新托福测试题

1、阅读1.What is the main reason that peopledeveloped methods of refrigerati onAThey wan ted to improve the flavorand nutritional value of food.They needed to slow the naturalprocesses that cause foodtoa pipethe rapid expa nsion of certa in gasesthe evaporationof a volatileliquidthe transfer of heat from

2、 one place to ano ther5.thespoil.C They n eeded a use for the ice thatformed on lakes and rivers.jD They wan ted toexpa ndproduct ionof certa in in dustries.Which sentence below best expressestheesse ntialin formati oninthehighlighted sentence in paragraph 2In correct choices cha nge the mea ning in

3、2.uncookedIt takes a lot of en ergytoof ani mal orig intran sform a liquid into a vapor,highly nu tritiousespecially when the vapor loses3.What can be in ferred from paragraph 1heat.The word perishable in paragraph 1 isimporta nt ways or leave out esse ntialclosest in mea ning toin formatio n.A capa

4、ble of spoil ingSome gases expa nd rapidly and giveabout cold storage before the inven ti on off energy whenthey encounter a verycoldof artificial refrigerati onDAIt kept food cold for only about aTHE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION4.week.It was dependent on a source ofor snow.iceDCIt required a contai

5、ner made ofmetal or wood.D'It was not a safe method ofpreserv ing meat.Artificialrefrigerati onin volvesallof the followi ng processes EXCEPTthe pumping of water vapor throughCold storage, or refrigeratio n,iskeep ing food at temperatures betwee n 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth

6、 of microorga ni sms bacteria,molds, andveast that cause food to spoil. Refrigerati on produces few cha nges in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep theirorig inalflavor,color, and nu triti on.Before artificialrefrigerati onwas inven ted, people storedperishable food with ic

7、e or snow to len gthe n6.7.8.patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie laterleft his medical practice andfirstits storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Coldstorage areas were built inbasements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed w

8、ith ice. The ice was tran sportedfrom mountains, or harvestedfrom local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and bus in esses.Artificial refrigeratio n is the processof removing heat from a substanee, container, or en closed area, to lower its temperature.The heat is moved from th

9、e in sideof thecontainer to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporationof a volatile liquid, orrefrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators,therefrigera ntiscompressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder bec

10、ause the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left beh ind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air in side the refrigerator is chilled.Scie ntists and inven tors from around theliquid.Whe n kin etic en ergy is cha nged toheat energy, liquid molecu

11、les turninto vapor molecules.(© Duringevaporati on,the vapormolecules use en ergy,and theliquid becomes colder.Accord ing to the passage, who was thepers onto use artificial refrigerati on for a practical purposeWilliam CullenOliver EvansJoh n GorrieD) Adolphus BuschThe word it in paragraph 3 r

12、efers toprin ter refrigerator © typeetherWhy does the author discuss the brew ing in dustry in paragraph 4world developed artificialrefrigerati onTo compare cave storage withduri ngthe eightee nthandnin etee nthmecha ni cal refrigerati oncen turies.WilliamCulle ndem on stratedTo describe the un

13、ique problemsartificialrefrigeratio ninScotla ndin1748, whe n he let ethyl ether boil into apartial vacuu m. In 1805, America n inven torOliver Evans desig ned the first refrigerati on mach ine that used vapor in stead of liquid. In 1842, physicia n Joh nGorrie used Evans' s design to create an

14、air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow fever9.that brewers facedTo praise the accomplishments of aprominent brewerD) To show how refrigerati on cha ngeda whole in dustryThe word con stra ined in paragraph 4 isclosest in mea ning torestricted10spoiled improved alter natedAccord ingto the passage, the

15、firstrefrigerated railcar used what materialas a cooli ng age ntEtherIceAmmo nia11CFCsThe word toxic in paragraph 5 is closestin mea ning toexperime nted with ice making, and in 1851 he was gra nted the first . pate nt for mecha ni cal refrigerati on.In the same year, anAustralia nprin ter,James Har

16、ris on, built anether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later,Harris onin troducedvapor-compressi onrefrigerati onto thebrew ing and meatpack ing in dustries.Brewing was the first industry in theden se pois on

17、ous rareexpe nsiveUn itedStatesto usemecha nicalrefrigerati onextensively,and in the 1 870s,was primarilycommercial refrigerati on directed at breweries. Germa n-born AdolphusBusch was the first to use artificial refrigerati on at his brewery in St. Louis.Before refrigerati on, brewers stored their

18、beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictlya local bus in ess, sincebeer was highly perishable and shipp ing it any distanee would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compressi on refrigerator.He

19、 solved he shipp ing problem with the n ewly inven ted refrigerated railcar, which was in sulated with ice bun kers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bun kers, and circulated through the car bybe added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fitGorrie ' s basic prin c

