托福阅读四：插入句子题

1、托福阅读：插入句子题解题技巧托福阅读：插入句子题解题技巧考察能力1、相关语句和词汇的理解2、对于语段中的逻辑顺序的把握题题目特征Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.(You will see a sentence in bold)Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a to add the sentence to the passage.Question：在托福阅读中，为什么不论插入题

2、出现在文章的那个位置，这种题都位于总结题之前,存在于倒数第二题的位置呢? ETS是一个很人性化的机构, 如果这类题出现在前几道题的位置, 选错了会对文章的理解造成影响, 影响做其它题。插入的句子对文章本身的影响有多大？和几句话相关？如果和前后两句话都相关,是不是把它拿掉了, 就会对文章有较大的影响？只需要找出待插入的句子跟前后某一句话的逻辑联系即可。英语句子间的衔接手法(cohesive devices)该题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系，即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。Cohesive devices1. 代词(Pronouns) 具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等（perso

3、nal, demonstrative, relative, etc）。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代该话题词。例： Speaking a foreign language is an enormous asset in the modern world. This is why so many junior high schools are now offering language classes. Todays teachers are faced with a stark choice.

4、They must decide whether to teach in a way that helps student pass standardized exams or teach in a way that actually helps students learn. Cohesive devices2. 定冠词the + 名词(specific articles+nouns) 名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词a连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词the引出。例如：A woman is walking into our classroom

5、. The woman is our teacher.Cohesive devices 3. 重复话题词或同义近义改写(Repetition, synonym, or slight variation of a word) 上下句的衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现，或者是对该话题词进行相关改写。例如:To foster healthy relationships between children in a classroom, teachers should provide time for games and fun activities. Having healthy relationship

6、s with their peers helps children gain confidence useful in other parts of their lives. (重复话题词)Before choosing a public or private school for their children, parents should take into account the cost. The price of a private school is usually much higher than that of a public school. (话题词同义改写) Cohesi

7、ve devices4. 过渡性词和词组(Transitional phrases/transitional adverbs) 上面讲到的三种句间关系属于隐性关系。隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现。现在，我们要讲的是句子间的显性关系，即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别。 4.1 时间关系 then, next, later, finally, etc. 4.2 因果关系 therefore, consequently, as a result, etc. 4.3 转折关系 however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the othe

8、r hand, etc. 4.4 解释关系 that is, in other words, etc. 4.5 举例关系 for instance, for examplePeers and older siblings have a major influence on how school children behave. For instance, young children often repeat bad words they hear from their friends or brothers and sisters.解题题步骤骤4 steps S1: 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接

9、或指代词 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3: 插入 S4: 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理解题题思路思路思路1 指代词出现往前看思路思路2 连接词转折词看两边思路思路3 总起总结句要不割裂，能概括解题题思路Suggestion 1 在段落之前的空，一般为错，因为每段的中心都在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了Suggestion 2 空后有代词they，it的，一般是不对的。（因为代词不能跨句，如果在代词前面加一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是有例外存在，比如一段中只有一个主语。）Suggestion 3 优先考虑段落最后的空。（因为放在最末尾

10、，对文章内容影响小。）Example 1:Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discov

11、eries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.4 steps S1: 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接

12、符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3: 插入 S4: 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1. extinct adj.: (esp of a type of animal, etc) no longer in existence 2. bridge a gap: (a) fill an awkward or empty space; (b) reduce the distance (between widely contrasting groups)3. mammal: any of the class of animals that give birth to live of

13、fspring and feed their young on milk from the breast 4. intermediate: (a) situated or coming between two people, things, etc in time, space, degree, etc; (b) between elementary and advanced 5. transitional: 过渡的6. reconstruct：construct or build again, after damage；create again (sth that has existed o

14、r happened) by using evidence or imagination7. origin：starting-point; source Example 2:The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area a

15、re the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. 4 steps S1: 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接

16、或指代词 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3: 插入 S4: 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1. raise: bring up (a child, etc); breed (farm animals); grow or produce (crops)2. livestock: animals kept on a farm for use or profit, eg cattle or sheep3. arid: (of land or climate) having little or no rainfall; dry 4. domi

17、nant: most important or prominent5. vegetation: plants in general6. consequence: thing that is a result or an effect of sth else 7. excessive: greater than what is normal or necessary; extreme 8. graze: (of cattle, sheep, etc) eat growing grass 9. trample: tread heavily on sth/sb so as to cause dama

18、ge or destruction 10. pulverize: grind or smash (sth) to powder or dust 11. accelerate: make (sth) move faster or happen earlier; increase the speed of 12. reliance: confidence or trust in sb/sth13. tract: large stretch or area of land 14. susceptible: easily influenced or harmed by sth Example 3:Be

19、fore 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material s

20、upplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory pr

21、oduction.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.4 steps S1: 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3: 插入 S4: 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1. artisan: skilled workman or craftsman 2. impart: give (a quality)

22、to sth 3. apprentice: person who has agreed to work for a skilled employer for a fixed period in return for being taught his trade or craft 4. journeymen: trained worker who works for an employer 5. raw material6. tend: take care of or look after (sb/sth)Example 4:Because they are always swimming, t

23、unas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most hav

24、e largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.4 steps S1: 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3: 插入 S4: 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1. tuna: 金枪鱼2. gill: 鳃3. bladder: 膀胱;（任何可充气的

25、）囊状物4. sac: bag-like part of an animal or plant （动植物组织中的）囊, 液囊.5. buoyant: (of an object) able to float Example 5:Modern architectural forms generally have three seperate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces,

26、 equipment, similar to the bodys vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.However, some modern

27、architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.4 steps S1: 阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词 S2: 在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象 S3: 插入 S4: 检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1. comparable: able or suitable to be compared2. interior3. vital4

28、. plumbing: system of water-pipes, water-tanks, cisterns, etc in a building 管道装置5. igloo: small dome-shaped housebuilt by Eskimos from blocks of hard snow as a temporary shelter6. concrete: existing in material form; that can be touched, felt, etc 以物质形式存在的; 具体的; definite; positive7. inflate: 充气 膨胀8.

29、 unify: form (sth) into a single unit or make uniform Example 6:Before Coopers time, American readers had generally looked to European authors as the source of much of their literature. These novels naturally dealt with European issues rather than American ones. After the success of Coopers Novels,

30、however, Americans were no longer content with this situation. They began to demand novels that took place in American settings and dealt with American issues. Therefore, Coopers novel were influential in prompting the growth of American literature in general. In short, they wanted novels for Americans, written by Americans.Vocabulary1. be content with: be satisfied with what one has; not wanting more; happy 2. prompt: adj. done without delay; punctual; v. cause or incite (sb) to do sth Example 7: Social Darwinism, t