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1、暑假专题一一名词名词(I)名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing, China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadn ess等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1) 个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。2) 集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。3) 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。4) 抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。归纳一下,名词

2、的分类可用下图表示:'专有名词可数名词丿普通名词不可数名词丿个体名词 集体名词'物质名词抽象名词情况构成方法、+ &读曰例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和兀音后读/z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加-es读 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以 ce, se, ze等结尾加-读 /iz/lice nse-lice nses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies1.名词复数的规则变化2.其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,two Marysmon

3、key-mon keys或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时, the Henrysholiday-holidays直接加s变复数。例如:2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a. 力口 s,如: photo-photosradio-radiosb. 力口 es,如:potato-potatoesc. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如pia no-pia nos zoo-zoos ; tomato-tomatoeszero-zeros / zeroes。3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a. 力口 s,如:belief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs ;b. 去 f,

4、 fe 加 ves,如:half-halveskni fe-k nivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves ;c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如han dkerchief: han dkerchiefs / han dkerchieves23. 名词复数的不规则变化1)child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-menwoman-women注意:由一个词加 man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women ,女口 an En glishma n ,

5、two En glishme n。但 Germa n 不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germa ns; Bowma n 是姓,其复数是 the Bowmans。2) 单复同形, 女口 deer,sheep, fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,jin,yuan, two li,three mu, four jin 等。但除人民币的元、 角、分外, 美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 。3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说

6、 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person, a policeman, a head of cattle, the English, the British, the French, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如 The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths, politics , physics 等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c.

7、the United States, the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是 1945 年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的 故事书。5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair (对,双); suit

8、 (套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别的意思,如:goods 货物, waters 水域,fishes (各种)鱼。4. 不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:This factory produces steel. (不可数)We need various

9、 steels. (可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如 a glass of water 一杯水 / a piece of advice 一条建议。5. 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。例如:sports meeting 运动会 stu

10、dents reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系2)man, woman, gentleman 等作定语时, 其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 例如: men workers women teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷4)数词 +名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如

11、:two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan 一个五年计划6. 不同国籍人的单复数国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数加拿大人 the Canadians 德国人 the Germansa Canadian two Canadians a Germans two Germans英国人 the Englishan Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedisha Swede two Swedes中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo

12、Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人 the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人 the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo America

13、ns印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians5#7. 名词的格英语中有些名词可以加's”来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:1) 单数名词词尾加"s”,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"s”,如the boy's bag男孩 的书包, men's room 男厕所。2)若名词已有复数词尾 -s ,只加“ '”,如: the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。3) 凡不能加“ s”的名词,都可以用“名词 +of+名

14、词”的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的 名词,如: the barber's 理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”;只有一个S则表示“共有 例如:John's and Mary's rooms (两间) John and Mary's room (一间)6)复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如: a month or two's absence名词 ( II)、名词的种类名词是所有

15、事物的名称, 包括人、 物及抽象概念。 名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。1. 普通名词 普通名词是某类人、 事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体的特征,普通名 词又可分为以下四类:A. 个体名词 表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如:student (学生)、pen (钢笔)、bird (鸟)等。B. 集体名词(即集合名词)表示由个体组成的集合体。如people (人民)、police (警察)、 family (家庭)等。C. 物质名词 表示构成物质的不可数名词, 或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。 如 water (水)、air (空气)、wood (木头)等。D. 抽象名词 表示动

16、作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如work (工作)、peace (和平)、love (爱)等。2. 专有名词 专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括:人名、地名、国名、 党派名称等。女口: Churchill (丘吉尔)、Tokyo (东京)、China (中国)、the Communist Party of China (中国共产党)等。、名词的性1. 阴性名词表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如2. 阳性名词 表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如3. 中性名词 表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。woman (女人)、hostess (女主

17、人)、cow (母牛)等。man (男人)、host (男主人)、bull (公牛)等。radio (收音机)、love (爱)、tree (树)、friend (朋 友)等。4. 通性名词多数英语名词不分性, 这类名词特指人类、 适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、 女 性个体。如 parents (父母)、couple (夫妇)、children (孩子们)、child (孩子)、person (一个人)等。三、名词的数 名词分可数名词和不可数名词1. 可数名词 个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。A. 单数表示"一个”的概念。用名词的单数时,名词前需加a或a

