关系副词引导定语从句副词从句副词从句

1、 关系副词引导定语从句 副词从句：副词从句 关系副词引导定语从句 副词从句 : 副词从句篇一 : 副词从句 : 副词从句 -术语概述，副词从句 -相关词条 因为从句起着名词、形容词和副词的作用，所以一些语法学家 把从句分为名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句。地点副词 _副词从句 - 术语概述 因为从句起着名词、形容词和副词的作用，所以一些语法学家把从 句分为名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句 ; 但从句同时也起着句子成 分的作用，因而也有一些语法学家把从句分为主语从句、宾语从句和 状语从句。由此可以看出，副词从句和状语从句是同一概念 2 种表达 术语。副词从句是在句中起副词作用的主谓结构，它可以修饰主

2、句中 的动词、形容词和副词或整个主句 :a. He asked me to stay where I was.Don't come beforeWe Are Readyfor you.I ' ll go wherever the party sends me.b. She has made greater progress than we expected.Winter came earlier than it ever did before.He speaks so clearly that we understand every word he says.c. No mat

3、ter what the others may say, I stick to my opinion.Seeing that the weather has improved, we shall be able to enjoy ourgame.副词从句可以用来表示地点、时间、原因、比较、让步、目的和结果等意义。地点副词 _副词从句 - 相关词条1 表示时间、地点的副词从句1.1 由 when, while, as; until, not until; before, after; whenever 等 引导的副词从句a. when, while, as 意为”当时候”。when和as可以表示

4、”点时间”， 也可以表示”一段时间” ;while 只能表 示”一段时间”。- When he arrives he 'll tell us all about the match.-When she was a child, she lived in Shanghai.-While he shaved he thought about the coming interview.-As they were talking, the rain began. .-As I left the house I remembered the key. .-As she came to know

5、him better she relied on him more. .-As it grew darker it became colder. .注意 :1(as 多用来连接 2 个逐渐发展或演变的动作或状态。例如 :Weadvance in experience as we advance in years.2(当as意为”当时候”时，主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连 用，一般情况下它不与下列动词连用，表示感觉的动词如 feel, taste, smell 等; 表示感情和情绪的动词如 admire, appreciate , desire, fear,hate等; 表示精神活动的动词如

6、:agree, believe, mean, know, recall, remember, suppose, understand 等; 表示拥有的动词如 belong, own,possess 等。b. till, until当 till 和 until 引导的从句在主句后，且主句的谓语动词含有 come, finish, go, reach, return, start 等一 时性动作动词时，主句的谓语用否 定形式，即nottill，其意为”直到才”。-I asked Peter not to sign the agreement until he has heard from us.

7、.- He didn 't reach the station until after the train had left. .-I am afraid I can not finish the work till he arrives. 当主句的谓语是表持续性的动词如 :remain, stay, wait 等时，主句谓 语用肯定形式 :- I 'll stay till you come back. .- Let's wait until the rain stops. .-We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would

8、 burst. . 在句首时，多用 until:-Until you told me, I had no idea of it.-Not until I had read your letter did I understand the true stateofaffairs. .-Not until he came back did I know it.not until 常用于” It was not until that ”这一强调结构中 :-It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state

9、ofaffairs.-It was not until he came back that I knew it.1(在多数情况下， till 和 untill 可以通用。2( 在 till 和 until 所引导的从句中，谓语不可用 shall, will或 would 。c. before, afterbefore 和 after 可以用 just, right, immediately,sometime, a long time 修饰语修饰，以表示精确的时间。-I took the examination a year before my brother did. .-He was sti

10、ll tired even after he had had eight hours of sleeping. .- I 'll do it after I finish this work.before 和 after 可作介词、副词。-He was killed in a car accident four years after their marriage.- Please come before 5 o 'clock.-I never met him before.-Let me go in and you follow after.、I 、+ :注意:before

11、作介词用，在表示时间时，不可接一段时间，须接一特定的 点时间。d. wheneverwhenever 主要用于引导 1 个频度状语，表示该情景是重复出现的 :-It rains whenever we are camping.- Whenever that man says “ To tell you the truth ”, I suspect that he'sabout to tell a lie.-Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. whenever 引导的时间副词从句时常兼有让步的含义，有时让步的意

