初中英语阅读理解和完形填空解题技巧与练习

1、初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之一, 此题型旨在考查学生阅读,理解 的水平,几年来,中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新,题材丰富,考查学生综合推 断水平,根据语篇猜单词意思的水平的力度加大,也考查学生关注细节的水平.所以学生往往要么没能正确理解语篇中某些句子的意思, 在细节题上丢分,要么 就是对语篇的整体把握不够,在综合题或者推断题方面丢分.那么到底怎么做好 阅读理解这一题型呢？我将从以下三个方面谈论这个问题：一、解题思路一先读问题,弄清考查要点,以便能带着问题看文章,这样会心中有数,有 的放矢. 在读题的时候划出题目的关键词.二快速浏览全文,掌握全貌,注意发现与问题有关

2、的信息,如果时间紧,至 少要扫视一下起首段和尾段.再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想, 这样全文大 意便清楚了.此时,不要忙于做题.三细读原文,捕捉相关信息词,掌握短文细节内容.这是解题的关键,应特 别注意以下几点：1 .抓住四个"W"和一个"H,就是边读边用铅笔做些标记,把 What 事件, When 时间,Where 地点,Why 原因,How 经过划出来.抓 住了四个“W和一个“H,就抓住了文章的全貌,一些直接性的问题便可解 决.2 .抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等.由于这些词具有 因果,让步,递进,转折,指代,列举及承上启下等各种连接上下

3、文的特殊功能. 这对考生分清文章层次,辨明各种关系,了解人物心理,推断作者意图,进行逻 辑推理等手段来分析难点,都具有举足轻重的作用.3 .注意领会文章的寓意.4 .根据题意,初选答案.这一步须仔细审题,领会测试要求,确定解题方法.对那些明显的,有把握的题可以断然确定,不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费 时间：有些略难的题,应再查阅短文不是重读一遍,迅速找出依据,予以排 除.常用的解题方法有如下几种： 直接解题法.即从原文中直接找出答案. 归纳解题法.对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中央和线 索的前题下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案. 综合推理法.读者需统观全文,认真分析,综合推理及至计算

4、,最后归 纳出正确答案.题干中有“suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to"等字眼时,属于推断概括型,考查内容着眼于全篇,考生应具备一定的分析归纳,推理等逻辑思维水平. 捕捉关键词.在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词,近义词,反义词 或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案. 同意转换法.即原文这么说,而在问题和所选项中那么用另外的词去转换 一种说法,但仍表示同一含义. 排除法.根据语言,句法结构,信息词和常识,在没有把握的选项中用 排除法得出正确答案.四、重读原文,仔细斟酌核对答案.在解完最后

5、一道题后,如果时间允许,冉 将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题,研究其内在联系和逻辑关系, 目的在于对所做答案进一步审查,推出未解答的题,以便减少失误.阅读理解题型及解题技巧从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看,短文体裁多样,题材各异,文章涉及科学 知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面,充分表达其时代性、 实用性.短文难度逐年加大.常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜想词义题 和正误判断题.做阅读理解练习应先看问题,弄清考点.在阅读短文之前,快速浏览问题,以便 在阅读短文时做到心中有数,快速、准确地捕捉所要信息.先易后难.做题时不 必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序,应遵循先易后难的原

6、那么.如可先做细节题再做 推断题,由于细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案, 而推断题那么需对短文进行深层 理解,再作判断.一主旨题此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中央思想的领会和理解水平.其中一类题型 为主旨问题.1、主旨大意题题干常见的问句形式1主旨句设问类型 What is the main idea of this passage?What doesthe passage maily talk about?We can conclude / learn from the passage that 2最正确标题选择类型 The best title for this passage is 3作

7、者主旨意图类型 What does the writer want to tell us?Which can express the purpose of the writer according to the passage?2、主旨大意题的解题方法主旨大意题一定要注意文章的首尾两段.如果首尾两段的主旨表达是一致的,那么文章的主旨便是两段重复说明的语句内容表达. 找出选项中与归纳的主 旨表达重复最多的选项即为最正确答案. 如果首尾两段的主旨表达不一致,那么需要 观察文章的段落篇幅量是倾向于首段或是尾段, 从而确定主旨段落.在此过程中, 观察篇幅量只需跳读文章段落的首句尾句即可, 无需细读段落

