介词讲义完整版

1、介词一，介词的分类1. 简单介词，是指单个的介词如： in, on, at, on, to, with 等2. 合成介词，是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词如： into, onto, without, inside3. 短语介词，是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合，在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语如： instead of 代替because of 因为in front of在.的前面according to按照二，表示时间的介词1.at 表示具体的时间点如:at eight o (clock联想： at 构成的固定短语：at first 首先at least 至少at

2、 present 目前at noon 在中午at the age of 在.岁时at the moment在目前，现在at the same time同时at school 在上学at the end of 在。末如： In some western countries shops are closed_ weekends.2.in 用于年，月，季节，上午，下午，晚上等。in March 在三月in spring 在春天in 2008 在 2008 年in the morning/afternoon/evening注意： in 表示在某一季节或某一月份时，一般不加冠词，但季节和月份的意义 一旦

3、具体化，就要加定冠词 the 。如： The weather is a little in May.An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008.In summer children are happy because they can swim.联想： in 构成的固定短语：hand in 上交in fact 事实上in surprise 吃惊地in search of 寻找in public 当众in the end 最后，终于in no time 立刻，马上in a minute 立刻，马上in front of 在.前面in

4、a word 一句话，总而言之in good health 身体健康的do well in 在.方面干的不错be interested in 对 .感兴趣in common 共同的show great interest in 对。感兴趣in the last/past several years在过去的几年里3. 表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨，晚上等，用 on。如： In the morning I often get up at six o clock butSunday morning, I get up at seven.A traffic accident happened near

5、 our school the night ofMay 2 nd, 2014.联想： on 构成的固定短语：on board 乘坐(车，飞机)on earth 到底on foot 步行on holiday 度假be on show 展览on the other hand 另一方面书on one s way to 在某人去 .的路上on duty 值班，值日on fire 着火on hire 雇佣on time 按时on the right 在右边a book on history 一本关于历史的4. 表示时间的 since, for, by, during, until(1) since (自

6、从)后跟具体的过去时间， for 后接一段时间。 for 和 since 短语所 在的句子应用现在完成时，谓语动词要用延续性动词。如:Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000.We have lived in the city for about five years.(2) by+ 时间点，意为“到 .为止”，如果 by 后面跟的是将来的时间点，用一般 将来时或将来完成时，如果 by 后面跟一个过去的时间点，用过去完成时。如： I will finish eating by nine oclock.By

7、 the end of last week, we had finished learning Unit5.(3) during+ 时间段，与延续性动词连用，表示某期间的动作。如： She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for LondonOlympic Games.(4) until+ 时间点，意为“道 .为止”，句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词，构成 句型 not.until 直到 .才如： We stayed there until the sunset.We didn t go home until the sun

8、set.(5) 表示时间前后的 before, afterbefore 在.之前，after 在.之后如: We must hand in our homework before class.After half past eleven we can relax ourselves.注意： before 作为介词，还可以表示“面临，面对”如： What should you do before so many difficulties?I had nothing to say before her.三 表示方位，地点，行为对象等的介词1. 表示方位的介词 in, to, onin 表示包含关系

9、，意为“在。 。范围内”， o n 表示相邻关系，接壤； to 表示相 隔关系。如： China is the east of Asia.Japan is the east of China.Russia is the north of China.2. 表示“上下”等方位的介词 over, under, above, below, on(1) over 在。正上方，其反义词为 under如： There is a football under the desk.I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head.(2) above 表示“在。上方”

10、，非垂直关系 , 其反义词为 below如:The plane is flying above the clouds.(3) on 在。之上，指两者表面接触。其反义词也为 under3. 表示“前后”的介词和短语介词(1) in front of 在。前面，指在范围之外的前面，和 before 意义接近。 如： There are some bikes in front of the teaching building.(2) behind 是 in front of 的反义词，意为“在。 。后面”(3) in the front of表示在范围之内的前面，其反义词组是 at the back

11、 of4. by, beside 在。旁边； between 在两者之间 , among 在三者及以上之间(1) by 和 beside 意义相近如： Do you know the man who is standing by the window?Lucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.(2) between 指两者之间，也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间； among 指三个 或三个以上的事物或人之间。注意： between 表示两者之间，只要构成双方关系，就可以用 between如： There are so many desks in the cl

12、assroom that there is hardly any room to move between them. 教室里有这么多张课桌，几乎没有空间从它们 中间穿过。5. across, through 穿过across 从表面穿过， through 穿越，穿透，透过，指从物体内部穿过。如： (1)When you go the road, you must be careful.(2)Which river runs Shanghai?(3) -I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get in thewindow.-It s d

13、angerous to do that.A. in B. through C. over D. to6. 表示里外的 in, inside, into, onto, out of, outside(1) in 在。之内如: My keys are in my pocket.注意：外来物“在树上”，用in，树上结出的东西“在树上”，用on如： There are some birds the tree.Autumn comes and some red applesthe apple trees comeinto people seyes.(2) inside 在。里面，到。里面。反义词为 ou