20、iple of compress ing a gas, and the n sending it through radiati ng coilsto cool it, is the one most ofte n used in refrigerators today.duri ngScie ntists and inven torsfrom around the world developed artificial refrigerati onartificialthe eightee nth and nin etee nthcen turies.A WilliamCulle ndem o

21、n stratedrefrigeration in Scotland in 1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In1805, America n inven tor Oliver Evans desig ned the firstrefrigerati onmach ine thatin steadof liquid. B In 1842, physicia nJoh n Gorrie used Evansair-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients i

22、n a Florida hospital. C Gorrie laterused vapor's design tocreate anleft his medical practice and experimented with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted the first . pate nt for mecha ni cal refrigerati on. D In the same year, an Australia nprin ter,JamesHarris on,built an ether refrigerator aft

23、er no tici ngthat when he clea ned histype with etherit became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harris onin troducedvapor compressi on refrigeratio n to the brew ing and meatpack ing in dustries.1314. An in troductorysentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

24、Completethe summary by selecti ng the THREE an swer choices that express the most importa nt ideas inthe passage. Some sentences do not bel ong in the summary because they express ideas that arenot presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points .Methods o

25、f refrigerati on have cha nged throughout history.An swer ChoieesA A refrigerator has an evaporator thatWilliam Culle n developed a method ofmakes the in side of the refrigeratorartificial refrigerati on in 1748.cold.Practical uses of vapor-compressionPeople used to preserve foodbyrefrigerati on wer

26、e in troduced in thepack ing it with ice or snow in coldnin etee nth cen tury.storage areas.CFCs have notbee nused asArtificialrefrigerati onWasmaderefrigera nts sincethey were found topossible by thecompressi onanddamage the earth 's ozone layer.evaporati on of a volatile substa nee.15 Accord i

27、ng to the passage, how didCan adia nEn glishbecome adist inctvariety of North America n En glishLin guistsno ticedthatCan adia nsCanadian Englishhas many wordsthat are not in other varieties ofEn glish.Can adia ns speak En glishwith anacce ntthat America ns cannotspoke a unique dialect.A large group

28、 of Loyalists settledin one regi on at the same time.Growth of the middle class led to a sta ndard school curriculum.Can adia ns declared their Ian guageto be differe nt from . En glish.16 The word norms in paragraph 1 is closestin mea ning topatter ns history words ideas17The phrase a great deal in

29、 com mon with inparagraph 2 is closest in mea ning todiffere nt words forthe same problems asmany similarities toun dersta nd.19 The phrase the two varieties in paragraph3 refers toPeople who liveCan adia nEn glishGeneral Canadian and NorthBritishAmerica nEn glishEn glishoutside Northand America nAm

30、erica nEn glish andCan adia n20 The word spot in paragraph 3 is closestin mea ning todescribeignorepreferCANADIAN ENGLISHeasier pronun ciati on tha n18 In paragraph 2, what point does the authormake about Can adia n En glishCanadian English is more similar to American than to British English.America

31、 n and British visitors define Canadian English by theirown no rms.Canadian English is a regional variety of North America n En glish that spa ns almost the en tire con ti nent. Can adia n En glish became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution,when thousandsof Loy

32、alists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern On tario in the 1780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian,middle-class speech.Moder n Can adia nEn glish is usuallydefi ned by the ways

33、 in which it resembles and differs from America n or BritishEn glish.Can adia n En glish has a great deal in com mon with the En glish spoke n in the Un ited States, yet many America ns ide ntify a Can adia n acce nt as British. Many American visitors to Canada think the Can adia n vocabulary sounds

34、 British for example, they notice the British “ tap ” and “ braces ”in steadof theAmerica n“ faucet ” and “ suspenders. ” On the other hand, many British people identifya Canadianpronun ciati on offind21a schedule, ”Which sentence below best expresses theessentialinformation in the highlightedsenten

35、ce in paragraph 4 In correctchoicescha nge the mea ning in importa nt ways orleave out essential information.Can adia n En glish has bee n stron glyin flue needby both BritishAmerica n En glish.Canada is the only nationpeople can deliberatelyandwherechooseaccent as American, and Britishvisitorsthi n

36、kthe Canadians have becomeAmericanized,say inggasandtruckfor“ petrol” anda .»lorry.People who liveoutsideNorthAmericaoften find it difficultto hear the differenceswhich pronun ciati on they prefer.Canadians havethemselves aseffortispronun ciati on.tried to distinguisha nation,and thisshow n in

37、theirbetwee n Can adia n and America n En glish. There are many similaritiesbetwee n the twovarieties, yet they are far from ide ntical.Canadian English is instantly recognizable to other Canadians, and one Canadian in a crowded room will easily spot the other Canadian among the North America ns.The