8、内容,以节省时间. 如果文章只有一段,那么注意文章的首两句及尾句,然后用以上的方法确定主旨句.此外,标题选择即为主旨句的压缩表达,注意抓住主旨句进行主要词汇的提 炼,把一个句子提炼为几个关键词,即是对主旨大意进行概括归纳的标题.而作者意图表达必须通过归纳中央主题才能找到,通常表达为advise , convince ,present , purpose , warn 等.二细节题1、细节事实题题干常见的问句形式1True or NOT true 是非判断类型 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the

9、 following statements is NOTtrue? Which of the following is NOT considered as ? According to thepassage , which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasonsfor?2特殊疑问词提问类型How many ?What/who/when/where/how/why ?3排序 题类型 Which of the orders is correct according to the passage?4例证题类型 The autho

10、r gives the example in paragraph in orderto 5表唯一细节概念题类型： themost / est the only 2、细节事实题的解题方法：做这类题的一般方法是先要找出题干或是选项中的关键字,一般为数字、大写或人名地名,再通过scanning快速确定该细节在文中的出处信息JM,仔细 对照题干要求,排除或选择.命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴 的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,截取原文词语或结构进行改造,因 果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等.所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关 键.细节事实题还要十分注意句子的非主干成分,如定语、状语、

11、补语等,这些 成分都是出题者常进行误导的落脚点.是非判断一般都遵循对照选项进行 “三对一错或三错一对的判断.假设该信 息句是长句或难句,要学会找出其主干局部,分析句子结构,正确理解信息句的 意义.一定要注意的是,要所答是所问,不要受到惯势思维的影响,习惯性地去 选择正确的细节事实,切记要弄清问题,不要所答非所问.例证题一定要注意以for example ,such as 等关键入手处,找出细节出处.排序题要先仔细观察选项,找出首尾相同的选项分组,进而通过具体 细节信息比拟进行排除和选择.唯一细节题一定要仔细审题,弄清题干所需.特 别需要提醒的是,选项中出现有 most 最高级、the only

12、唯一、all所有、 none全否修饰的细节,都具有绝对性,选择判断时要慎选.三推断题此类题的关键是要注意原文出现的语句不是我们做出的推理判断,而是原文给出的细节信息,所以原文语句不能选.判断时对的事实仔细评价后做出的合理决定并非唯一决定,要对事实进行符合情理的判断,有时还需借助常识进行判断.推理判断题分两种,即对细节的推理和对主旨的推理. 主要以We can infer/ imply / learn from this passage that等进行提问.解决此类题要注意,一是与原文相同的细节不能选,二是文中没有出现的细节不能跳出文章做推 断.解题过程中只要注意上述两点,再结合做细节和主旨的方

13、法,即可以做出推 理判断题.四猜想词义题猜想词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义水平.一般情况下,推断词义的题目中所出现的单词, 大多数是学生未曾见过的生词,学生需要 在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索. 通过阅读上下文,断定该词的真正含义,然 后将这个释义代入文中,检查是否贴切,仔细比拟直到得出该词确实切的含义.1 .通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能 猜词.有时文章借助关联词 文口 because , as , since , for , so , thus , as a result ,of course , therefore 等

14、等表示前因后果.例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that , for it wasn't his fault. 通过 for引出的句子所表示的原因那不是他的错,可猜出blame的词义是"责备".2 .通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不熟悉gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一 步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如 Man has known something about the planets Venus , Mars

15、 , and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.止匕旬中的Venus金星、Mars火星、Jupiter木星均为生词,但只要知道 planets 就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星这一义域.通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系 的连词或副词,如but , while , however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否认 意义的词语,如： He is so homely , not at all as handsome as his brother. 根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思.3 .通过构词法猜词

16、在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词 意,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用, 此时,如掌握了一些常用的词 根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,这些问题便不难解决了.4 .通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：But sometimes , no rain falls for a long , long time. Then there is a dry period , or drought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought ,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾".