14、tside如： Listen ！Someone is talking in a low voice inside the door.Don t stay outside.(3) into 到。内。强调空间或状态的转换。反义词为out of如： Why not go into the house and have a look?He looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work. 注意: out of 还有“脱离，失去”等意义。如 : He has been out of work for long.Fish

15、 can t live long out of water.7. 表示“靠近”的 near, next to, aroundnear 在。附近next to 在。旁边around 在。周围如： There is a park near our neighborhood.I didn t remember to phone until near the end of the week.The mouse is next to my computer.That patient is next to death.The flowers and applause( 掌声) are always aro

16、und the winners.注意： around 还表示“大约”，同义词： about如:It was around/about twelve o clock in the evening.8. 表示运动方向的 for, to, towards(1) for 常接在 leave ， start 等动词之后，表示运动的方向或目的地。如： They ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month.(2) to 跟在 go ， come, return, move 等动词之后，表示目的地，它既表示运动 方向，又包含运动结果。如： Whe

17、n did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday?(3) towards 朝，向。只说明运动的方向，没有“到达”的意思如：The teacher is coming towards the classroom now.9. 表示行为对象的 to, at一般来说， at 同某些动词连用，表示攻击目标，含有某种程度的恶意； to 则只 表示方向，并无恶意。如：I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.He cameme and said hello to me.A dog cam

18、eher and she was frightened（受惊吓的）。10. 最高级结构中表示范围的 of, in同类比较时，若主语和范围一致，一般用 of, of 后多为数词或可数名词复数；将 某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时，用 in, in 后一般是可数名词的单数。 如:She is the most beautiful girlthe three sisters.Tom is the tallest boy the class.四表示“除。之外”的介词1. besides 除。之外还如：Five others were late besides me.There will be fi

19、ve of us for dinner, besides John.2.but, except 除。之外。 but 常与否定词连用如：No one but we knows about the news.He has few friends except you in this school.He has few friends except you in this school.They all went to sleep except me.如：The care is really wonderful except for its price.The composition is quit

20、e good except for a few spelling mistakes.五表示方式，手段或工具的介词3.except for 表示从整体中排除，除之外，前后不是一类事物1.by, in, on 表交通方式by bike=on a bike, by car=in a car如: Do you usually come to school by bike?2. by, in with 表示手段或工具（ 1） by 表示用某种方式或手段。名此前不加冠词如：This pair of shoes is made by hand.The old man had to make money by

21、 selling vegetables.(2)in 表示使用某种语言，用墨水，颜色，颜料等。名此前不加冠词如：Can you say it in English?Please write it in ink, not in pencil.(3)with 后跟具体的工具如：People here build houses with stones.I like to write with a ball pen.拓展： with 常用来表示伴随，意为“有，带有” ，其反义词为 without如： This is a house with a garden.Fish can t live withou

22、t water.六引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词1. 一般情况下用 for sb. to do sth如： It s necessary for us to learn English.It s difficult for children to read such a book.2. 表示品质，性格，特征的形容词后用 of sb. to do sth., 这类句型中动词不定 式的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构。如： It s foolish of him to make such a decision.It s kind of you to give me so much help.七 其它介

23、词的用法1.as 作为， as for 至于如： students we should work hard.He works a teacher in this school.him, I know nothing.2. thanks to 同 because of ，意为“因为，由于”如： Thanks to your help, I am good at my lessons.Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet.八介词的省略1.in 的省略be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事have di

24、fficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难(in) this/that way 以这种/ 那种方法spend.(in) doing sth. 花费。做某事have a good time (in) doing sth.做某事很高兴waste. (in) doing浪费。做某事There s no use/good (in) doing sth. 做某事有用 / 没有好处2.for 的省略for+ 时间段里的 for, 在口语中可以省略， 尤其是在肯定句中。 但是在否定句中或 在句首一般不可以省略。如:The rain lasted (for) a whole

25、after noon.He has been waiting (for) three hours.We haven t seen each other for a long time.For a whole month, there is no rain.九常用介词短语1. 常与 with 连用的短语do with 处置，对付go on with 继续。agree with 同意。be busy with 忙于keep/catch up with 跟上fill.with 用。装满。be familiar with.熟悉。be popular with. 受。欢迎be angry with sb

26、. 生某人的气cover.with 用。覆盖。help.with. 在。方面帮助。 get on well with 与。相处的好 be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格 be pleased with sb. 对某人感到满意2. 常与 at 连用的短语look at 看knock at 敲at last 最后at once 立刻laugh at 嘲笑。shoot at 朝。射击work at 致力于。be good at 擅长。be weak at 不擅长。arrive at 到达某地（小地方）be amazed at 对。感到吃惊3. 常与 on 连用的短语get on 上车turn on 打开try on 试穿put on 穿上call on 号召depend on 依靠