18、n。如a book (一本书)、a river (一条河)、 an apple (一个苹果)、 an orange (个橘子)等。B. 复数表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pens (两支钢笔)、three days (三天)、three cities (三个城市)等。复数形式的构成有两种: 规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。 具体 见下面。规则名词复数形式的构成词形特点 变为复数形式的构成方法例词大多数名词在词尾加-s (在清辅音后读s,在浊辅音及元音后读z。)cat catsbag bagsday-days以 s、x、 ch、sh 结尾的名词在词尾加 -es, 读作 i

19、z class classesmatch-matches以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词把 y 变成 i, 加 -es, 读作 izcity cities (但专有名词例外,直接在 y后加-s,读作zGermany Germanys) 以辅音字母 +o 结尾的名词一般直接加 -es , 读作 z(某些外来词例外,力口,女口 tomato tomatoes photophotos piano pianos)以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词直接加 -s, 但读作 z zoo zoosradio-radios以f或fe结尾的名词有的直接加-s,读作zroof-roofs大多数要将f或fe变为v,再加-e

20、s读作zleafleaveswife-wives有些词两种形式都可以handkerchief-handkerchiefs-handkerchieves不规则名词复数形式的构成 复数形式的构成特点例词通过改变词内元音字母man-men foot feettooth-teeth mouse-mice (老鼠)通过在词尾加 -enox-oxen (牛) child-children单复数形式相同a sheep-two sheep a deer-two deer (鹿)a Chinese-two Chinese (中国人) 外来词保持其原有的复数形式crisis-crises (危机)basis-ba

21、ses (基础)phenomenon-phenomena (现象)复合名词复数形式的构成 词的构成特点 变复数的方法 例词 由若干部分组成并含有一种中心词(指人的词)将中心词变为复数形式 son-in-law (女婿) -sons-in-law grandchild (孙子) -grandchildren looker-on (旁观者) -lookers-on组成部分均为表示人的主体词各组成部分都要变为复数形式woman doctors (女医生)-women doctor man servant (男仆)-men servants 组成部分没有中心词最后一个组成词上加 -sgrown-up

22、(成年人) -grown-upsgo-between (中间人) -go-betweens只有复数形式的名词 词形特点 例词 由相同两部分组成的物体的名称scissors (剪刀)trousers (裤子)glasses (眼镜)以-ing结尾的名词化的动名词savings (积蓄)earnings (工资) belongings (所有物)surroundings (周围环境)已约定俗成的名词形式arms (武器)stairs (楼梯)thanks (感谢)只有单数形式的名词女口: advice (意见)labour (劳动)information (信息、消息)furniture (家具)

23、traffic (交通)2. 不可数名词表示无法分清个体的名词。 不过,有些词在汉语中可数, 在英语中却不可数。 例如: news (新闻)、furniture (家具)、bread (面包)等。此类不可数名词要表示"一”这个概念时, 需用其它方式表达,如a piece of news,a piece of furniture,a loaf of bread 等。一般来说, 物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的, 通常没有复数形式, 但有时为了表示 “不 同类”或 “大量” 时,可以用复数形式, 例如: China is rich in waters. 中国有丰富的水资源。四、名词的格名词的

24、格是表示名词与句中其他词之间关系的名词形式。 名词的格主要有三种:主格、宾格和所有格。 名词的主格与宾格的形式相同,即名词的原形,这种形式也被称为通格或普通格。 名词的所有格又称属格,表示所有关系。1. 名词所有格形式的构成A. 大多数单数名词后加 's 构成其所有格形式。Mary's telephone number 玛丽的电话号码the boy's ball 男孩的球B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词,在 s 后加 ' 。the teachers' office 老师们的办公室the students' dorms 学生宿舍C. 不以 s 结尾的复

25、数名词所有格的构成形式与单数名词的相同。the children's toys 孩子们的玩具the women's hats 女人们的帽子D. 复合词和由两个或两个以上名词表示共有关系的词组,在最后一个名词后加所有格 符号 's。his son-in-law's friend 他女婿的朋友Mary and Linda's mother 玛丽和琳达的母亲E. 如果两个或两个以上名词表示分别的拥有关系,则在每个名词后分别加's。Mary's and Linda's books 玛丽的书和琳达的书Tom's and Peter&

26、#39;s fathers 汤姆的父亲和彼得的父亲2. 以介词 of 加名词组成 of 属格the title of the text 课文的题目the roof of a house 屋顶3. “一's”与“ of”两种所有格的区别A. “一's”所有格形式多用于表示有生命的名词,或表示与人类活动有关的时间、地点、机构等名词。Tom's books 汤姆的书today's newspaper 今天的报纸B. “ of ”所有格主要表示无生命的东西。the topic of the conversation 话题the surface of the earth

