2014卫生类A完形填空

1、2021年卫生类职称英语测试A完形填空+ 11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has bee n an in creas ing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migra nt work

2、ers. This is particularly the1case in the Middle East, where in creased oil in comes have en abled many coun tries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in con struct ion workers and tech nicians from

3、many coun tries, including South Korea and Japan.2In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in t

4、heir own country, and this is a major3 attract ion. An allied ben efit is the low taxati on or complete lack of it. This in creases the net amount of pay received by visit ing workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example , the difficult liv

5、ing con diti ons ofte n lead to in creased frien dship whe n workers have to depe nd on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way , many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but t

6、his merely prese nts greater challe nge to engin eers who prefer to find soluti ons to problems rather tha n do routi ne work in their home coun try.One major problem which affects migra nt workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary on es. They are n early always on con tract, so it

7、 is not easy for them to pla n ahead with great con fide nee. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large nu mber of foreig n workers as permanent residents. In any case , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the con siderable finan cial ben efits whic

8、h they receive.+ 12 DreamsEvery one can dream. In deed, every one does dream. Those who claim that they n ever dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it. Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very

9、 seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an un tidy mixture of seem in gly un related impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experie nee sound, touch, smell, and taste.One of the world's oldest known written documents i

10、s the Egyptian Book of Dreams . This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significanee even then . Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not

11、 be able to return in time if the sleeper were sudde nly awoke n .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significanee . There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation . although unfortunately there are a

12、lmost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books.+13Scie ntists Develop Ways of Detect ing Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-war ning software aimed at offeri ng heart patie nts greater protect ion from sudde n death from ca

13、rdiac arrest.In Germa ny alone around 100,000 people die annu ally as a result of cardiac arrest and manyof these cases are caused by disruption to the heart' s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients whohave already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved use

14、ful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by in terve ning with in sec on ds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg' s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with anim

15、planted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This in tegrated system allows early diag no sis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fr

16、aun hofer In stitute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslauter n have developed new computer software that ren ders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator andmust for this r eason undergo regular ECGs.“ Many of the current progr

17、ametdnto account alin ear correlati on of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-I in ear process that reveals the chaotic patter ns of heart beats as an ope n and complex system, HHagen Kayif says,cha nges in the heart beats over time can be mon itored and in dividual variatio ns in patie n

18、ts take n into account. An old study of ECG data, baupdn 600 patients who had suffered a subsequentheart attack, en abled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data con siderably better.+14 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQScores新增)Young adults who ar

19、e fit have a higher IQ'a nd are more likely to go on to uni versity, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hopital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS).The study involved 1.2 million

20、 Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analysed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youn gsters took right after they started serv ing the army.The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test

21、.The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension,But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength, "Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen, says Michael Nilsson, prof

22、essor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahogrenska UniversityHospital. "This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular stre ngth .We are also see ing that there are growth factors that are importa nt."By an alys ing data

23、for twin s,the researchers have bee n able to determ ine that it is primarily environmental facors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ.We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 in crease their cog nitive

24、performa nee, "says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. "This being the case, physical education is a subject that has an importa nt place in schools,a nd is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.&q

25、uot;The researchers have also compared the results from fitn ess tests duri ng n ati onal service with the socio-economic status of the men latter in life ,Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.+15 Life Expecta ncy in the Last Hun

26、dred YearsA hundred years ago, life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look

27、 at the life span of people 100 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at r

28、isk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today,90 and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factor shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygie ne, the discovery and use of an tibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dan gerous, and vacc in ati o

29、ns aga inst com mon diseases. In additi on , people's gen eral health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food , better and warmer housing , and better understanding of nutrition.Gen etically , we should all be able to live to about

30、85 but while people do live Ion ger today, there are still some big killers around that are preve nting US from con siste ntly reach ing that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic ill nesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as in flue nz

31、a and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadi ngto more heart disease and ill nesses such as diabetes at youn ger ages.The killers today can be class

