本科毕业设计方案中英文翻译高层建筑

1、感谢你的观看本科毕业设计方案中英文翻译高层建筑外文资料翻译High-Rise BuildingsIntroductionIt is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more .Although the basic principles o

2、f vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , whenabuilding gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly ,

3、the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loadin

4、g . In addition these same vertical subsystems musttransmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the o

5、verturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , 感谢你的观看other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead

6、 and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily one of shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in “short” buildings can easily be provided by filling ce

7、rtain panels ( or even all panels without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arr

8、angements will often have to be made and additionalstructural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material req

9、uired per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material requ

10、ired for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , 感谢你的观看感

11、谢你的观看whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lat

12、eral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire in economy .1.Increase the effective width o

13、f the momentresisting subsystems . This is very useful becauseincreasing the width will cut down the overturnforce directly and will reduce deflection by thethird power of the width increase , other thingsremaining cinstant . However , this does requirethat vertical components of the widened subsyst

14、embe suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2.Design subsystems such that the components are madeto interact in the most efficient manner . Forexample , use truss systems with chords anddiagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcingfor walls at critical locations , and optimizestiffnes

15、s ratios for rigid frames .3.Increase the material in the most effectiveresisting components . For example , materialsadded in the lower floors to the flanges of columnsand connecting girders will directly decrease theoverall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in

16、 the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4.Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loadsbe carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting

17、components .5.The local shear in each story can be best resistedby strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem .Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecti