精选非谓语课件附精美插图

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词一一. .概念概念：在句子中充当除谓语之外的各种句在句子中充当除谓语之外的各种句子成分的子成分的动词动词。二二. .种类：种类：(3(3种种) )1.1.不定式不定式 2.2.动名词动名词 3.3.分词（现在分词；过去分词）分词（现在分词；过去分词）主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语补语补语 to do 现在分词现在分词 过去过去分词分词 动名词动名词 （一）（一） 动名动名词词在句中起名词作用可以单独在句中起名词作用可以单独使用使用或引起短语做或引起短语做主、宾、表、定语，没有人称，数的变化，但主、宾、表、定语，没有人称，数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。否定式在前加

2、有时态、语态的变化。否定式在前加not. 主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doing being done完成式完成式 having done having been done否定式否定式not doingnot having donenot being donenot having been done1.动名词的时态动名词的时态:动名词的一般式动名词的一般式:表示动作和谓语动词同表示动作和谓语动词同时或稍后发生时或稍后发生。 Reading makes us happy. The old mans hobby is playing chess.动名词的完成式动名词的完成式:表

3、示动名词的动作发生表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前在谓语动词动作之前。（口语中有时用一般式代替完成式）（口语中有时用一般式代替完成式） The boy admitted having broken the glass. I regret having done / doing / to have done it.2.动名词的被动语态动名词的被动语态:动名词一般式的被动语态动名词一般式的被动语态 How can he enter the room without being noticed? Before being used , the machine should be tested.

4、动名词完成式的被动语态动名词完成式的被动语态 The reporter was surprised at having been treated as a spy.3.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构: 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 名词所有格名词所有格 + 动名词动名词 宾格宾格(代词代词/名词作动名词的逻辑主语名词作动名词的逻辑主语)动名词复合结构的否定式把动名词复合结构的否定式把not放在形容词性物主代词放在形容词性物主代词/名词所有格和动名词之间名词所有格和动名词之间。 His being late made us unhappy.（主） My mother forgave me

5、telling a lie.（宾） What surprised me was your not handing in your paper.（表）4.动名词的用法动名词的用法:作主语作主语(1)谓语动词通常用单数。谓语动词通常用单数。(2)表示经常的、习惯的动作或情况，或抽象的一般行表示经常的、习惯的动作或情况，或抽象的一般行为；而表示偶尔的或具体的尤其将来的行为用不定式。为；而表示偶尔的或具体的尤其将来的行为用不定式。 Seeing is believing. Reading aloud is important in learning English. Once your busines

6、s becomes international, flying constantly will be part of your life. To finish the work takes two hours.it 作形式主语代替动名词作形式主语代替动名词 It is no use /good /need /pleasure + doing It is useless doing It is a waste of time doing It is fun doing There be no doing There is no joking about such things. There is

7、 no sense/point/use/good/need+doing作表语，说明主语的具体内容。作表语，说明主语的具体内容。 My favorite sport is swimming.动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别与作主语的动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别与作主语的区别相同。区别相同。动名词和不定式作主语、表语要保持一致性。动名词和不定式作主语、表语要保持一致性。 To see is to believe.如果表语是表示目的、愿望、计划或某一特定的如果表语是表示目的、愿望、计划或某一特定的行为，尤其是将来的行为或有待于实现的行为时，行为，尤其是将来的行为或有待于实现的行为时，表语通常用不

8、定式。表语通常用不定式。 My purpose/wish/hope/plan/ideais to climb the mountain from the south.作定语作定语表示被修饰名词的性能、用途，放在表示被修饰名词的性能、用途，放在被修饰词前。被修饰词前。 a swimming pool a waiting room = a room for waiting an operating table building materials a walking stick 作宾语作宾语只接动名词作宾语的只接动名词作宾语的vt.及短语及短语admit、advise、allow、apprecia

9、te、avoid、permit、consider、deny、delay、enjoy、 miss、 suggest、finish、escape、 practise、 risk、mind、 excuse、imagine、keep、understandcant help 、give up、insist on、feel like、look forward to、devote to、pay attention to、get down to、thank for、be busy、be worth、lead to have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doinghave

10、a good /hard time doingbe used to doing when it comes to doing 当谈到当谈到begin /start在下列三种情况下用不定式在下列三种情况下用不定式:主语是物主语是物 It suddenly began to rain.用于进行时用于进行时后接表示心理活动的后接表示心理活动的v：see、 realize 、understand、know We are beginning to realize theimportance of knowledge. want need require deserve + doing 主动表被动主动表被

11、动there be 的动名词的动名词 there being I have never dreamed of there being a new car.there be 的不定式的不定式 there to be I expect there to be a new car.(二二)分词分词:分为现在分词、过去分词两种分为现在分词、过去分词两种有有v./adj./adv. 特征，在句中作表语、补语、特征，在句中作表语、补语、定语、状语。定语、状语。因为分词保留动词的某些特征，可有自己的因为分词保留动词的某些特征，可有自己的宾语和状语，故称为分词短语。宾语和状语，故称为分词短语。分词无人称、数的

12、变化，有时态和语态的变分词无人称、数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。化。vt.的过去分词既表示的过去分词既表示动作完成动作完成又表示又表示被动被动的的含义。含义。vi.的过去分词只表示的过去分词只表示完成完成不表示被动。不表示被动。分词的否定式在前加分词的否定式在前加not。vt.vi.现在分词现在分词主动主动被动被动主动主动 一般式一般式 doing being done doing 完成式完成式 having done having been donehaving done过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词变化如下：过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词变化如下：1.现在分词的时态现在分词的时态一般式：表

13、示分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几一般式：表示分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎乎同时发生。同时发生。 Do you hear someone shouting outside now? Hearing the shouts , the children ran out at once.完成式：表示分词动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作之完成式：表示分词动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常用作状语。前发生，常用作状语。 Having lived abroad for 30 years, the man returned to his motherland. Not having made e

14、nough preparations , they decided to put off the sports meet.2.现在分词的语态现在分词的语态现在分词一般式的被动语态现在分词一般式的被动语态:表示某事正在被做，常用作状语或定语。表示某事正在被做，常用作状语或定语。 The building being built now is a hospital. Not being seen by the teacher, he slid into the classroom.现在分词完成式的被动语态：现在分词完成式的被动语态：表示某事已经被做完，常用作状语，不用作定语。表示某事已经被做完，常

15、用作状语，不用作定语。（作定语不用（作定语不用 having been done，而用，而用done） Having been sent to the countryside, he had to leave the city. Not having been told the news, they didnt attend the meeting.3.现在分词和过去分词的区别：现在分词和过去分词的区别：现在分词表示动作正在进行；现在分词表示动作正在进行； 过去分词表示动作已完成。过去分词表示动作已完成。 a developing country / a developed country b

16、oiling water / boiled water语态上的区别语态上的区别: 现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。主动与被动取决于分词的逻辑主语，当分词的逻辑主动与被动取决于分词的逻辑主语，当分词的逻辑主语与其是主语与其是 主动关系用现在分词主动关系用现在分词; 被动关系用过去分词。被动关系用过去分词。 The teacher came into the classroom， followed by a group of students. following a group of students.4.分词的用法：分词的用法：作表语：作表语：其逻辑主语是该句子

17、的主语，主动关系用现在其逻辑主语是该句子的主语，主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词；现在分词表示主语的特征、分词，被动关系用过去分词；现在分词表示主语的特征、性质；过去分词则表示主语所处的状态。性质；过去分词则表示主语所处的状态。 The book is interesting . Im interested in the book. The scene is moving. The crowd are moved.做定语：做定语：其逻辑主语是分词所修饰的其逻辑主语是分词所修饰的n. 或或 pron.若分词若分词和逻辑主语为主动关系用现在分词，被动关系则用过去分和逻辑主语为主动关系用现在分

18、词，被动关系则用过去分词。单个分词作定语放在所修饰词。单个分词作定语放在所修饰n.前，分词短语做定语放前，分词短语做定语放在所修饰词后。在所修饰词后。 written English / spoken English The swimming boy is my brother.分词做宾补：分词做宾补：分词做宾补，逻辑主语是句子的宾语。分词做宾补，逻辑主语是句子的宾语。与逻辑主语是主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分与逻辑主语是主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。感官动词和使役动词后常接分词做宾补。词。感官动词和使役动词后常接分词做宾补。feel、listen to、hear、let、ma