12、 味比时间的意味还强。例如 :- I 'll discuss it with you whenever you like.- I 'd like to see you whenever it's convenient.在口语中常用 every time 代替 whenever-You get younger every time I see you.-Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.1.2 由 as long as, every time, each time, next time, last time

13、 等引导 的时间副词从句 as long as 意为”在之际” ；every time 意为”每次” ；each time意为”每逢之际” ;next time 意为”下次” ;last time 意为”上次”； by the time 意为”在时候以前”。-You can never enter this house as long as I live in it.-As long as I live, you will not want for anything., the instant , the minute , directly, immediately, instantly引导的

14、副词从句该词组引导的副词从句表示主句的动作在从句的动作一瞬间之后。 这组连接词的含义为”一就”。-Once you see her, you will find what I say is true.-Once you object to a man, everything he does is wrong.once 引导的副词从句同时含有时间和条件意味 :-Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.= As soon as you understand this rule, you will have

15、 no further difficulty.= If you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.-She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news.-The moment she saw me her face lighted up with a smile.-The instant he opened the door, a dog ran in.-The minute he saw me, he began to cry.- I 'll give you an

16、 answer immediately I've finishe d reading yourfile.-Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes.-Everyone will see the misprint directly they pick the book up.the moment, the instant, the minute 是名词当连词用，后面可接 that ， 但通常省略 ;directly,immediately, instantly 是副词当连词用。1.4 由 since, ever since 引导

17、的副词从句 该组副词从句表示主句动作的开始时间，从句中谓语动词通常用一 般过去时态，而主句中谓语动词通常用现在完成时态。- I haven 't seen John since he returned from Paris.-It has been raining ever since I came home.-It has been ten years since my father left home.-Since I started swimming, I have lost five pounds.It is 和It has been 可以通用。例如：-It is five y

18、ears since he joined the army.-It has been five years since he joined the army.when引导的副词1.5 由 no sooner than,barely/ hardly /scarcely从句该组副词从句表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作一瞬间之前。这组 连接词的含义为”一就”。置于句首就须用倒装结构如果把 no sooner, barely, hardly, scarcely-She had no sooner heard the news than she fainted.-No sooner had she hea

19、rd the news than she fainted.-He had barely arrived at the station when the train began to leave.-Barely had he arrived at the station when the train began to leave.-I had scarcely come in when the phone rang.-Scarcely had I come in when the phone rang.-We had hardly got into the country when it beg

20、an to rain.-Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.、，I 、+ :注意:在这组句型中，主句的谓语动词通常用过去完成式，而副词从句的 动词通常用过去式。1.6 由 where, wherever 引导的表示地点的副词从句-Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or possible.-We will meet wherever the committee decides.-She follows him wherever he goes.wherever 引

21、导的从句有时具有很强的让步含义，特别是当 wherever引导的从句放在主句前，而且谓语动词有may或might等情态动词时。-Wherever you may go, he will not forget you.everywhere 和 anywhere 也可以引导表示地点的副词从句，其功能 和意义和 wherever 相近。-Everywhere they appeared there were ovations.-Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.-You may go anywhere you like.地点副词从句可以放在主句的前面或后面

22、。放在主句前面时，常用 逗号把它同主句隔开 ; 如放主句后，就不用逗号隔开。 在2 表示原因、目的和结果的副词从句2.1 because, since, as because, since, as是引导表示原因的副词从句最常用的 3 个词，其中 because 语气最强 , since 次之， as 语气最弱。a. because 从句通常置于主句之后，强调直接原因 ; 有时也可置于主 句之前。-He was angry because we were late. .-The fuseblewbecause we have overloaded the circuit.-Because it

23、was too dark to go on, we camped there.-Because he wants us to make rapid progress, the teacher is strictwithus.b. 可以用否定词 not 和并列连词 but 形成并列 because 从句 :- I 'm going on a trip tomorrow, because I have to, not because Iwant to.-Hestole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked. c. 在强调

