过去完成时讲解与练习

1、 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去 )”。过去完成时 (P ast-i n-the-p ast I - 那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had fini shed writi ng the comp ositi on by 10 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1.由时间状语来判定 :00 this morn

2、ing. ( 如: 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。 女0： I had fini shed readi ng the no vel by nine oclock last ni ght. 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。 We had lear ned over two thousa nd En glish words by the end of last term. 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。 女0： They had plan ted six hun dred trees befor

3、e last Wedn esday. 2.由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在 前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： (1 )宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在 told, said, knew. heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had see n the film before. (2 )状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动

4、作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作 在后的要用一般过去时。如： Whe n I got to the stati on, the train had already left. After he had fini shed his homework, he went to bed. 注意：before, after引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从 句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he

5、 left the classroom. (3 )表示意向的动词，女0 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示 ”原本 ， 未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you did nt. 3.根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We had nt see n each other since he went to Beijing. 三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作

6、之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去” Whe n I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去” ） 如: He told me that he had writte n a new book. (had writte n 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 yet , still , just before , n ever 等时间副词及 by , before un til 等引导的短语或从句连用。 如: Before she came to Chi n

7、a, Grace had taught En glish in a middle school for about five years. P eter had collected more tha n 300 Chin ese sta mps by the time he was ten. 4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束, 仍然有继续下去的可能。 女0: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. (had worked 已 有

8、了 20年，还有继续进行下去的可能） 四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去， 但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响， 与现在有关，其结构为“助动词have （has） + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去” 只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较: I have lear ned 1000 En glish words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 En glish words till the n. 到那时为止我已经学会了 100

9、0个英语单词。 rm sorry to kee p you wait ing. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have bee n here only a few minu tes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） Joh n retur ned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he bee n? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去” ） 五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，

10、但在使用时应注意以下几点: 。如: 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去” ，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。 发生在told 之前） already 1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去” ;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较: They had arrived at the stati on by ten yesterday. They arrived at the stati on at ten yesterday. 去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的, 例 1： said . had ne

11、ver been to ( 先没有“去”，后“说”） 例 2： arrived . had run away.( 先“跑”了，后“到”） 例 3： had hoped . would come . did nt （ 先布望，后才发生没去 ） 例 4： was disappointed . had left . arrived （ 先 离开，后 到达 和 失望 例 5： were writing - we nt . had left （先“离开”，后“到”和“写”） 难点 过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去 完成时呢？请看下面的例

12、句: 例 1 By the time he was twelve, Edis on had bega n to make a livi ng by himself. 实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过，这次不是 时间的“先、后”关系。 首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点： 12岁。说他“12岁”，显然是过去式。那么，紧接着说“他已经开始谋生了” 这个“谋生”是发生在“ 12岁”时，还是“12岁”前，还是“12岁”后？答案是肯定的：他的“谋生”发生在“ 122.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完 成时，后发生的则用一

13、般过去时。如: She was very happy. Her whole family were pl eased with her, too. She had just won the first in the comp ositi on comp etiti on. 3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时; 另外，在 before , after as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可 以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如: He en tered the room, turned o

14、n the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office. 重点 英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢? 要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是： 假设在过去发生了两件（或以上）的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件, 如果A、B两个事件几乎是同时发生的， 那就用一般过去时； 但是，如果A、B两个事件不是同时发生的， 怎么办呢? 那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中，如果 A事件先 发生，A就用过去完成时；如果

15、 B事件先发生，B就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形 式表示的。 请看例句: 例 1: 例 2： 例 3： 例 4： 例 5： She said (that) she had n ever bee n to P aris. Whe n the p olice arrived, the thieves had run away. We had hoped that you would come, but you did nt. Tom was disa ppoin ted that most of the guests had left whe n he arrived a

16、t the party. The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. 在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述的内容中, 都包含着两个 （或以上）在过 另一件是后发生的: A B两件事件的先后，而是有两个过去 佃.had beenhad been 20. was pl aying 20. was pl aying was singingwas singing 么多表示时间状语的词中，大家要特别注意 By、 句子怎么变化，

