非谓语动词及将来时表格归纳

1、非谓语动词的用法在英语语法中，掌握好动词的用法是最重要的，而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分， 由于它们内容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，经常被混淆用错，下面通过列表比较的方式, 分析非谓语动词的主要用法。非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系非谓语动词相对谓语动词的时间意义例句一般式不定式说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect;wish 等。I want to go home.I hope to see you.说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为冋时发生， 多数是那些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。I saw him come in.H

2、e helped him (to) carry thi ngs.一般式动名词表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作冋时发岀。We enjoyed seeing the film.I am thinking of tak ing over the job.在动词 insist on; rely on; count on（ 相信）等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。He in sisted on doing that work在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on;upon after代替兀成动名词表示的动作在谓 语动词表示的动作先发生。I remember see ing him before.On

3、 arriving Beijing, he went to see his frie nd.一般 式分 词现 在 分 词持续性动词说明分词表示的动作和句 中谓语动词表示的动作同 时发生。He stood there speak ing.Hold ing a book un der his arm, heen tered the room.终止性动词说明分词表示的动作发生 之后，句中谓语动词表示 的动作立刻发生。En teri ng the room, I found n obody in.Turning to the right, you will find the post office.过

4、 去 分 词持续性动词通常说明分词表示的动 作，此句中谓语动词表示 的动作先发生。Writte n in simple En glish, the book is easy to read.I can't find my lost pen.说明分词表示的动作和句 中谓语动词表示的动作并 无先后。He is a pers on well-k nown in this cou ntry.代替完成式现在分词的被 动语态。Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.完成式不定式说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词 之前发生。I'm

5、sorry to have troubled you.He is said to have come here.He is thought to have done it.He is believed to have done it.He seemed to have known it.在 wish, hope, expect, intend, mean,suppose等动词过去时后，说明行为动词没 有实现。We wished to have done this.I expected to have left by the n.(=1 had expected to heave by the

6、n.)完成式动名词说明动名词表示的动作，此句中动词表示的动作先发生。We regret hav ing told you the n ews.After hav ing fini shed his work, he went home.He denied hav ing broke the glasses.完成 式分 词说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示 的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。 如果是hear; see或表示位置转移的动词 arrive; leave; turn; open. 不用完成时Having fini shed his work, he went home.Sitt

7、 ing dow n with him, we begu n to discuss it.Heari ng this, he rose and went to the door.非谓语动词的被动语态1.非谓语动词被动语态的意义非谓语动词意义和用法例句不定式表示被动的意义The meeti ng is to be held n ext week.He wan ted to be sent to the hard area.有时主动形式表示被动的意义，冋被动没什么区别，具有“应该”“值的”的意思。不定式是主语的承受者，但 有时作某些形容词的宾语，女口： nice, easy, hard, diff

8、icult,fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。The box is not str ong en ough to sta nd this.It's too small to see.There is a lot of work to doThe house is to let at low rent.I am not to blame.Houses are still to seek.Much rema ins to do.The text is hard to learn.动名词表示被动的意义He in sisted on

9、 being sent to the hard area.在动词need, require等的主动语态和形容词worth后，表示被动的意义My watch n eeds repairi ng.The book is worth readi ng.分词现在分词表示被动的意义The build ing being built is a school.Not hav ing bee n told, he did n't know where to start.过去分词表示被动的意义Heated, the metal expa nds.2. 一般现在分词，完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的

10、区别非谓语动词意义和用法例句一般式现在分词含有具体的意义，说明和句中谓语动词表示的 动作同时发生，一般是持续性动词The pers on being criticized is our mon ito完成式分词表示动作状态比句中谓语动作先发生，一般是 瞬间动词Not hav ing bee n told about it, I don't kn how to do it.过去分词具有一船的意义，强调事实，说明比句中谓语 动词表示的动作先发生，有时同完成式的被动 词态可互换。Give n more time, (=Hav ing bee n give n) 1 do it much be