24、原因分句时，只能用 because 从句，而不能用 since 从句 或 as 从句 :- It was because he was ill that he didn' t go with us.-It is because he has behaved so badly that he must be punished.1( 在回答以疑问词 why 开头的问句时，只能用 because 而不能用 since 或 as。2( 并列连词 for 从句表示因果关系时，可以和 because 交替使用。 -could not have seen me, for / because I wa

25、s not there.所不同的只是 because 从句的位置可前可后，而 for 从句只能后置 当 for 从句不表示因果关系，而只是对前面主句的内容加以解释或 推断时，这时， because 不能代替 for 。-It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.d. 由 as 或 since 引导的原因副词从句，只是附带说明主句的内容， 它通常位于主句之前，但有时也可置于主句之后。-As he was such a fool, I refused to listen to him.-As the soup was very

26、salty, we were thirsty afterwards-As there was very little support, the strike was not successful.-I left the party at 10 p.m. as I had to get up early the next day.由于 since 表示的原因，指的是讲话者和听话者已知的事实， since 除有”因为”意义外，还含有”既然” 之意。- Since he can 't answer the question, you'd bet ter ask someoneelse

27、.-Since no one is against it, we will adopt the proposal. .ll have to ask- Since you can 't type the letter yourself, youSusan to do it for you. .- He can't be very tired, since he has walked only half a mile.2.2 由 now ，seeing that，considering that ，in that 引导的表原因的副词从句-Now you are a big boy,

28、 you must behave better.-Now you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.-Seeing that it is raining hard tonight, we will have to stay here for the night.-Seeing that it seems as if it will rain soon, we had better leave now.-Considering that he is a boy, I forgive his bad manners.-

29、He did poorly in his examinations, considering that he had studied hard for them.-Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.-The speech is all the more important in that it was made by a man of authority.、I 、+ :注意:1( 在口语里常把 now that 中的 that 省去，这时 now 与表示原因的as 和 since 有相同意义。2(now 引导的副词从

30、句，时间意义很强时，被看作时间副词从句。-Now that I come to think of it, I see you are right.3(in that 的含义为” in the fact that ”，相当于because。引导的表示目的副词2.3 由 that, so that, in order that, for fear that从句a. 当主句的动词为现在时、现在完成时或将来时时， that, so that 和 in order that 后从句的谓语多用 may / can / will +动词原形。-Bring it nearer that I may see i

31、t better.-Ships carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks.-These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.-I have lit the fire so that the house will be warm when they return.b. 当主句的动词为一般过去时、过去进行时或过去完成时时， that,so that 和 in order that 后从句的谓语多用 should, could, migh

32、t或 would+动词原形。-They died that we might live.-We arrived early so that we could get good seats.- He wrote his diary in code so that his wife wouldn't be able toread it.-We hid it carefully so that no one should see it.-We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in good time.

33、-In order that no one might enter, the servant locked the door.c.lest, for fear和 in case 引导的表目的的副词从句，含义为”以免 ;唯恐; 以防备;为了不”-I put away my pistol lest he should touch it.-Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.- I 'll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me.-He has been w

34、orking hard for fear that he should fail in the finalexams.-I bought the car at once for fear he might change his mind.-Shut the window for fear it may rain.-You must be quiet in case the fish are frightened.-Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.- You'd better get his room ready

35、in case he should come home today.、I 、+ :注意:1(lest 后从句的谓语多由 should + 动词原形，有时只用动词原形。2(for fear 后从句的谓语可以用 should / might 或 would + 动词原形， 或 may / shall / will + 动词原形。3(in case 后从句的谓语形式可根据主句谓语形式相应变化 ; 在对 从句谈到的事没有足够把握时，可以用 should + 动词原形。2.4由sothat, such that等表结果的副词从句引导的副词从句 在sothat和suchthat中，so是副词，其后可以接动

36、词、形容词、 副词;而such为形容词，其后只可接名词。-She is so honest a girl that all her teachers like her.-The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered.-The bus was so full that I could hardly turn around.-We left in such a hurry that weforgotto lock the door.-They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to