17、而a dry period 和drought是同义语.这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is , in other words , be called或破折号等来表示.5 .通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas , oranges , pineapples , coconuts and some other kindof fruit grow in warm areas.彳贸如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思.从句中不难看出pineapples , coconuts 和 bananas , orange

18、s 是同类关系,同属 fruit 类,因 此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子.6 .通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写.例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird livingin the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannotfly , it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详

19、尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性.AWith miles of beaches , sea and sunshine , Pattaya芭堤雅is one of the most popular places for visitors to Thailand . It provides many kinds of entertainment for both young people and the whole family. There isalways something to do , any time , any weather , any day or nightOrchid 兰化Farm

20、s are a worthwhile visit and if you are thinking of taking some of these beautiful plants home , visit a day or two before you leave to make sure that you will have live plants when you get back. Youcan also get great orchids in a sealed密封bottle that will last as long asyour memoryPattaya Elephant V

21、illage is another place that you can not miss in Pattaya . It is a good place to learn and understand how elephants have been linked into Thai life and history over the centuries You can alsotake an elephant trek there Show time allows the elephants to display their skills , such as playing football

22、You can also feed a tiger at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo斯里拉差龙虎 园.There you will learn more about tigers . You can take photos with them You can also enjoy elephant and crocodile shows at the zoo根据短文内容,选择最正确答案.1 . What is Pattaya famous for in Thailand?A BeachesB SeaC SunshineD All of the above2 . Wheneve

23、r you go to Pattaya , it can provide many kinds of entertainment forA. both young people and the whole familyB . both old people and the whole familyC. both young people and kidsD . both parents and kids()3 . Where can you get beautiful orchids in Thailand?A. Beaches .B . Pattaya Elephant VillageC.

24、Orchid FarmsD . The Sriracha Tiger Zoo()4 . Which animal do you see at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo?A. Foxes . B . Elephants C. Lions . D . Monkeys()5 . The passage mainly tells usA. Pattaya is one of the most popular places for visitors to ThailandB . you must buy some beautiful orchids in ThailandC. Pat

25、taya Elephant Village is the only place that you can not miss in PattayaD . if you visit Thailand , you must visit the Sriracha Tiger ZooBourWhen my family moved to America in 2022 from a small village in Guangdong, China, we brought not only our luggage, but also village rules, customs and culture.

26、 One of the rules is that young people should always respect( 尊敬)elders. Unluckily, this rule led to my very first embarrassment in the United States.I had a part-time job as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant. One time, when I was serving food to a middle-aged couple, the wife asked me how the food c

27、ould be served so quickly. I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly. As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure. My manager, who happened to hear what I said, took me aside and gave me a long lecture about how sensitive敏感American

28、s are and how they dislike the description “ old . I then walked back to the table and apologized to the wife. After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry.In my village in China, people are proud of b

29、eing old. Not so many people live to be seventy or eighty, and people who reach such an age have the most knowledge and experience. Young people always respect older people because they know they can learn from their rich experience.However, in the United States, people think “ growing old is a prob

30、lem since “ old shows that a person is going to retire or that the body is not working well. Here many people try to keep themselves away from growing old by doing exercises or jogging, and women put on makeup, hoping to look young. When I told the couple in the restaurant that I respect the elderly

31、, they got angry because this caused them to feel they had failed to stay young. I had told them something they didn ' t want to hear.After that, I changed the way I had been with older people. It is not that I don ' t respect them any more; I still respect them, but now I don' tshow my

32、feelings through words.By Jack根据以上短文内容,然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最正确选项.1. Jack brought the couple their food very fast because.A. the manager asked him to do soB. he respected the elderlyC. the couple wanted him to do soD. he wanted more pay2. When Jack called the couple“ elderly , they became.A. nervous B. sa

33、tisfied C. unhappy D. excited3. In Jack ' s hometown,.A. people dislike being called" oldB. people are proud of beingoldC. many people reach the age of seventy or eightyD. the elderly are the first to get food in restaurants4. After this experience, Jack.A. lost his job in the restaurantB.

