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1、.The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available atQuantitative assessment ofEuropean municipal web sitesDevelopment and use of an evaluation toolFrancisco Jav
2、ier Miranda, Ramo´n Sanguino andToma´s M. BanegilFacultad de Ciencias Econo´micas y Empresariales, University of Extremadura,Badajoz, SpainAbstractPurpose The internet is becoming
3、;increasingly important in the communication between localgovernments and citizens, which makes the usability of municipal web sites a critical factor ingovernment-citizen communication. The
4、 purpose of this paper is to propose and test a model forevaluating the potential of municipal web sites.Design/methodology/approach In this work an objective investigation
5、160;of the issue has beenconducted by manually accessing and evaluating 84 European municipal web sites. Quality of webhome pages was determined using an original Web Assessme
6、nt Index, which focuses on fourcategories: accessibility, speed, navigability and content.Findings A detailed report of the results arising from this investigation is presented an
7、dsystematically analyzed.Originality/value The most valuable output from this paper is not the ability to identify the bestsites, but to see how each municipal site is c
8、ompared to related sites and to spot ideas and practicesthat can improve city sites. These ndings will be useful for both researchers and practitioners whoseek to underst
9、and the issues relevant to municipal e-government.Keywords Worldwide web, Internet, Local government, EuropePaper type Research paper1. IntroductionThe greatest potential for internet use in
10、 public organizations lies in applicationsdesigned to facilitate open communication between agencies and create dialoguebetween citizens and their government.So, the internet has become
11、;an important communication channel betweenmunicipalities and citizens. Municipal web sites enable to make enormous amounts ofinformation available at relatively low costs, to maintain
12、an easily recognizabledissemination channel to their target groups, offering 24-hour per day service and tostay tuned in to the citizens needs.In the electronic age the barrie
13、rs to government information (as lack of nancial,technical or personnel capacity, privacy issues, etc.) may be as real as the physical andintellectual barriers to information
14、in the age of print culture. Although electronic mediamay seem to provide universal access to information and specically to governmentinformation, without clear policies and guidel
15、ines focused on this outcome, the citizensaccess to information, and the governments accountability for information provisionmay be reduced rather than enhanced (Cullen and Houghton,
16、60;2000).Europeanmunicipalweb sites425Received 7 December 2007Revised 13 May 2009Accepted 27 May 2009Internet ResearchVol. 19 No. 4, 2009pp. 425-441q Emerald Group Publishing Limited1066-2243DOI
17、10.1108/10662240910981380:INTR19,4426One of the fascinating aspects of municipal web sites is that the design problem (theneed to achieve a presence on the internet) is roughly the
18、 same for all municipalitiesacross western democratic countries, whereas the design solutions (the web sitesactually designed) appear to be very different (de Jong and Lentz,
19、2006).Little research has been conducted on analyzing the worldwide movement to digitalgovernment from a comparative perspective. Researchers at Brown University haveconducted a content
20、;analysis of state and federal government web sites in the USAsince 2000, and they also completed a worldwide analysis of central government websites in 2001 (www.insidepoliti
21、/policyreports.html). Their research, however,lacks a comprehensive framework for evaluating digital governance.Best practice awards conducted by the Center for Digital Government and theMi
22、crosoft Corporation () and “Best of the Best” ine-government (www.e-to measure whether and how digital government investments are resulting inimproved services for citizens.This researc
23、h evaluated the current practice of digital governance in the largestEuropean municipalities, assessing the effectiveness of municipal web sites inproviding equitable and appropriate ac
24、cess to government information to all citizens,allowing researchers and managers to compare attributes and components of internetsites, in order to determine the drawbacks and oppo
25、rtunities. For this, we develop aweb site assessment index that can be employed to compare the current usage of theInternet by municipalities. We begin by identifying the
26、 main factors considered asdeterminants of web site quality, as mentioned in previous studies. Secondly wediscuss the design of the web assessment index. Then, municipal web
27、160;sites of mostpopulated European cities are subsequently analyzed using this index. Finally, themain results of this analysis are discussed and future research directions are ou
28、tlined.2. Web site assessment toolsEvaluating the performance of web sites has been a constant concern of researchers indifferent elds. A review of the recent literature on
29、60;web site assessment reveals someattempts to measure web site quality (Selz and Schubert, 1997; Liu et al., 1997; Ho, 1997;Evans and King, 1999; Simeon, 1999; Huizingh,
30、;2000; Young and Benamati, 2000;Bauer and Scharl, 2000; Palmer, 2002).Although some researchers have tried to provide ways of evaluating web sitesspecically (Boyd, 2002; van der
31、60;Merwe and Bekker, 2003), the selection of evaluationcriteria still requires more theoretical justication. Most of the previous approacheshave focused either on basic management conte