27、地球表面C. 表示类别或属性时,只能用“s”所有格形式。a women's college 女子学院 children's books 儿童读物 (试比较: a college of the women 那些女人的学院)D. 所有格中的名词后面有定语(如现在分词短语或介词短语等),只能用"of" 所有格形式。It is the book of the boy speaking to the teacher 这是正同老师说话的那个男生的书。 He is a student of the Fifth Middle School in Xi'an 他是西安

28、第五中学的学生。E. 当所有格中的名词是以定冠词加形容词的形式出现时,只能用of 构成的所有格形式。the happiness of the old 老年人的幸福 the problems of the young 年轻人的问题4. 在以下情况中,只能用 of 与 's 构成双重所有格 所有格所修饰的名词前面有一个数量词或一个指示代词 that 时,要用双重所有格 (数量词包括 a, two , some, no, any, few 等)。a friend of Mary's (=a friend of Mary's friends ) 玛丽的一个朋友 some boo

29、ks of the teacher's 老师的一些书 that son of Mr.Smith's 史密斯先生的那个儿子 that smile of the boy's 那个孩子的微笑 注:双重所有格修饰的名词不能与定冠词 the 连用。5. 动名词所有格的省略式A. 当名词所有格所修饰的名词在前面已出现过,为避免重复,往往省略。 I need your help, not Mary's. 我需要你的帮助,不是玛丽的(帮助)。B. 当被所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、教堂或某人的家时,这一名词省略。 I'm going to the tailor's

30、to get my dress. 我要去裁缝店拿我的衣服。 We'll visit St. Paul's ( cathedral) . 我们将参观圣保罗教堂。They took part in the birthday party at Tom's. 他们参加了在汤姆家举行的生日聚会。五、名词的句法功能1. 在句中作主语 This book is very useful. 这本书很有用。 Mary is to meet you at the airport. 玛丽将在机场接你。2. 作表语My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是个工人。She is a

31、writer. 她是个作家。3. 作宾语或复合宾语He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。 We made Tom our monitor. 我们选汤姆为我们的班长。4. 作定语He got three gold medals at the 23rd Olympic Games. 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三 块金牌。rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 注:名词作定语修饰名词,通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这 些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。golden medal 金色的奖牌(颜色,

32、非材料)gold medal 金牌(质地材料为金子)colourful dress 色彩鲜艳的女装(仅指颜色) colour film 彩色电影(属性为彩色的)5. 作状语The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。Wait a moment. 等一会儿。He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。6. 作同位语Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生,我们的领导,正在讲话。We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。7

33、. 作称呼语Come here, Mary. 玛丽,到这儿来。Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们,先生们,早上好。【模拟试题】(答题时间: 70 分钟)一、单项选择1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his.A. little wageB. few wageC. wageD. wages2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to during the

34、 war.A. an ashB. the ashC. ashD. ashes3. The students at colleges or universities are making for the coming New Year.A. many preparationsB. much preparationC. preparationsD. preparation4. Painting in is one of their spare-time activities.A. oilB. an oilC. oilsD. the oil5. In the view of the foreign

35、experts, there wasn't oil here.A. muchB. lots ofC. a great deal ofD. many6. The large houses are being painted, but .A. of great expense B. at a great expenseC. in a lot of expenses D. by high expense7. The room was small and contained far too .A. much new furniture B. much new furnituresC. many

36、 new furniture D. many new furnitures8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the .A. rooms number B. room number C. room's numbers D. room numbers9. Computers can do work in a short time, but a man can not do by himself.A. great many manyB. much a great dealC

37、. a great deal of muchD. many a great many10. She didn't know he had been given.A. how many informationB. how many informationsC. the number of informationD. how much information11. He invited all of his to join his wedding party.A. comrade-in-armsC. comrades-in-armsB. comrades-in-armD. comrade-

38、in-arm12. All the in the hospital got a rise last month.A. women doctorsB. woman doctorsC. women doctorD. woman doctor13. After ten years, all these youngsters became.A. growns-upsB. growns-upC. grown-upD. grown-ups14. The police investigated those about the accident.A. stander-byB. standers-byC. st

39、ander-bysD. standers-bys15. The Nazi kept those in their concentration camp.A. prisoner-of-warsB. prisoners-of-warC. prisoners-of-warsD. prisoner-of-war16. The manager was greatly appreciate that made by Linda lately.A. new reelB. news reelC. new-reelsD. news reels17. Mary's dress is similar in