19、ke、have、 see、look at、watch、notice、observe、find、catch、keep、 get、leave分词作状语：分词作状语：其逻辑主语是该句子的主语，两者间是主动关系用现在其逻辑主语是该句子的主语，两者间是主动关系用现在分词，被动关系则用过去分词；分词作状语大都可以转分词，被动关系则用过去分词；分词作状语大都可以转化成状语从句。化成状语从句。分词可做原因、时间、条件、结果、让分词可做原因、时间、条件、结果、让步、伴随、比较状语。步、伴随、比较状语。 Not knowing his address, I cant go to see him. As/Becau

20、se I dont know his address, 1) Not hearing from him, I write a letter again.2) Being ill, he didnt go to school.3) Inspired by the teacher, the children worked harder.4) Dont talk when eating.5) Opening the box , he cried. On opening the box, he cried.6)Having finished the experiment , he went home.

21、 After he had finished the experiment, he went home. After finishing the exam, he went home.7)Studying hard, youll pass the exam. If you study hard, youll pass the exam. Study hard and you will pass the exam.8) If we are given more time ,we will do it better. more time, well do it better. 9) A big e

22、arthquake happened in Wenchuan, making many people homeless.10) Though it weighs 100 kilograms, the box is moved. Weighing 100 kg, the box is moved. 11) His father died, leaving him a lot of money.12) Lacking money, I have to ask my parents for help.13) Tom came, riding his bike.14) The students cam

23、e into the classroom, talking and laughing.注意：做伴随或方式状语的分词不能用从句替注意：做伴随或方式状语的分词不能用从句替换，只是伴随主句动作发生，或说明主句动作换，只是伴随主句动作发生，或说明主句动作的方式。的方式。注：注：1.有时分词可用作连词加以强调有时分词可用作连词加以强调,如：如：considering: prep./conj. 考虑到考虑到 Considering his age, he is strong. taking into consideration 考虑到考虑到given (that): prep./conj. 如果有如果有;

24、考虑到考虑到 Given his support, well win the electionprovided / providing (that): conj. 倘若倘若（比（比if文雅，但不可用在假设句）文雅，但不可用在假设句） Ill go provided/providing (that) it doesnt rain.2.有些分词短语可做独立成分，用来解释整个句有些分词短语可做独立成分，用来解释整个句子，不受句子的主语限制。子，不受句子的主语限制。generally/ honestly /frankly +speaking judging from/ by talking of /s

25、peaking of 谈到谈到 Judging from his accent, he must come from Henan. Talking of travel, have you been to Beijing?不定式是由无意义的小品词不定式是由无意义的小品词to加动词原形构成，加动词原形构成，无人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立做谓语；无人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立做谓语；不定式具有不定式具有n./adj.和和adv.特征，并仍然保留动特征，并仍然保留动词的某些特征；不定式可有自己的宾语、状语，词的某些特征；不定式可有自己的宾语、状语，且有时态、语态的变化；且有时态、语态的变化；不定式

26、的否定式是在不定式的否定式是在to前加前加not或或never.不定式的时态与语态：不定式的时态与语态： 不定式不定式主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式to doto be done进行式进行式to be doing 完成式完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式完成进行式to have been doing 1.不定式的时态不定式的时态:不定式的一般式，用来表示不定式的动作或状不定式的一般式，用来表示不定式的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作后或与谓语动词动作同时态发生在谓语动词动作后或与谓语动词动作同时发生。发生。 I want to go there

27、 tomorrow.（之后）（之后） I plan to attend the meeting.（同时）（同时） I am glad to see you.（同时）（同时）不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作与谓语动不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。词表示的动作同时进行。 I happened to be sleeping when you called me . The two men pretended to be working hard.不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作前。语动作前。 Im sorry to

28、have kept you waiting so long. I happened to have seen the film.不定式的完成进行式，表示不定式动作在谓语不定式的完成进行式，表示不定式动作在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前一直在进行，到谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前一直在进行，到谓语动作发生时，可能停止，也可能继续下去。动作发生时，可能停止，也可能继续下去。 Im happy to have been working with yousince you came here. He is said to have been teaching for 30 years.2.不定式的被动语态