32、ed as "lifestyle diseases" , which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.11移民工人在过去的20年,工人从一个国家到另一个国家的趋势越来越大.一些刚刚独立的国家 把大局部工作留给当地人, 这一点是可以理解的, 而另一些却吸引和欢送移民工人. 中东地 区的情况尤为如此. 那里增加的石油收入使很多国家能够召集外面的人来改良本地设施. 因 此中东吸引了来自美国和欧洲的石油工人. 它还从包括韩国和日本的许多国家引入了建筑工 人和技师.由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件,吸引适宜的工

33、人的费用是很高的,这缺乏为奇. 许多工程师和技师在中东至少可以挣到他们在自己国家两倍的收入, 这是最大的吸引力. 一 个相关的好处是这里的税收低, 或者根本就不收税. 这增加了来访工人的净收入, 而且很受 他们欢送.有时一个劣势就有一个补偿的优势. 例如, 艰苦的生活条件常常导致更深的友谊, 由于 工人们为了平安和舒适必须互相依赖. 同样, 许多移民工人能够存很多钱, 局部原因是由于 那里缺少娱乐设施. 工作通常是复杂的, 而且充满问题, 但是这会向那些更愿解决问题而不 是在自己国家里做例行工作的工程师们提出更大的挑战.影响中东的移民工人的一个主要问题是他们的工作是暂时性的.他们几乎都是合同工

34、, 所以要让他们很有信心地事前做出方案是很难的. 人们希望这样, 是由于没有一个国家欢送 大量的外国工人作为永久居民. 无论如何, 移民工人像接受其他缺乏一样接受这个缺乏, 因 为他们得到的是可观的经济利益.12 梦之闲话人人都会做梦, 也确实每个人睡觉都做梦. 那些声称睡觉从来不做梦的人其实都有做梦, 而且做梦的频次与其他人一样, 只是他们从来记不住自己做的梦而已. 即使是那些能清楚地 意识到自己夜复一夜都在做梦的人也很少能够把那些细节都描述得淋漓尽致, 能记住的也只 是一些看起来毫无关联的印象与场景组成的一团混沌. 梦境不仅仅是视觉的, 我们做梦的时 候会牵动我们的各种器官,所以我们在梦里

35、似乎能够听到声音,能触摸到,还能嗅到气味, 甚至尝到味道.埃及的?梦幻书语?是目前世界上所发现的最早关于梦的文本记载.这本书大概 5000 年的历史, 我们可以发现在那个年代, 人们就已经相信梦特有的重要性. 在很多古老的文明 中,人们都坚信不能惊醒睡梦中的人, 由于在睡梦中, 人的灵魂都会离开身体, 如果别惊醒, 灵魂也许就不能及时回到身体里.从古到今,人们就一直试图解析梦境以及其重要性.目前市面上就有很多关于解梦的 书,遗憾的是,对于同一个梦,有多少本书就会有多少种解释.13 科学家探索发现心脏病的方法德国研究者们创造了新一代的除颤器和旨在为心脏病人提供更多保护, 使他们免遭心脏 停止导致

36、的忽然死亡的早期预报软件.仅在德国每年就有 10 万人死于心脏停止.其中大局部是由于心律中断导致的.危险最 大的是那些已经犯过一次心脏病的病人. 几年来除颤器被证实在控测心律中止和在几秒中内 实施自动干预以调整心律的诊断中是有用的.这种方法起到了很多作用,例如起博器.弗莱伯大学诊所的心脏病专家已经在内置除颤器方面取得了突破性成就. 这种除颤器可 以在体内产生六个频道的心电图. 这个综合体系使血液流通总是和即将发生的心脏病可被早 些诊断出来. 今年它将第一次被植入病人体内. 同时, 凯瑟劳特的弗劳胡佛实用数学学院的 研究者开发了一种新计算机软件.这种软件使心电图数据更加准确.大局部有风险的患 者