34、made friends with the coupleC. no longer respected the elderly D. changed his way with older people5. Which of the following is TRUE?A. The more Jack explained, the angrier the couple got.B. Jack wanted to show his feelings through words after his experience.C. The manager went back to the table and

35、 apologized to the couple.D. From this experience, Jack learned more about American culture.Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean '

36、 s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous匿名,talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of frie

37、nds who she keeps in touch with quite often.Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common 共同的interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and

38、 sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.When Jean '

39、s father told he r that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latestDVD of their favorite rock singer. But when she knocked on David' sdoor in San Francisco, she foun

40、d that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!根据以上短文内容,然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最正确选项.1. Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is.A. richB. famous C. youngD. lonely2. Jean thought “ David " was speciddecause he.A. made her quite happy on QQ B. was from San FranciscoC. sent her a

41、 picture of himself D. was tall and good-looking3. When Jean and “ David " met and introduced themselves to each other, who felt surprised?A. David . B. Both “David and Jean.C. Jean. D. Neither “David " nor Jean.4. What ' s the main idea of the passage?A. Don ' t believe those you

42、get to know on QQ so easily.B. People don ' t use their real names on QQ so often.C. Don ' t go to meet those you get to know on QQ.D. People should tell their real names to others on QQ.Linda Evans was my best friend like the sister I never had. We did everything together: piano lessons, mo

43、vies, swimming, horseback riding.When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch throughletters, and we saw each other on special time like mywedding 女昏礼and Linda ' s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came

44、 back, stamped“ Address 地址Unknown. " I had no ideahow to find Linda.Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share 分享happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that onl

45、y a friend like Linda could fill.One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman Li nda ' s married name. “ There must be thousands of Wagmans, " I thought, but J still wrote to her.She called as soon a

46、s she got my letter."Mrs Tobin! she saidexcitedly, “ Linda Evans Wagman is my mother.Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other' s lives. Now theempty place in my heart is f川ed. And there' s one thing that Lind

47、a andI know for sure: We won ' t lose each other again!根据以上短文内容,然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最正确选项.1. The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans.A. at the age of 13B. before she got marriedC. after they moved to new homes D. before the writer ' sfamily moved away2. They didn ' t often write to

48、each other because they.A. got marriedB. had little time to do soC. didn ' t like writing letters D. could see each other on special time3. There was an empty place in the writer' s heasebshe.A. was in troubleB. didn t know Linda s addrsesC. received the card that she sentD. didn t have a fr

49、iend like Linda to share her happi ness or sadness4. The writer was happy when she.A. read the newspaperB. heard Linda s voice on the phoneC. met a young woman who looked a lot like LindaD. wrote to the woman whose last name was Wagman5. They haven ' t kept in touch.A. for about 40 yearsB. for a

50、bout 27 yearsC. since they got marriedD. since the writers family moved away二.初中英语完形填空解题技巧考点分析：完型填空一直是测试必考题型,而且在整卷中占相当大的分值,如果该 局部失分严重,会影响学生英语最终成绩.因此,学生必须熟练掌握完型填空做题 技巧,同时通过一定量专题练习,提升做题的正确率.注:学生该局部失分特别严重,所以必须加大该局部的练习.完型填空最常用的四种解题法1 .总体把握：要通读完形填空的短文,跳过空格快速阅读,了解全篇的主要内容. 切不可把珍贵的时间浪费在个别字句推敲上.2 .弄清体裁：文章体裁通