32、nt or a specic set of web siteoutcomes. Most previous assessment models employ subjective factors, such aseasy-access, text clearness, presentation quality, attractiveness of colors,
33、60;sounds, etc.To minimize this subjectivity site evaluators should be given precise guidelines to rateeach factor and a large group of evaluators is needed (Evans and King,
34、160;1999).Trying to avoid the main weaknesses of previous models, Buenadicha et al. (2001)developed a new web site assessment index that can be employed to compare thecurrent&
35、#160;use of the internet by different organizations. This model has been previouslyemployed to compare the internet usage from the 200 largest Spanish companies(Miranda and Banegil
36、, 2004) and more recently applied to Spanish banks (Mirandaet al., 2006).According to Evans and King (1999), a web assessment tool must have ve maincomponents: categories,
37、0;factors, weights, ratings and total score. The rst step is tochoose the categories and factors that are critical to web site effectiveness. Based onprevious studies (Buenadi
38、cha et al., 2001; Miranda et al., 2006), our instrument forevaluating city and municipal web sites (Web Assessment Index or WAI) selects fourbroad categories as the basis
39、 for a quality web site: accessibility, speed, navigabilityand site content (Figure 1).Developers of public-sector web sites must assume that those using their sites havelimited
40、60;training and experience and will need sites designed for ease of use. They mustalso consider that the type of (web site) designs developed for private-sectore-commerce site
41、s might not necessarily work for public-sector sites. Our researchinstrument goes well beyond previous research to evaluate government web sites(West, 2000; West, 2001; Kaylor et
42、160;al., 2001). The key factors within each category arechosen based on the literature and the researchers experience, and must reect whatusers are generally considered to be&
43、#160;important components and features of web sites.The rst category in the Web Assessment Index (WAI) is accessibility. It is clearthat the quality of a web site is
44、;increased if the site is easily identiable and accessibleto the users. However, merely counting “hits” on a page is not an accuratemeasurement of quality or success of
45、160;a web site (Murray, 1997). In order to actuallyevaluate the accessibility of a web site, we need to dene objective measurablequantities. Therefore, the authors have employ
46、ed two factors to measure this category,search engines presence and link popularity:Europeanmunicipalweb sites427.Higher search engines rankings translate into greater trafc to the site
47、;andtherefore, increase its degree of accessibility. In the present work, to evaluate thisfactor we have chosen Google, because this search engine is the most frequentlyused b
48、y European internet users.The second indicator used to measure accessibility is the site-popularity. Themost common measure of web performance is the number of “hits” a sitege
49、nerates. However, there are accuracy problems associated with this type ofmeasurement, because there are some methods to articially increase the numberof hits. Therefore, the total
50、 number of hits does not necessarily correspond to theactual number of visits to the site.Figure 1.Web site qualityassessment modelINTR19,4428Taking this into account, we decided
51、160;to employ a different kind of measurement: wedened “link popularity” as the number of external links on the web that point to theweb site being analyzed. The adv
52、antages of a large number of links to a site areevident: rst, the more sites that link to you, the more trafc you can expect to receive,and second, major s
53、earch engines will improve your page ranking when you have morelinks to your web site (Miranda and Banegil, 2004). For example, Google uses linkpopularity as the most
54、0;important factor when ranking sites, so if you want to have asuccessful web site, you must have high link popularity. Although attracting users inmunicipal web sites wi
55、th external links is the fact of not so important as in business,we consider that external links could be a valid indicator of web accessibility. In thisstudy we
56、0;have used the Link Popularity Check a freeware program that checks the linkpopularity status of a web site on several search engines and compares it to other websi
57、tes on the internet.Access speed and response time are obviously very signicant, because time isalways a critical factor. Some studies have revealed that there is a signi
58、cantcorrelation between web site download speed and web user satisfaction (Muylle et al.,1998; Hoffman and Novak, 1996). The time it takes for a page to download is
59、importantfor making it easily accessible to every citizen interested in accessing online municipalservices.The access speed has been measured with a chronometer, but this recording
60、;isinuenced by a great number of factors such as hardware employed, connection time,web trafc etc. In order to minimize these sources of error, the tests were carried
61、0;out atthe same time with the same computer. Web browsing was undertaken by using themost popular browser, Internet Explorer 6.0. The sites were repeatedly accessed onconsecu
62、tive days to obtain more representative average speed measurements.The third category in our index is what we call navigability. Poor web design willresult in a loss of
63、160;potential sales due to users being unable to nd what they want, anda loss of potential repeated visits due to an initial negative experience. Given that usersshould