11、tter.三非谓语动词的句法作用1.非谓语动词的句法作用一览表非谓语动词句子成分不定式动名词分词主语VV宾语直接宾语VV短语动词宾语VV宾语补语VVV介词宾语V形容词宾语VV表语VVV定语VVV状语V:V 丁同谓语VV插入语VV2.非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词意义和用法例句不定式动词不定式表示比较具体 的意义，经常和特定的动作 和执行者联系起来，经常带 时间或地点状语，有时表示 将要发生的动作。To master a foreig n Ian guage is no easy job.To do it well is my earn est desireTo see this film is t

12、o waste time.To solve this problem is out of the questi on动词不定式（短语）作主语 时，常见的另一种形式是在 句首用先行代词it作形式 主语，而将动词不定式（短 语）移到谓语之后作真正主 语。用于这种形式是一些特 定形容词，动词和名词1）形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：importa nt,difficult, easy hard possible ）It is foolish to act in this way.It sou nds reas on able to do it this way.It appears likely fo

13、r them to arrive.2）动词作谓语（常见的动词有：require, cost,amuse, delight, irritate, annoyIt took much time to do this.It makes us excited to think about that.It needed hard work to finish the job.It does no good to say like that.It did n't occur to me to ask him to help me.3）名词作表语It seems a pity to waste th

14、em.It is a great pleasure to do thisIt is a good idea to thi nk this way.动名词动名词表求比较抽象（一 般）和经常性的意义，有时Collect ing stamps is a good hobby.Swim ming is a best sport in summer.There is no telli ng what will happe n.There is no denying the fact.There is no n eed in form ing him of it.可同不定式互换动名词短语作主语时，常见的另

15、一种形式是在句首用 先行代词it作形式主语面 将动名词短语移至谓语之 后作真实主语。用于这种形 式是一些特疋形谷词和名 词1）形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：enjoyable,good, hard, worthwhile）It is nice talk ing to you.It's foolish behav ing like that.It is useless doing that2）名词作表语It's waste of time doing this.It's no good （use）doing that.It's an awful job doing

16、 this.It's fun doing thisIt is not an easy task doing this work.3.非谓语动词作宾语成分非谓语动词意义和用法例句直 接 宾 语不定式不定式的逻辑主语 一般同谓语动词的 主语一致I want to read a no vel.用于该形式的常见的动词有：afford, agree, aim,apply, arran ge, ask, choose, claim, decide, decli ne, dema nd, desire, determ ine, expect, hope, lear n, man age, offer

17、, prete nd, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threate n, wish.有时宾语省略不定式符号（常见的有：let fall, let pass, let go, let slip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon,He made believe he was correct.动词不定式（短语） 作宾语时，如其后 有补足语，则可以 用先行语it作形式 宾语，而将动词不 定式（短语）后移 作直接宾语He found it n ecessary to work hard at En glish.用于该形式

18、的常见的动词有：ack nowledge, believe,con sider, cou nt, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fan cy, feel, find, guess, imagi ne, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(thi nk), un dersta nd, think.动名词的逻辑主语 有时同谓语动词的 主语不一致Do you mind my smok ing动名词动名词（短语）作 宾语时，如其后有 补足语则可以用先 行词i

19、t作形式宾语， 而将动名词短语后 移作直接宾语We found it troublesome solv ing this problem.We con sider it worthwhile spe nding some time on this.有一类动词后面必须跟动名词We enjo yed stay ing there.常见的动词有：admit, abhor, ack no wledge, advise,advocate, avoid, con fess, con sider, con template, defer, delay, deny, disc on ti nue, excus

20、e, evade, fan cy, fini sh, imag in e, in clude, in volve, justify, keep( on), mind, n ecessitate, pard on, postp one, practise, renoun ce, rese nt, facilitate, favor, miss, resist.有一类动词后面可 跟动名词也可以跟 不定式1)意义区别不大。He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five. 常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, c

21、ontin ue,prefer, comme nee, attempt, i ntend, propose, decli ne, en dure, n eglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.2)意义有区别a)b)c)d)e)remember doing sth记住做过某事。rememberto do sth记住要做某事。forget doing sth忘记做过某事。forget to dosth记住要做某事。regret doing sth遗憾做过某事。regret to dosth遗憾要做某事。try doi ng sth试着做某事。try to do