37、不能用内置除颤器, 因此必须接受常规的心电图检查. “目前的许多方案只把数据的线形关系考虑在内. 但是我们现在使用的是能够将心脏跳动的混乱模工作.海根纳夫说,"这样心脏跳动频一个基于 600 位犯心脏病的患 结果显示新软件明显能更好地处为一个直观而又复杂的系统提示出来的非线性处理方法 率的变化就会受到限制,而病人个人的特征也会得到考虑. 者的以前的心电图数据研究使科学家们能够比拟两种风险, 理心电图数据.14 运动的年轻人智商更高 新增瑞典哥德堡大学健康校医院的科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究说明,身体健康 的年轻人智商更高,进入大学学习的可能性也更高.研究结果发表在美国国家科学

38、院学报上. 这项研究的取样样本是 1950-1976 年入伍的 120 万瑞典新兵. 这些新兵们报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试, 研究员对这两类测试数据进行 了分析.研究说明,健康的体能和优秀的智能测试结果之间的联系和明显的.最突出的就是科学思 维和语言理解水平与身体健康有关. 但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用, 而与力量无关.“身体健康是指,一个人心肺功能好,能将充足的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑,瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和哥德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师迈克尔尼尔森如说,“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系,而与肌肉力量无关的 原因之一.我们还发现生长因子也

39、很重要. 通过研究双胞胎的数据, 研究人员可以得出结论, 智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先 天的基因,身体越健康,智商越高.“我们还发现,在 15-18 岁之间增强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知水平也较强,哥德堡大学健康学研究院研究员, ABY健康中央医师玛利亚啊伯格说,“倘假设情况果然如此,那么体院应成为学校中一门重要的学科, 而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论科学, 体育课是 非常有必要的. 研究人员还将新兵服役入伍报到时的体格检查和智商测试的结果与后来他们来生活中的 社会经济地位进行了比拟.那些18 岁是身体健康的人学历更高,很多都能胜任高要求的工作.15 上世界人类平均寿命的变化一百年前,

40、 兴旺国家的人口平均寿命约为 47 岁,到 21 世纪初, 美英两国男性平均寿命 为 74 岁,女性约为 80 岁,人们的平均寿命一直在延长. 是什么造成这样的变化呢？在研究 100 年前人类的寿命时,我们需要注意当时的一些不治之症.早在20 世界初期,这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病.许多儿童因此夭折也有其他原因,年迈体弱的人也总面临着他们的威胁.如今, 这些疾病在兴旺国家已经远不能致命. 这一变化归于许多因素, 比方：环境及个 人卫生的改善、 抗生素的发现及使用 抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险 以及常见疾病预防 疫苗的接种.除此之外, 更洁净的空气、 更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温

41、暖的屋子还有对营 养的进一步熟悉,这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康.从基因角度看,人都能活到 85 岁.但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了,仍然有一些 疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数. 现在困扰人们的是像心脏病、 中风那些更为慢性的疾病, 还有像流行性感冒和艾滋病那些通过病毒传染的疾病.当然, 癌症也是一大杀手. 上述疾病大多影响着老年人,但令人担忧的问题在兴旺国家日趋明显,如：肥胖症产生更多心脏病、 糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐成年轻化.人们如果把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病 ,这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步开展.+ 11 Migrant Workers移民工人In the

42、 past twenty years, there has bee n an in creas ing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migra nt workers. This is particularly the1case in the Mid

43、dle East, where in creased oil in comes have en abled many coun tries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in con struct ion workers and tech nicians from many coun tries, including South Korea and Ja

44、pan.在过去的20年,工人从一个国家到另一个国家的趋势越来越大.一些刚刚独立的国家把大局部工作留给当地人,这一点是可以理解的,而另一些却吸引和欢送移民工人.中东地区的情况尤为如此.那里增加的石油收入使很多国家能够召集外面的人来改良本地设施.因此中东吸引了来自美国和欧洲的石油工人.它还从包括韩国和日本的许多国家引入了建筑工人和技师.2In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suit

45、able workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major3attract ion. An allied ben efit is the low taxati on or complete lack of it. This in creases the net amount of pay received by visit ing workers