40、appearance to her .A. elder sisterB. elder sister'sC. elder sistersD. elder sisters dressB. mathematics teacher18. All the people at the conference are A. mathematic teachersC. mathematics teachersD. mathematic's teachers19. Professor Mackay told us thatof lead are its softness and its resis

41、tance.A. some propertyB. propertiesC. some properties D. property20. Physics with matter and motion.A. dealB. dealsC. dealingD. are21. He has written several books, but his last works well known among his friends.A. haveB. have beenC. isD. are22. After he checked up my heart, the doctor advised him

42、to rest for a few days.A. father-in-law'sC. father's-in-lawB. father-in-lawD. father's-in-law's23. He told me would come to his birthday party.A. many Jack friendsC. many Jack's friendB. Jack's many friendsD. many friends of Jack's24. I had my hair cut at the around the c

43、orner.A. barber B. barbers C. barber'sD. barbers'25. Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at .A. Peter and Helen'sC. Peter and HelenB. Peter and HelensD. Peter's and Helen's26. . receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.A. The earth's sur

44、faceC. The surface of earthB. The surface earthD. The earth surface27. Numerous materials are available to .A. today of designersC. today's of designersB. today's designersD. today designers28. Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don't you know he is an old friend of ?A. my brotherB. my

45、 brothersC. my brother'sD. my brother's friend29. is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.A. This John's old friendC. That's Jahn's old friendB. This old friend of JohnD. This old friend of John's30. is too much for a little boy to carry.A. A bike

46、9;s weightC. The weight of a bikeB. The weights of a bikeD. Bilk's weight31. Generally there are television programs for children on Saturday.A. littleB. muchC. a large number ofD. a large amount of32. When they got to the lecture-room, there were left.A. only few seatsB. a very few seats C. onl

47、y a few seatsD. so a few seats33. travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.A. A little mailB. A piece of mail C. A mailD. A small mail34. The department purchased to improve the working conditions there.A. a new equipmentC. new equipmentsB. a new piece of equipmentD. new pieces

48、of equipments35. The boy tried hard but there has been in his work.A. little improvementC. many improvementsB. a little improvementD. few improvements36. Today's modern TV cameras require light as compared with the earlier models.A. only a fewB. only fewC. only a littleD. only little37. No count

49、ry can afford to neglect .A. an educationB. educationsC. educationD. the education38. Please write the answers to the questions at the end of .A. eighth chapterB. chapter eightC. eight chapterD. chapter the eight39. is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.A. The intelligent dogC. The

50、 intelligence of dogsB. The dogs whose intelligenceD. The dogs being intelligent40. All must take the graduate Management Admission Test.A. business studentB. business's studentsC. business studentsD. business's student41. anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial

51、it yourself.A. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes callB. Three-minute callD. A three-minute call42. The about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.A. public's chief concernC. chief public concernB. public chief concernD. chief concern of public's43. the first and largest ethni

52、c group to work on the construction of the transcontinentalrailroad.A. Chinese wereB. The Chinese was C. Chinese wasD. The Chinese were44. can get a better view of the game than the participants.A. Looker-onB. Lookers-onC. Looker-onsD. Lookers-ons45. A group of spectators was dispersed by the police

53、 who at the scene of the accidents within minutes.A. wereB. have beenC. wasD. has been46. Our livestock not as numerous as they used to be.A. isB. areC. beD. been47. One of the most surprising things is that may come from petroleum.A. much of tomorrow foodC. many of tomorrow's foodB. much of the

54、 food of tomorrowD. much of tomorrow's food48. Scott is an orphan but he received _ A. very good education B. very good educations49. After several day's hardworking, we have made A. much improvement B. several improvements50. The boy was very happy that his yesterday.A. shoes shopB. shoe sh

55、op51. Eggs, though nourishing, have C. a very good educationD. many good educations on the design.C. many improvementD. some improvement mother bought him a new pair of shoes at aC. shoes's shop of fat content.D. shoe'sA. large numberB. a large number C. a high amount52. He has done someA. r

56、esearchB. a researchD. the high amount on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.C. researchesD. the researches53. Recently, he has lost all hisA. wage and saving at cardB. wages and savings at card54. The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many .C. wages and saving at cardD. wages and savings at cardsA. herd of cattleB. herd of cattlesC. herds of cattleD. herds of cattles55. In Britain theA. letter boxesare all painted red.B. letters boxC. letters boxesD. letters's box56. Te

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