初二下册英语语法大全

1、初二下册英语语法大全一. 现在进行时：现在进行时的根本用法：1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作常和 now连用,有时用一个look、listen,来表now 这一时间 概念.Eg:*Look! A train is coming . 看,火车来了 Listen! He is playing the piano. 听,他在 弹琴.2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作但不一定是说话时正在进行.常和at present ,thisweek ,these days - 等 时 间 状 语 连 用 .*What lesson are you studying this week?你们本周学哪一课了 (说话时并不在

2、学)3. 现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按方案或安排要进行的动作.即是说可以用来代替将来时,但此时,一般要与表示将来时的时间状语连用,而且仅限于少量动词.如：go, come,leave, start, arrive, return . sleep *Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow?你明天去天津吗?*How many of you are coming to the party next week?你们有多少人下周要来参加晚会二、 一般将来时:.be going to+动词原形对于将要发生的事,或打算、方案、决定要 做的事情时,皆以 be going t

3、o +动词原形的句型来表示因此此句型有be动词,所以是否 用am, is, are , 决定于主语1. 肯定句：主语+be (is, am, are) going to +动词原形O am going to play football next Sunday. 下周日我打算踢足球<?He is going to travel around the world.他方案周游世界.OThey are going to meet outside the school gate. 他们 打算在 校门口 见面. Ot is going to rain.要下雨了.2. 否认句：主语 +be (am,

4、are, is) not going to +动词原形<We are not going to have any classes next week.下周我们不上课.O' m not going to be a teacher.我不打算当老师.<?He isn t going to see his brother tomorrow.他明天不准备去看他哥哥.3. 疑问句：Be (Am, Is, Are) + 主语+ going to + 动词原形<Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up?你长大了,打算当一名医生吗Yes

5、, I am.是的,我打算当.No, I'm not.不,我不打算当.will同be going to 的用法相同 以今天为起点的所有将来时间,如：this afternoon / this evening = tonight / tomorrow/ tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening , the day after tomorrow / next week , next Wednesday / next month, next September / next year. be going to + 动词原形"表示方案、打算、将来发

6、生的动作,常和 this afternoon 今 天下午,this evening = tonight今晚,tomorrow 明天,tomorrow morning afternoon ,evening 明早,午,晚,the day after tomorrow后天,next Sunday下个星期天,next week 下周,next month 下个月,next year 明年等的时间状语连用,前不加任 何介词.另外,动作性动词go ,come和leave等的现在进行时表示一般将来时动作.三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1 .比较级：句子表示两者之间的比较时用比较级,其标志词是than, m

7、uch, a little , even和still等.e.g. Her hair is much longer than mine. 她的头发比我的长多了. I'm a little older than you.我比你大一点儿.2 .最高级：句子表示三者或多者的比较时用最高级,其标志词是表示范围的in或of -介词短语.在句子中,形容词最高级前必须加the.e.g.The boy is the tallest in our class.这个男孩是我们班最高的. Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?形容词的比较级和

8、最高级：形容词有三种等级：原级、比较级、最高级.3.原级：句中只有一者时用原级,其标志词是 very, so, too, quite 等.e.g. His handwritingis very good.他的书法很好.一个人不作比较.形容词比较级和最高级的构成：1. 一般在原级后加 er构成比较级,加est构成最高级.e.g. small smaller smallest young younger youngest2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词,直接加 r或st构成比较级和最高级e.g. nicenicer nicestlatelaterlatest3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,变y

9、为i ,再加er或est,构成比较级和最高级.e.g. busybusier busiesheavyheavierheaviest4. 在重读闭音节中,末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词,要先双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est,构成比较级和最高级.e.g. hot hotterhottestbig biggerbiggest5.个别形容词的比较级和最高级是不规那么变化,需个别记忆.e.g. good(well) betterbestbad (badly, ill)worseworstmany (much)moremostlittlelessleastfar fartherfarthest或 furt

10、herfurthest副词的比较级和最高级：1.以ly结尾的副词,除 early变为 earlier 和 earliest夕卜, 其余律在其前加 more 和 most. 如:carefully - more carefully - most carefully2. 规那么变化直接加 er 和 est . 如：fast - faster fastest3. 个别词是不规那么变化,需要特别记忆.4. 句子中副词最高级前的the可省略也可以不省略,但形容词最高级前面的the绝对不能掉.e.g. Who runs the fastest, Tom, Jim or Mike?四、提建议的表达方法、表示

11、需要、询问方向、指点方向 表示建议的根本句型1.Shall I / we +动词原形2. Why don 't you + 动词原形 =Why not + 动词原形3. Let's +动词原形4. What/ How about + doing sth. 表示需要的根本句型1. 表示需要用need.它可当情态动词和行为动词用.e.g. We need your help.行为动词我们需要你的帮助. They need finish reading the book today.情态动词他们需要今天看完这本书.2. 询问方向,主要有以下几种表达方式： Is there a bus

12、 station near here?附近有汽车吗 Where is the nearest bus stop / station? 最近的汽车站在哪里 Which is the way to the bus station ?去汽车站的路是那一条 How can I go to the bus station?如何去公共站3. 指点方向,主要有以下几种表达方式： Go / walk along the road / street.沿着这条路 /街走. Take the first (second -) turning on the right / left. 在第一(二)个路口向右 /左转.