22、sth努力做某事。mea n doing sth意旨做某事。 mea n to do sth打算做某事。f)stop doi ng sth停止做某事。stop to do sth停下来做某事。g)can't help doi ng sth忍不住做某事。can't helpto do sth不能帮做某事。h)go on doing sth继续做某事。go on to do sth接着做另一事。这一类多是动词和He in sisted on doing that.短动名词小品词构成的短语语常见的短语有：sta nd up, leave off, put off, give up,动

23、can't help(sta nd)词这一类多数是一些He is about to leave. He did no thi ng but play.宾不定式特定的用法。语'd rather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to dosth,宾 语 宾 补不定式强调动作发生的事 实、将要和应该做 的事We saw him come in. I asked him to help me.I helped him （to） lear n En glish.He arran ged for me to stay there

24、.常见的动词有：1）省略不疋式符号的动词：make, let, have, see,hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at2）表示 致使 意义的动词： advice, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, en courage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, in vite, permit, persuade, re mind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn3）表示心理状态的动词：con sider, declare find,

25、prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagi ne, judge, suppose, un dersta nd.4）短语动词 arra nge for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, l ong for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depe nd on, cou nt on动名词说明实际的情况， 这种形式数量不 多。We call this process test ing.We know of the earth behav i

26、ng as a large magn et.分词现在分词强调动作进行的过程I found him coming in.He kept him wait ing outside.如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了 主语补语，分词形式不变。He was see n coming in过去分词表示动作已完成，冋宾 语是被动关系，说明动 作在谓语动词表示的动 作之前。have (get) 表示的动作 往往表小别人兀成，有 时这个动作可能由主语 完成We found him tied to the tree.I had my hair cut.I can't get this motor

27、started.如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了 主语补语，分词形式不变。He was found tied to the tree.介 词 宾 语不定式这一类多是一些特定的 形式，I hardly remember what I did besides read.He had nothing in mind except to work hard.It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly.There is no way out tha n climb the cliff.动名词这一类数量较多。I'm af

28、raid of making mistakes while speakingEn glish.He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her.On (as soon as he arrived) arriving, he came to see his frie nd.In (while) doing this, he lear ned a lot.常见的短语：look forward to, be used to, objectto, prefer doing sth to doing sth形 容 词 宾不定式这一类有些语法家也认 为是这些形容词的

29、原因 状语。I am glad to see you.常见的形容词有：cross, angry, con text, furious,happy, impatient, curious, proud, sorry,tha nkful, free, grateful, kee n, an xio7us, eager,pon e, ready, relucta nt, willi ng, humble, jealous, miserable, (un)able, lucky ， sad这一类有些语法家也认 为是这些形容词的原因 状语。I am surprised to see you.常见的过去分

30、词有：anno yed, ashamed,ast oni shed, bored, con cer ned, amazed, con fused delighted, determ in ed, disappo in ted, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fasc in ated, in cli ned, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offen ded, scared

31、, thrilled, vexed动名词这一类多是一些特定的 用法。The tree seems like trembli ng.The book is worth read ing.He is busy worki ng.4.非谓语动词作表语非谓语动词意义和用法连系动词例句不定式表示具体的动 作，表示打算、 计划、命令和要 求等意义有时可用appear,seem,happen 等作连系动词To see is to believe. Seeing is believ in g.( 般同 主语的形式一直)What I wan ted to do is write it dow n.The onl

32、y thi ng you can do is wait and see.How am I to pay such a debtSuch questi ons are to be avoided.He was n ever to see his frie nd aga in.What he said proved to be true.He seems to be ill.常作主语的名词有：aim, ambiti on, duty, hope,idea, inten ti on, mistakes, pla n, purpose, suggesti on.动名词相当于名词，说 明主语动作的情 况

33、和状态。一般是beWhat like best is swim ming in the sea.My job is teach ing En glish(My job is to teach them to lear n En glish.)Seeing is believ ing.有时同不定式可以互换Our duty is serv ing the people.Our duty is to serve the people.分词现 在 分 词相当于形容词， 说明主语动作性 质的。一般分词 后不再接任何成 份有时可用become ; get等It is annoying that the m