51、常分为四种：论述文、记叙文、说明文和应用文.中考 选文以叙事性文章为主,如：幽默故事、科普知识、童话、简短新闻、名人轶事、 社会热点问题等.读这类文章,要大体上了解故事所涉及的时间、地点、人物、 事件及前因后果.3 .重视主题句：完形填空所用的短文一般不给标题,但短文的主题句,往往在每 段文章的首句,有时也出现在文章的中间或结束处. 主题句提供全篇的性质、大 意等,这是深入了解全文的“窗口 ,甚至能以语句为立足点,从该句的时态、 语气推测全文的主要内容.4 .语境联想：利用上下文的提示,用学过的知识和已有的生活经验,扫清局部词 汇理解上的障碍.二、几种解题技巧：1 .词语搭配(1)从语法角度来

52、说,句子不是词的序列,而是词组的序列.因搭配关系而产生的一般性词汇.如：see a film(3)词序和意义皆以固定的复合词和动词短语. 如：push ahead with( 奋力前行).因词组而构成的常见的句式：It feels+形容词+不定式,在搭配判断时,注意：要区别外形相近而意义不同的搭配.如：look for, look over, look out, lookafter, look up 等.要区别形不相似而意义相近的搭配.如：I paid 12 poundsfor the dictionary. The book cost me a lot. It took three men

53、to lift thebox.句中都有“付出、花费、需要的意思.译成汉语时似乎相通.但更要注意它们之间的搭配变化；要注意单个词组的多义性.如：take off有“脱下(衣服), (飞机)起飞,匆匆离开,取下,休假等多种含意.2 .语法判定(1)要注意出现频率较高的词类题,依次为动词、介词、代词、连词、形容词、副词.选择各类词时,要注意以下几个方面：a.名词的选择b.动词的选用c.选择介词d.选择彳t词e.选择连词f.选择形容词和副词(2)要注意句法题,搞清句子的种类、类型、省略和倒装a.句子的种类包括陈述旬、疑问旬、祈使旬和感慨何.一般以考查疑问旬、感 叹句的词序为多见,其次是祈使旬的零时态等

54、.b.句子的类型有简单句、并列旬、复合旬和并列复合句.c.句子的省略与倒装很少考查,却要看懂,不能引起对文章的曲解.(3)在语法适用方面,可以用择优法和排除法a.择优法是把各选项代入短文中,选出在词义上符合要求,且在语法上又没有 语病的答案.b.排除法是在代入选项时如发现选项单词意义不对, 或词与词搭配不妥,或存 在语法错误,或与上下文有矛盾,那么迅速排除不适宜的选项,剩下的就是正确答 案.3 .例举比照.在完形填空的多项选择中,常常会遇到难以选择的题目.需要调动头脑里的知 识“储藏,例举熟知的语言现象与之相比拟,再做出明智的选择.三、一般的解题过程是：1 .通读全文,掌握大意.结合选项初步弄

55、清短文写了些什么内容.2 .瞻前顾后,分析先行.3 .反复推敲,攻克难关.如果做不出来的话,可能要改变一下思路.4 .验证答案,修正错误,着重注意这几点：1文章是否顺畅；2所填单词是否 是最正确单词；3所填单词是否有拼写错误.Mrs.D.四、对应练习:1.When Billy came to class one morning, he noticed that something was different. Mrs. Green was not in her 51 place. She was standing inthe middle of the classroom, and 52 wa

56、s hiding behind her."Class," she said. "This is Fritz from 53. Please say hello to him."The class were in silence. Mrs. Green said again, "Say hello to our new friend. " But still, 54 said a word. " All right, then. " said Green. "Billy, please 55 Fritz t

57、o his new desk beside yours.""Hi, Fritz," said Billy. "Please come with me. " But Fritz would 56.He was holding on to 57. He said something, 58 nobody couldunderstand. Some of the boys started to laugh. Billy felt 59 for him.Then, Billy said something no one else could un de

58、rstand 60 Fritz.Fritz smiled and shook Billy's hands( 握手')."Wow!" everyone was surprised. Billy was proud. He said "I said," Hello' in German. I heard it once on TV."()1. A. onlyB. usualC. goodDcomfortable()2. A. a new teacher B. a new girl C. a new boyBilly()3. A. EnglandGermany()4. A. no one()5. A. asktake()6. A. comeB. AmericaC.