13、 It's next to (in front of , behind -) 它在旁边(前面,后面)(4) It's about a hundred metres along on the left.它在左前方大约一百米处. Turn right / left. = turn to the right / left. 向右 /左拐.五、一般过去时一般过去时主要表示过去的动作或状态.在句子中由主语+动词的过去式来表达.1. He walks to school.(一般现在时)2. He walked to school.(一般过去时)例如：例1 .中的动词 walks时现在式,由

14、于主语是第三人称单数he,因此原因的 walk必须加上s,表示目前习惯性、经常性动作.可译为“他现在经常步行上学.例2 .中的动词 walked是过去式,过去式是表达过去事情的动词形式,所以这句话时表示 的是过去的某时,例如昨天、上周或学生时代等过去的某一时间,这句可译为“他曾经步行 上学.<e动词的过去式 be动词的过去时的句型如下：肯定句： 主语+be动词的过去式(was were ) 否认句： 主语 + be动词的过去式(was, were ) + not 疑问句： be动词的过去式(was, were ) +主语?CHe was busy yesterday.( 肯定句)他昨天很

15、忙.CHe was not busy yesterday.( 否认句)他昨天不忙.CWas he busy yesterday?(疑问句)他昨天忙吗1. be动词过去时的肯定句Mike was in the United States last year. 麦克去年在美国.比较be动词的现在式和过去式：There is (are )的句型用于一般过去时需把is , are 变为它们的过去式：There was(were)-2. be动词过去式的否认句 He was not in Canada last year.他去年不在加拿大.be动词过去时的否认句的结构和现在时一样,只要在be动词过去式(

16、was, were )后面加上 not就可以了.否认式的 was not , were not 大多使用缩写形式 wasn t和weren 't .O wasn 't busy the other day. 前几天我不忙.3. be动词的过去时的疑问句(一般疑问句/特殊疑问句)Was it raining in Beijing yesterday?No, it wasn 't . I t was cloudy.昨天北京下雨了吗不,没下雨.昨天北京阴天.be动词过去时一般疑问句的结构和一般现在时一样,只要把 be动词的过去式 was, were 调到主语前面即可.was

17、(were ) +主语 ? 答复时,需要用 Yes,was (were).或No - wasn't (weren 't)CWas your father free this morning?今天上午你爸爸有空吗Yes, he was .是的,他有空.No, he wasn 't .不,他没空.一般动词的过去时一般动词过去式的根本句型如下：肯定句：主语+动词的过去式否认句： 主语+ did not + 动词原形疑I可句：Did +主语+动词原形?CHe played tennis last week.肯定句他上周打网了.CHe did not play tennis la

18、st week.否认句上周他没打网球.CDid he play tennis last week?疑问句上周他打网球了吗1. 一般动词过去式的肯定句We had a good time yesterday.昨天我们过得很愉快.He had a good time yesterday.昨天他过得很快乐.一般过去时没有人称和数的变化.因此,主语即使是单数、第三人称,也和其他人称一样化.O watched TV for an hour.我看了一个小时的电视.CShe studied Russian two years ago.两年前他学俄语.2. 般动词过去时的否认句We did not have

19、a good time yesterday.昨天我们过得不好.一般动词过去时的否认句的结构和一般现在时够定句的结构一样,不管主语是第几人称,还是单、复数,在主语后面加上did not而不是do not ,或does not 就可以了. 否认式did not常用缩写形式 didn t.CHe didn 't have classes this morning.今天上午他没课 .CYou didn 't do your best to do it.你没有尽力去做.3. 般动词过去时的疑问句Did he go there?他去那了吗Yes, he did. No, he didn &

20、#39;t .是的,他去了.不,他没去.When did you get up this morning? At six.今天早晨你几点钟起床的六点钟.一般动词过去时一般疑问句的结构和一般现在时一般疑问句的结构一样,无论主语是第几人称,单数、复数,在主语前面加上did即可.CDid Tom go with you? 汤姆和你一起去的吗Yes, he did . No, he didn 't .是的.不,不是的CHow many subjects did you study last term?上学期你们学习几门功课?We studied seven.我们学习七门课.比较一般动词的现在时

21、和过去时一般现在时一般过去时肯定句 Igo . He goes . I went . He went .否认句 I don 't go . He doesn 't go .I didn 't go . He didn 't go .疑问句 Do you go ? Does he go ? Did you go ? Did he go ?一般过去时的根本用法 1.带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时如：yesterday 昨天,two days ago 两天前,last year 去年.,the other day 前几 天,once upon a time 过去