34、eeting should be put off.常见作表语的现在分词有：amus ing, bori ng,charm ing, comfort ing, confusing, disappo in ti ng, discourag ing, disturb ing, embarrass ing, excit ing, pleas ing, fasc in ati ng, in terest ing, in vit ing, miss ing, obligi ng, promis ing, puzzli ng, shock ing, striking, surprising.过 去 分 词相

35、当于形容词说 明主语动作的性 质或状态，一般 后面带介词短 语，有些形容词 化的过去分词前 可加very.有时可用become ; get ;remai n ; appear;seem;fell; go; look 等 动词He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with that.My work is fini shed. My watch is gone.常见的过去分词有：1)常见带介词about 分词：anno yed, con cer ned, excited,pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried 2) 常见

36、 带介词 at 分词： amazed, amused, anno yed, ast oni shed, delighted, disappo in ted, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offen ded, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3)常见带介词against 分词： arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4)常见带介词 for分词： celebrated, con cer ned, dest in ed, disqualified,

37、 no ted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常见带介词in分词： absorbed, celebrated, concern ed, disappo in ted, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, en gaged, entan gled, experie need, in terested lost, 6) 常见带介 词 on 分词： founded, based, bent, set 7) 常见带介词 to分词：abandoned, accustomed, acqua in ted, addicted, adapte

38、d, committed, dedicated, desti ned, devoted, doomed, en gaged, en titled, exposed, known, l ost, opposed, related, in cli ned, married 8) 常见带介词 with 分词：annoyed, bored, con cer ned, delighted, disappo in ted, disc onten ted, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed,

39、pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stu nn ed, surrou nded loaded, tormented, torture5.非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词位置意义和用法例句不定式动词不定式必 须放在所修饰 词（名或代） 后表示将要发 生，应该做 的动作，说 明动作在谓 语动词表示I have much work to do.He has no place to live in.有时根据意思的需要加介词，这时介词不能省略，因被修饰的名词是它的宾语。般形式动作之后， 具有形容词 性质。动名词动名词放在在所修饰的词前说明所修饰 词的性质， 具有名词的

40、性质，它同 所修饰的名 词间不存在 什么主谓关 系He looked me with questi oning eyes. a livi ng room.分词现 在 分 词在所修饰词 前，有些放在 所修饰词后说明正在进 行的动作， 同它所修饰 的动作存在 着逻辑主谓 关系a sleep ing boy, on the day follow ing, for years running过 去 分 词在所修饰词 前，有些放在 所修饰词后表示被动的 意思，多数 不及物动词 的过去分词 不能用作定 语，只有少 数表示动作 改变的动词 表示在谓词 动词动作之 前完成a lost child, a fal

41、le n leaf, retired workers, faded flowersWe have no time left.Fill the bla nks with the words give n.放在所修饰词 后般表示要 做和应该做 的动作。is the first one to come this morning, have a lot of housework to do at home. is a lot of work to do in the compa ny. did n't have the cha nee to go to school in the past.短

42、语不定式1）一般所修饰词是抽象名词agreeme nt,attempt, claim, decisi on, decisive, determ in ati on, failure, hope, inten ti on, n eed, pla n, promise, refused, resoluti on, tenden cy, threat, wish2）说明被修饰词内容的名词campaig n, cha nee, courage, efforts, evide nee, fight, n ews, measures, move, movement, opportunity, positi

43、on, power, reas on, right, skill, stre ngth, struggle, means3）跟不定式作状语的形容词生成转化来的 抽象名ability, ambiti on, an xiety, curiosity, eager ness, impatie nee, relucta nee, willi ngn ess放在所修饰词现在分词短The bird singing in the tree is very beautiful.后语有动作进分词行之意。This is the bird shot by the boy.过去分词短My brother, worki

44、ng in the south will be语有被动之意、。coming in a few days.6.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词意义和用法例句表示目的，很常用。He went home to see his mother.不定式He came to ask a questi on.He got up early in order to （so as to） have time to study.表示结果，很常用。She says so well as to bring dow n the house.Will you be so good as to tell him thisHe is