37、 go near their house.-He spoke in such low voice that I could not hear him.- There was so much dust that we couldn't see what was happening.-So many students complained that the teacher cancelled the pretest.so 放在句首，句子要用倒装语序- So absorbed was he that Nathalie hadn't dared to make a sound.-So

38、terrible was the storm that the whole roof was ripped off.、I 、+ :注意:such不能用于much和many之前。3 让步、对比副词从句3.1 由 even if / even though 引导的让步副词从句even if / even though 引导的让步从句指事实时，从句的谓语用陈述 式; 但若从句的内容是对现在 或将来情况的假设，从句谓语用相应的虚拟式。例如 :-Even if I were busy, I would go dancing.-Even if I am busy, I will go dancing.-

39、You mustn't be conceited even if you have achieved great success.- Even if you don 't like him, you can still be polite.-Even if I were starving, I would not ask a favor of him.- I shouldn 't have time to see him even though he were here.-I used to love listening to her, even though I co

40、uld only understandabout half of what she said.3.2 由 no matter how / what / which 等引导的让步从句a. no matter + 疑问词意为”无论”，其后从句谓语可以用may +动词原形或其他相应形式。- Don't believe therumor, no matter who repeats it- No matter what you do, don't touch this switch.-Our aim is to recruitthe best person for the job, n

41、o matter where theyare from.-No matter which you may choose, you will be pleased.-No matter when the invaders come, they will be wiped out clean.-No matter how rich people are, they always seem anxious to make more money.b. 疑问词，ever含义为”无论”，也可同样引导让步副词从句，该 从句的谓语可以用 may +动词原形或其他相应形式。-However far it is,

42、 I intend to drive there tonight.-I will go, whatever He may say.-You will see this product advertised wherever you like.- Whatever happens don 't forget to write.1. whatever, however, whichever, whoever; no matter how/ what / which / who所引导的表让步副词从句句意明确时，谓语动词be可省略。- No matter how high one 's

43、 official position, one should act as an ordinary worker among the people.-We are going toseasidewhatever the weather.-This viewpoint, howeverunderstandable, is wrong.2. 让步副词从句也常有 although, considering that, though, much as, while,whereas, however much / good-To every child adult approval means love

44、, whereas disapproval means hate.-Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.-His wife went out, while he stayed at home.-Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.-While I did well in class, I was a poor performer at games., 地点副词_副词从句 - 种类1( 时间从句同时性:tandis que, pendan que, cependant que, tant

45、 que, aussiIongtemps que, chaque fois que, toutes les fois que, au moment o u , amesure que, 直陈式或条件式表示可能性主句在后:apr e s que, des que, depuis que, du moment ou, sit?t que, apeine. que,直陈式或条件式表示可能性主句在前:avant que, jusqua ce que, jusqu ' au moment o u enattendant que, sans attendre que, 虚拟式表示设想意义模糊:qu

46、a nd, lorsque, comme, maintenant que,特例:que , ava ntle moment o u, en attendant le moment o u, 直陈式2( 原因从句客观说明原因:parce que, puisque, comme, e tant donn e que, vu que, du fait que, attendu que,以前形成原因:d e s que, d e s lors que, du moment que,特别的原因:d 'autant que, d 'autant plus que, surtout que,

47、表示借口 :sous pr e texte que,内涵的原因:tant, tellment,形式上是并列句,假想中或已被否定的原因 :soit que soit que, non que.mais, ce n ' est pas que, non pas que.mais, 虚拟式一般情况用直陈式， 表示可能或想象中认为可能的情况时用条件式。3( 目的从句主语的意图和目的 :afin que, pour que躲避和摆脱 :de peur que, de crainte que, crainte que, par crainte que, par peur que,否定式：将nepa

48、s放于从句谓语两侧或者夹在表示目的的从属短语之间，主 句是命令句，从句用 que 引导，从句如果是否定式可单用 ne 表示否定。4( 后果从句一般后果 :desorte que, en sorte que, defa?on que, demanie re que, sansque, sibienque,强烈行动产生后果 :4 种情况A, 动词加 au point que, t ellement que, tant que, trop, assez pourque,B, 形容词加 si que, trop pour que,C, 副词加 si que, tellement que, trop p