38、re is no distinctiveCanadian grammar.The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary,and idioms.Can adia npronunciationreflects the experieneeof apeople struggli ng forn atio nalide ntityaga inst two strongin flucaces.About 75perce nt of Can adia ns use the British“ zed”rather tha n the Amer

39、ica n“ zee” for the n ameof the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand, 75 percent of Canadians use the AmericanMany n ewcomers to Can ada must workhard to master the nationalstyle ofpronouncing En glish.2223All of the follow ing words orig in ated inNorth America n In dia n Ian guages EXCEP

40、Tkerosene(Q parkaCanadaQDkayakWhich of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about vocabularyVocabulary is the most disti nctivefeature of Can adia n En glish.World Stan dard En glish has a verylarge vocabulary.Canadians use more Noth AmericaniceIn dia n words tha n America ns do.Much of the

41、 vocabulary forhockey origi nated in Can ada.“ blue-line,” and “ puck”一 have become partof World Sta ndard En glish.Somefeatures of Canadian English seem to24The author discusses theexpressi on"eh” in paragraph 6 as an example ofan idiom that uniq uely characterizes Can adia n speech an express

42、i onthat few peopleoutside Can ada have hearda style of Can adia n drama and literaturea word that cannot be translated into other Ian guages“ tomato, ” and “ missile. ” The most obvious and distinctive feature of Canadian speech is probably its vowel sound, the diphtho ng“ou. ” In Canada, “out” is

43、pronounced like“ oat ” in nearby . accents. There are otherbe uniqueandareofte ndeliberatelyiden tifiedwithCan adia n speakers in suchcon textsasdramaticandliterarycharacterizati ons.Among theorigi nalCan adia n idioms,perhaps the most famous is thealmost uni versaluse of“eh”as a tagquesti on, asin“

44、That ' s a good movie, eh ”Ehisalsoused as a fillerduringan arrative,as in"1 ' mwalking homefrom work,eh, and I 'm thinking about dinn er. I fin allyiden tify ing features of Can adia n vowels;forexample,at ?cotis pronounced thesame! as“caught” and“ collar ” ,thesameas“ caller.Animp

45、orta ntcharacteristicofthevocabulary of Can adia n En glish is the use of many words and phrases originating in Canada itself,such as “ kerose ne ” and“chesterfield ”( “ sofa ” ). Several wordsare borrowed from North America nIn dia nIanguages,for example,“ kayak, ”caribou,parka, and skookum(“ stron

46、g ” ). The name of the country itselfhas an Indian origin; the Iroquoisword“ kanata ” originallymeant “ village.” Anumber of terms for ice hockey “ face-off, ”get home, eh, and the refrigerator is empty.The traditionalview holds that there areno dialects in Canadian Englishand thatCan adia ns cannot

47、 tell where other Can adia ns are from just by listening to them. The lin guists of today disagree with this view.While there is a greater degree of homogeneity in Canadian Englishcompared with AmericanEnglish,several dialect areas do exist acrossCanada. Linguistshave identified distinetdialects for

48、 the Maritime Provi nces, Newfo un dla nd, the Ottawa Valley,souther n On tario, the Prairie Provi nces, the Arctic North, and the West.Glossary :diphthong : a speech sound that begins withone vowel and cha nges to ano ther vowelcreativity same ness25 The word homoge neity in paragraph 7 isclosest i

49、n mea ning toaccentchange26. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, an dD, which in dicate where the follow ing sentence couldbe added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit” sounds likeThus, " out ” rhymes with " boat, ” so the phrase " out and about in a boat"oat and abo

50、at in a boat” to American ears.people strugglingof the alphabet.On the other hand,75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of"tomato, ” and " missile. ” Aa schedule, ”The most obvious and disti nctive feature of Can adia n speechis probably its vowel sound, the diphthong ou.

51、B In Canada, " out ” is pronounced like"oat ”in nearby . accents. C There are other identifyingfeatures of Canadian vowels; for“ cot ” is pronounced the same as"caught ” and "collar ” the same as "caller.example, ” DThere is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences a

52、re mainly in pronunciation.vocabulary, and idioms.Canadian pronunciationreflects the experienee of afor n ati onal ide ntity aga inst two strong in flue nces. About 75 perce nt of Can adia ns use theBritish"zed” rather than the American "zee” for the name of the last letter27-28. An in tro

53、ductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Completethe summary by select ing the THREE an swer choices that express the most importa nt ideas inthe passage. Some senten ces do not bel ong in the summary because they express ideas that arenot presented in the passage or ar

54、e minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth2 points.An swer ChoicesCanadian Englishcontains elementsof both British and American English. Several unique varieties of En glish have evolved in North Anun ciati on.Words and idiomsorigi nat ingCan ada also help to defi ne Can adia ninCan adia ns pronounce most words thesame way as America ns do.En glish.Most Canadians cannot identify