45、 not old en ough to do this.He is too excited to speak anything.表示原因，He laughed to see them fall dow n.He wept to hear the n ews.表示选择和比较She ope ned her lips as through to speakHe would die rather than give in.表示条件To hear him talk, you would think he was tiri ng.分词表示时间，相当于表示时间，相 当于状语从句 when, while。He

46、 went through the papers while hav ing breakfast.Since leav ing school, I met him only on ce.常用于这些连词后whe n, before, while,after, since表示原因，有时冋用作时间状语 的分词难以分清，相当于原因状 语从句 because, since, for 和口as。Being ill, he did n't come.Not un dersta nding this, he asked the teacher about it.表示条件，相当于条件状语从句if。Giv

47、en more time, I can finish the work.We'll not attack unl ess attacked.Work ing hard, you'll succeed.表示让步，相当于让步状语从句though, although 。Though warned of the dan ger, he still went skat ing on the thin ice.表示结果，相当于结果状语从句， 这种分词前通常有 thus或 thereby。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus caus ing

48、 the delay.表示方式或伴随情况，分词短语 没有相当的状语从句，汉译时一 般译成并列复合句They shook han ds, smili ng at each other.The childre n ran out of the room, laugh ing and talk ing merrily.He lay on his back, his legs draw n up.He made the boy sit there, promis ing they would not hurt him.表示方式He sat there, as though wait ing.7.非谓语

49、动词作同谓语非谓语动词意义和用法例句不定式不很常用He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the n ext.动名词不很常用I saw many people in the room, some talking, some liste ning.His chief hobby, saili ng a boat, cost him most of his salary.8.非谓语动词作插入语非谓语动词意义和用法例句不定式多是一些

50、特定的短语To tell you the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be short, to be sure, to be hon est, to beg in with, to cut a long story short, to be exact, so to speakTo tell you the truth, I don' t know computers very well.动名词多是一些特定的短语Gen erally speak ing, fran kly speak ing, strictly speak ing.Gen er

51、ally speak ing, his work is successful.四.非谓语动词的特殊形式形式非谓语动词意义和用法例句复合结构不定式for sb to do sth 这种结构可用 先行代词it作形式主语面将该 结构后移作真正主语。It is impossible for me to do this.It is for you to decide.It is time for us to do this.There is a lot of work for us to do.I'd like you to do it.常引导该形式的形容词有：da ngerous,easy,

52、useful, hard, difficult, stra nge, ast onishing, pleasa nt, fortun ate lucky, n ecessary, reas on able, right, wrong, n atural, i nteresti ng.with+名词或代词to do sth的复合结构表示将要发生的动作I feel quite easy, with her to help me.It (That) is + 形容词 of to do sth.表示性格特征，行为表现。It kind of you to help me.常引导该形式的形容词有：absu

53、rd, bold,brave, careful, careless, cruel, con siderate, clever, cunning, clumsy, dece nt, foolish, good, hon est, impude nt, n aughty, ni ce, polite, right, rude, silly, splendid, wise, wrong, won derful, thoughtful.send, bring, take 等动词表目 的时，可带岀自己的逻辑主语。The king sent the official to have a look.动名词动

54、名词之前的名词，如果是有 生命的，通常用所属格表示， 如果是无生命的，则用通格表 示，现在有一种趋势用名词和 代词代替所有格。His coming won't help much.I don't mind your (you) smok ing.They in sisted on our stay ing there.We are happy about his coming to see us.Do you remember Mary coming to see youI objected to you smok ing here.分词分词短语作状语时，一船没有 自己的主语，

55、其逻辑主语就是 整个句子的主语，但有时分词 短语可以有自己的主语，由名 词和代词表示放在分词短语之 前，它们存在着逻辑主谓关系He stood there with his hand rising (raised).We walked in, he lead ing the way.Greeting being over, they got down to bus in ess.He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his checks.His leg being badly hurt, he had to sty in bed.There being no body in the room, we did n't go i n.无主 语句 子不定式多用于否定形式。Why stay in the