49、our que, D, 名词加 tel que, tant de que, tropde pour que,主句是疑问或惊叹句或表示强度时用 que 引导 ,5( 让步从句平和的让步：bien que, encore que, quoique, malgr e que强烈的让步 :A, quelque, quel 加名词加 que B, si, tout, queleque, pour加形容词加 queC, si, tout, quelque 加副词加 que D, qui que, qui que ce soit qui,quoi que, quoi que ce soit qui最强烈与主

50、句对立的让步 ：A, 时间副词 quand, alors que, lorsque, tandis que,pendant que, B, si C, au lieu que, la o u ,0inque,中等的让步:que, soi que soit que6( 条件从句纯粹的可能性，或然性：que, qua nd, qua nd m e me,纯粹的假设au casou, suppos e que, en admettant que, a supposer que假设加上限制：a moi ns que最普通的假设:si条件式按要求条件力卩愿望:pourvu que 和数量:pour pe

51、u que假设的交替:soit que soit que, que ou que, suivant que, selonqueou que 补充:si tant est que, a condition que, moyennant que , dans le cas o u , dans l ' hypoth e se o u ,注:混合条件式;si引导的从句两 个以上时 que 替代重复的部分但在其引导的从句中要用虚拟式。7( 比较从句与主句等同一致 :comme, ainsi que, de m eme que, comme si ,与主句的形容词或副词等同一致 ：aussiqu

52、e, autantque对主句倾向的衬托 :plut?t que, plus que 不同不一致 :plus, moins, meilleur, pire, autre, mieux加 que 引导按比例变化关系 :d'autant plus que, d 'autant moins que, au fur et amesure que, dans la mesure ou, a proportion que,8( 增加从句 : 用 outre que 引导 , 用直陈式或条件式9( 限制从句：用 except e que, sauf que, hormis que, hors

53、 que, si ce n est que 引导，篇二 ： 6 个关系代词引导的定语从句6个关系代词引导的定语从句PART IANALYSES1. Li Yuchun is the singer who/ that got the top prize in“SuperGirl ” contest of 2005.2. Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth's surfacewhich/that may cause great damage.3. The person you are looking at is JayChow4. Fen

54、g Xiaogang is a famous director one of whose films isBanquet.5. The White House is the building of American government whosecolor is white.PARTII CONCLUSION一 . 定语从句 ：定语从句是由 或引导的从句 . 作定语 , 修饰主句或主句的 语等.相当于 词，所以又叫性从句 . 一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后 ,_引导的 定语从句有例外 .二. 关系词 ：本身没有实际意思 , 能引导定语从句的词叫关系词 .分为 和2种.关系词与先行词两位一体先行

55、词:被定语从句修饰 ,表示人,物或事的名词 ,代词,句子等名 词性成分 .关系代词 :可在先行词之后的定语从句中代替先行词 , 充当从句的主语,宾语,定语,或表语.有6个:who,whose, whom, that, which, as.关系副词：可代替先行词在从句中做状语.有3个:when, where, why.三. 关系代词引导的定语从句的基本构成 : 先行词+ 关系代词+ 1 个缺少主/宾/定/表的句子 This is the car which he bought last year.Do you know the man we saw at the BeijingHotel?I &

56、#39;m not interested in the book which/ that has just beenpublished.The house I 'm going to buy faces south.That's the man whose house was burned down. whose house= the house of whom= of whom the house 四 . 限制性与非限制性定从The honest boy told a lie, which he found strange.1. 非限制性定从由逗号 , 将其与先行词隔开 .2

57、. 与主句紧密度 , 限制性大于非限制性定从 .3. 非限制定从中只没有 that.4. 非限制定从中做宾语的关代也不可省略 . 先行词是人物 / 事 关系代词 who whom whose that which as 从句成分 主 主 主 主 定 介词可加 whom whose which 非限定从 who whom whose whichas先行词是时间地点the reason关系副词when= 介词+ which where= 介词+ which why= for which 从句成分 状PARTIII DIFFICULTIES一.只用that,不用which,当先行词为，或被所修饰1. all, few, some, thing, no, every, any等不定代词 .An