64、160;never feel lost, each page should be self-sufcient and provide links to the maincontents. In terms of navigation, our analysis focused on the consistency of thenavigation&
65、#160;style. Navigation bars should be present on every web site, in order to allowquick access through the entire site, particularly for those web sites with large amount
66、sof content. So, the hallmark of a good site is that the site index should always be ondisplay, thereby making it very easy for anybody to reach the desired
67、0;location fastenough. So, following the research of Miranda et al. (2006), the factors used to assessthis category are the following:.Permanent site menu allowing a rapid acc
68、ess to the different sections from everypage.Web site map, for users to locate available interesting items within the companyhome page.Content is a critical component of any
69、160;web site. No matter how technologicallyadvanced a web sites features, if its content is not current or if the informationprovided is not correct, then it is not
70、fullling its purpose. The content quality of theweb site will be measured assessing the presence of information relevant to the users.A site must have contents that satis
71、fy users needs and it should be frequently updated.Municipal web sites can contain various features, including municipal servicesinformation, contact information to enable customer feed
72、back, general cityinformation, etc.Important information should be immediately accessible. If 80 percent of your usersare seeking 20 percent of your information, then that information
73、160;should be the mostvisible and the easiest accessible. Basic contact information of the organization shouldbe on the main menu page and related information should be groupe
74、d together ratherthan scattered in different sections of the site.The factors selected to quantify content quality were based on site contentsidentied in previous studies (Young
75、60;and Benamati, 2000; Huizingh, 2000; Buenadichaet al., 2001; Miranda and Banegil, 2004; Miranda et al., 2006), practitioner journals andthe researchers experience. Moon (2002) develop
76、ed a framework for categorizinge-government1 models based on the following components: informationdissemination, two-way communication, services, integration, and politicalparticipation. Our methodology
77、60;for evaluating municipal e-government servicesincludes such components; however, we have added some additional factors. We haveconsidered three sets of factors to assess the content&
78、#160;of a web site using a binary no/yesscale:Informational factorsProviding online services to citizens, businesses, and other government employees isthe most important part of an
79、;effective public-sector web site. So, municipal web sitesare largely informational. Content must be useful, generic services must be offered, andservice provision mechanisms such as
80、60;these must be extended consistently. Therefore,we have considered the following informational factors:Europeanmunicipalweb sites429.Buses, museums and libraries information.Cultural information (theatres,
81、60;cinemas and music concerts). City history.Travel information.Weather forecast.Statistical information.Hospital, re and emergency information.Public employment information.Municipal laws information.Council meetin
82、gs dates.Budget information.Strategic plan. Municipal organizational chart.Public service information.Tourist information.Investment project information.Security and privacy policy.External links.INTR19,4430E-government
83、factorsA critical component of e-government is the provision of municipal services online. Inmany jurisdictions, cities and municipalities allow online users to le or pay localtaxe
84、s, or pay nes such as trafc tickets. In some cases, cities around the world areallowing their users to register or purchase tickets to events in city halls or
85、160;arenasonline.Another interesting area of e-government includes using the internet to engagecitizens in democratic processes. Citizen participation in government is a ripe area fore-gover
86、nment, in part because the Internet is a convenient mechanism for citizen-usersto engage in their government, and also because of the potential to decentralizedecision-making. Desp
87、ite that potential, very few municipal web sites offer onlineopportunities for civic engagement.Finally, the e-government content features that are found in each of the searchedweb
88、 sites can be included in the following categories: downloadable forms,e-administration features, current state of administrative process, online taxpayment and citizen participation.Communicatio
89、nal factorsGiven that web sites are often entry points to a city and visitors typically want toobtain access to information about the city, contact information for the
90、60;council shouldbe on the main menu page and therefore easily accessible. More broadened contactinformation is a benet for citizens.In order to evaluate the communicational capaci
91、ty of each web site we identiedwhether the site contains the following items:.News online updated.Complaints and comments e-mail.Telephone/e-mail directory.Contact information.Users feedback tool
92、s (e-mail bulletin). Discussion forums.To ensure reliability, each municipal web site was assessed in the native language bytwo evaluators, and in those cases where signicant
93、variations (over or under 10percent) were shown on the raw score between evaluators, web sites were analyzed athird time.After dening them, all the categories and factors
94、;were weighted (based on a total of100 points). These weightings have been assigned from the analysis of previousstudies (Evans and King, 1999; Bauer and Scharl, 2000; Bu
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