22、曾经 ,just now 刚刚,in the old days 过去的日子里 before liberation 解放前,when I was 8 years old当我八岁时.2. 表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示.CThe boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain , and died.那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常反复的动作.常与always, never等连用.CMrs. Peter always carri

23、ed an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞.只是说明她过去的动作,不说明她现在是否常带着伞.试比较： .Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞.说明这是她的习惯,说明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞.O never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒.不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒.4. 如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to doCHe used to drink.他过去喝酒.意味着他现在不喝酒了.喝酒这个动作终止了.5. 有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去

24、时,这一点,我们要特别注意.O didn't know you were in Pairs.我不知道你在巴黎.由于在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了.这句话指的是说话前,所以只能用过去时表示.实际上,这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.O thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢.这句话应是在说话前,我以为你病了,但是现在 我知道你没病.六、反意疑问句：在陈述句之后加上一个意思与之相反的简短问句,这种句子叫做反意疑问句.反意疑问句必须由意思相反的两局部组成,在前一局部陈述句之后用逗号,后一局部简短问句之后用问号.反意疑问句的否认句必须用缩略形

25、成,同时它的主语必须用人称代词,不能用名词.前一局部用降调,后一局部在表示疑问句时用升调.反意疑问句分为两类：1. 前一局部为肯定式,后一局部是否认式.2. 前一局部为否认式,后一局部是肯定句.陈述句肯定式,+疑问局部否认式1. be动词和一般动词实意动词构成的反意疑问句be动词句型：现在 ,isn't aren't + 主语过去,wasn't weren 't + 主语一般动词句型：现在,don t doesn 't +主语过去 ,didn t +主语<The pen is yours, isn 't it? 这笔是你的,不是吗OLucy

26、 likes English, doesn t she?露西喜欢英语,不是吗Yes, she does.是的,她喜欢.No, she doesn't不,她不喜欢.2. 情态动词的反意疑问句Oour brother can swim, can't he?你的哥哥会游泳,不是吗Yes, he can.No, he can 't.<We have to finish it, don t we?我们不得不完成它,不是吗Yes, we do. No, we don 't.<The workers had to take the first bus, didn&

27、#39;t they?工人们不得不上头班车,不是吗Yes, they did. No, they didn 't.陈述句否认式,+疑问句肯定句这种反意疑问句的结构和第一局部一样,只不过颠倒一下肯定句和否认句的位置.这局部的难点在于答复,答复和汉语习惯不同.在这种问句中,先不要管yes和no ,按实际情况,如果答语是肯定式的,就要用 Yes +肯定结构,如果答语是否认的,就要用 No+否认 结构<You aren 't a teacher, are you?你不是老师,是吗Yes, I am. 不,我是.No, I am not. 是的,我不是.<You don t

28、study Chinese, do you?你们不学中文,是吗?Yes, we do. 不,我们学中文. Your classmates didn ' t have a good time last summer, did they?你的同学们去年暑假没过好,是吗Yes, they did.不,他们过得很好.No, they didn 't.是的,他们过的不好.其他类型的反意疑问句1.祈使句的反意疑问句a.在肯定的祈使句后,为了使祈使句听起来比较婉转、客气,可加一个简短的问句,如：Will you? would you? won t you? can you ? could y

29、ou ? cant you ?最常见的是 will you ?或 won't you?<Open the window, will you?请翻开窗子,好吗1. 在 lets 祈使句后加上 shall we? 或 shan't we? 在 let us me , him -后加上 will you? 或 won't you?2. 陈述局部如果有表示否认意义的某些词,如：never, seldom, hardly, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing, neither,疑问局部必须用肯定式.3. 陈述局部是there be结构时

30、,疑问局部用 there ,省略主语代词.4. 陈述句局部如果有everything, nothing -.表示事物的词作主语时,疑问局部的主语用it ,陈述局部如果有 everyone , no one, someone -.表示人的不定代词作主语时,疑问局部常用they 有时也用he.Everything here is dirty, isn't it?这的所有东西都脏,不是吗七、邀请和应答、请求许可英语中表达请求允许的句型很多,在不同的场合要用不同的句式来表达.1. 常见表示“请求允许的句式. May I?我可以干吗Can / Could I?我能干吗.Shall I / we-

31、 ? 我/咱们干好吗 Would you like / love to- ?你愿意干吗 Will would you please -? 请你干好吗 What / How about doing- ? 干怎么样2. 常见"应答"的句式：Yes, of course.当然可以.Sure/ Certainly. 当然可以. That s OK. / That 's all right.好吧,行.Yes, please. 好的,请做吧. Id love / like to.很乐意. With pleasure.很乐意. Good idea!好主意.3. 表示"不允许"的答语有：I m sorry, but 对不起,不过 I m sorry , but -.对不起,你不能.