17、应该没有多大的问题。 例如：例2： Untilthen, his family had nt heard from him for six month. 二.句型转换 1.1. I had sold the ticket when she came.(改否定句) 2.She had sung a song to us before she danced(改否定句) 3. They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.(否定) 4. By 10:00 a.m, I had been v

18、ery hungry.(改一般疑问)Un til等的用法。可以说，在讲述过去的事件中，如果出现 By时间状语，很有可能要用过去完成时了。 （当然, 我说的是很有可能。）类似的时间表达方式还有 Un til 、 Before等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义，不管 此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点 then(那时)，而hadnt heard 发生在then之前（包括then）。所以此句用的是过去完成时。 再举两个例子 例 We had lear ned about 4000 En glish words by the end of last term. 例 I waited

19、un til he had fini shed his homework. 例 We had got to the statio n before 10:00. 专项练习 一.用动词的适当形式填空 1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in. 2. That rich old man _ (make) a will before he _ (die). 3. They _ (study) the map of the country before they _ (leave). 4. The robbers _ (run away ) bef

20、ore the policemen _ (arrive). 5._ I _ (tur n off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed. 6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a phone call. 7. Tom _ (say) he _(read) the book twice. 8. Our plan _ (fail ) because we_ (make) a bad mistake. 9. When the chairma n _ (fini sh) sp eak ing, he _ (

21、leave)the hall. (have) lunch whe n I _(get) to their house. _ (arrive) at the stati on, he_ (leave). 10. The Reads 11. When I 12. We _ (learn) about 4000 En glish words by the end of last term. 13. I waited un til he _ (fini sh) his homework. 14. We were surp rised at what she _ already _ (do) 15.Sh

22、e _ (not go) to Qin gdao because she 16. He _ (not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _already _ (give) the book to the teacher. 18. I _ (be) to Shan ghai before. 19. She told me she _ (be) to Sanya three times. (p lay) the guitar while her sister (be) there before. 20.She (sing). 岁”之前！也就是说，“ 12

23、岁”已经是一般过去时，而在“ 12岁”之前发生的事，当然是过去完成时。所以，在那 5. Lucy had already compieted the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问） 6. By the time he got to the air port, the plane had take n off.（改一般疑问） 7.He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问） 8.When he had read the note, he ate it.（对划线部分提问） 9.Jack didn t go to the

24、citne emiuse he had seen the film.（对划线部分提问） 10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child.（对划线部分提问） 11.She had writte n the book by the end of 1960.（对划线部分提问） 12. We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up.（用过去完成时连接两句） 13. Jim s father mended the car. It was broken（用过去完成时连接两句） 14

25、. We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.（用过去完成时连接两句 ） After we _ , we _ 15. He showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house.用过去完成时连接两句 ） Before he _ , he _ . 参考答案: 一. .用动词的适当形式填空 2. had made . died2. had made . died 1. had p ainted. moved1. had p ainted. moved r run away.arrived

26、5. had turned off un away.arrived 5. had turned off wentwent 7. said 7. said had readhad read 8 failed 8 failed had madehad made 3. had studied left3. had studied left 4. had4. had 6. went 6. went had madehad made 9. 9. （hadhad） finished finished - - - leftleft were having/had had were having/had ha

27、d got 11. arrived . had left 12. had learnedgot 11. arrived . had left 12. had learned 13. 13. （hadhad） finishedfinished hasnt toldhasnt told 14. ha14. had .doned .done 17 had 17 had givengiven 15 didnt go 15 didnt go had beenhad been 18. have been18. have been 10.10. 16.16. 佃.had beenhad been 20. w

28、as pl aying 20. was pl aying was singingwas singing 二.句型转换 1 1. I I hadnt sold the ticket when she came.hadnt sold the ticket when she came. 2.2. She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced.She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced. 3.3. They didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bo

29、ught all the food and drThey didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.inks. 4.4. Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m?Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m? 5.5. Had Lucy com pl eted the p roject when I arrived yet?Had Lucy com pl eted the p roject when I arrived yet? 6.6. Had the pl ane taken off by the time he got to the air port?Had the pl ane taken off by th