46、 and is very popular with them.由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件,吸引适宜的工人的费用是很高的,这缺乏为奇.许多工程师和技师在中东至少可以挣到他们在自己国家两倍的收入,这是最大的吸引力.一个相关的好处是这里的税收低,或者根本就不收税. 这增加了来访工人的净收入, 而且很受他们欢送.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example , the difficult living con diti ons ofte n lead to in creased frien dship whe

47、 n workers have to depe nd on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way , many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who pre

48、fer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.有时一个劣势就有一个补偿的优势.例如,艰苦的生活条件常常导致更深的友谊,由于工人们为了平安和舒适必须互相依赖.同样,许多移民工人能够存很多钱,局部原因是由于那里缺少娱乐设施.工作通常是复杂的,而且充满问题,但是这会向那些更愿解决问题而不 是在自己国家里做例行工作的工程师们提出更大的挑战.One major problem which affects migra nt workers in the Middle East is t

49、hat their jobs are temporary on es. They are n early always on con tract, so it is not easy for them to pla n ahead with great con fide nee. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large nu mber of foreig n workers as permanent residents. In any case , migrant workers accept this disadvan

50、tage, along with others, because of the con siderable finan cial ben efits which they receive.影响中东的移民工人的一个主要问题是他们的工作是暂时性的.他们几乎都是合同工, 所以要让他们很有信心地事前做出方案是很难的.人们希望这样,是由于没有一个国家欢送大量的外国工人作为永久居民.无论如何,移民工人像接受其他缺乏一样接受这个缺乏,因为他们得到的是可观的经济利益.+ 12 Dreams 新增梦之闲话Every one can dream. In deed, every one does dream. Th

51、ose who claim that they n ever dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us , though they may not remember anything about it. Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an un tidy mixt

52、ure of seem in gly un related impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experie nee sound, touch, smell, and taste.人人都会做梦,也确实每个人睡觉都做梦.那些声称睡觉从来不做梦的人其实都有做 梦,而且做梦的频次与其他人一样,只是他们从来记不住自己做的梦而已.即使是那些能清楚地意识到自己夜复一夜都在做梦的人也很少能够把那些细节都描述得淋漓尽致,能记住的也只是一些看起来毫无关联的印象与

53、场景组成的一团混沌.梦境不仅仅是视觉的,我们做梦的时候会牵动我们的各种器官,所以我们在梦里似乎能够听到声音,能触摸到,还能嗅到气味,甚至尝到味道.One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams . This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significanee even then. Many ancien

54、t civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were sudde nly awoke n .埃及的?梦幻书语?是目前世界上所发现的最早关于梦的文本记载.这本书大概5000年的历史,我们可以发现在那个年代,人们就已经相信梦特有的重要性.在很多古老的文明中,人们都坚信不能惊醒睡梦中的人,由于在睡梦中,人的灵魂

55、都会离开身体,如果别惊醒,灵魂也许就不能及时回到身体里.From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significanee . There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation . although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particula

56、r dream as there are books.从古到今,人们就一直试图解析梦境以及其重要性.目前市面上就有很多关于解梦的书,遗憾的是,对于同一个梦,有多少本书就会有多少种解释.+13Scie ntists Develop Ways of Detect ing Heart Attack科学家探索发现心脏病的方法German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-war ning software aimed at offeri ng heart patie nts greate

57、r protect ion from sudde n death from cardiac arrest.德国研究者们 创造了新一代的除颤器和旨在为心脏病人提供更多保护,使他们免遭心脏停止导致的忽然死亡的早期预报软件.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart 'rhythm. Those most at risk are patients wh

58、o have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by in terve ning with in sec on ds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.仅在德

59、国每年就有 10万人死于心脏停止.其中大局部是由于心律中断导致的.危险最大的是那些已经犯过一次心脏病的病人.几年来除颤器被证实在控测心律中止和在几秒中内 实施自动干预以调整心律的诊断中是有用的.这种方法起到了很多作用,例如起博器.Heart specialists at Freiburg' s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with animplanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This in tegrated system al