over time and therefore allow us to look at consistency or change within the same individual. The typical procedure is to select a relatively small group of subjects who are all about the same age at the beginning of the study and t

51、hen look at them repeatedly over a period of time. Short-term longitudinal studies cover several years and are common in research on both children and adults. Long-term longitudinal studies follow subjects from childhood into adulthood, from early to middle adulthood, or from middle adulthood to old

52、 age. One advantage of longitudinal studies is that any changes found are real changes, not just age-group differences.2. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the research design that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is wo

53、rth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. A group of subjects of the same age is tested repeatedly over a long period.B. Researchers examine an existing relationship between two groups of subjects.C. This design allows researchers to study human behavior indirectly.D. Researchers test or interview each subject

54、only one time.E. This type of study may reveal differences that are not just age-group differences.F. Researchers can study consistency or change within the same individual.G. This design can tell us about possible differences among various age groups.I ：0£Hf4ri|1.00 )A.B.C.D. VE.F.E. V解析：Cross

55、-sectional:.each subject is tested or interviewed only once; .groups of subjectsat different age levels. Cross-sectional studies.can provide information about possible age differences. A, E, F Longitudinal: .a relativelysmall group of subjects who are all about thesame age at the beginning of the st

56、udy and then look at them repeatedly over a period of time;One advantage of longitudinal studies is that any changes found are real changes, not justage-group differences; Longitudinal studies., allow us to look at consistency or change withinthe same individual. Answers (B) and (C) are not mentione

57、d.PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSATION1 Behavioral biologists ask two basic types of questi ons about ani mal behavior: how ani mals behave and why they behave as they do. The "how" questions seek to understand the proximate or immediate causes underlying a behavior at a particular time and pl

58、ace. For example, a biologist might want to explain the singing of a male white-throated sparrow in the springin terms of horm onal or n eural mecha ni sms. Such physiological causes of behavior are proximate factors. Alternatively, ano ther biologist might ask what purpose singing serves the sparrow, and the n attempt to understand events in the evolution of birds that led to springtime singing. These are "why" questi ons that focus on ultimate causati on, the evoluti onary orig in and purpose of behavior. UThese two types of questi ons are very in