29、不定式的被动语态:不定式一般式的被动语态：不定式一般式的被动语态：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生且与逻辑主语构成被动关系。其后发生且与逻辑主语构成被动关系。 The manager wanted the letter to be typed at once. The book is said to be translated into Japanese.不定式完成式的被动语态：不定式完成式的被动语态：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，且表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，且与逻辑主语间为被动关系。与逻辑主语间为被动关系。

30、Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears to have been told everything. I m glad to have been invited to speak here.3.不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构:一般来说，不定式动作的执行者为主句的主语，一般来说，不定式动作的执行者为主句的主语，但有时不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这时但有时不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这时须用不定式的复合结构：须用不定式的复合结构：for n./pron. to do 或或of n./pron. to do 常用作主语、宾语、表语

31、、定语、常用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。状语。 It is important for us to master grammar rules.注意：在这一结构中，如果注意：在这一结构中，如果adj.侧重于评价人物特侧重于评价人物特征、性格、品质等，将征、性格、品质等，将for改为改为of.常用常用adj.如：如：kind, nice, good, cruel, foolish, stupid, silly, clever, smart, wise, brave, crazy, careless, careful, polite, impolite, selfish, generous, r

32、ight, considerate I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time. Their hope is for Mary to live with them. There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overcome. The poem is too hard for me to understand.4.不定式的用法不定式的用法:能作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。能作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。作主语，谓语动词用单数。作主语，谓语动

33、词用单数。 To get up early is a good habit. To see is to believe .常用常用it作形式主语：作形式主语：It is + adj./n.+ to do for sb to do It is important for us to learn English . It + v.+宾语宾语(+补语补语) + to do sth. It took me a year to save up for a new coat. It made us happy to hear from him.It + be + 介词短语介词短语 + to do sth.

34、 It is beyond my power to answer this question.作宾语作宾语:常接不定式作宾语的v.如：agree, pretend, afford, want, would like, hope, wish, manage, prefer, like, hate, help, promise, decide注意注意:不定式作宾语，如果其后带有宾语补足不定式作宾语，如果其后带有宾语补足语常用语常用it作形式宾语。常见动词有：作形式宾语。常见动词有：think, make, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find等等。 I do

35、nt think it necessary to master a foreign language without much memory work. 在在tell, teach, explain, learn, advise, show, know, decide, understand, discuss, ask, wonder, find out等动词后，常用等动词后，常用“how/what/whether/where/when/who等疑问词等疑问词+不定式不定式”构成的短语作宾语。（注意：此用法中不定式构成的短语作宾语。（注意：此用法中不定式的逻辑主语需要与主句的主语或宾语保持一致

36、，的逻辑主语需要与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则就要用宾语从句）。否则就要用宾语从句）。 It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows what to do with it.(2002 NMET) 介词后一般不直接接不定式作宾语，但介词后一般不直接接不定式作宾语，但可以接可以接“疑问词疑问词 + 不定式不定式”构成的不定式构成的不定式短语作宾语。（短语作宾语。（but, except, besides 可可接不定式作宾语）如：接不定式作宾语）如： Marx gave some advice o

37、n how to learn English. They had no choice but to lie down to sleep. He did nothing this morning but chat on the phone.作表语：作表语：除除be动词外动词外, seem, remain, happen, prove, turn out, appear也常接不定式作表语。当用也常接不定式作表语。当用desire, hope, wish, aim, purpose, job等等表示目的、愿望的词作主语时，其表示目的、愿望的词作主语时，其表语多用不定式表示将来。表语多用不定式表示将来

38、。 He seems to be very happy. My job is to teach. My wish is to pass the entrance exam.注意：当不定式作表语时，前注意：当不定式作表语时，前有有do的各种形式时，后不定式常的各种形式时，后不定式常省略省略to. What I want to do now is (to) have a good sleep. The only thing to do is study hard.be to blame 应应受责备受责备 Who is to blame? Who should be blamed？作定语：作定语：放

39、在所修饰的放在所修饰的n./pron.之后之后,它的逻辑主语就是它它的逻辑主语就是它修饰的修饰的n./pron.在时间上倾向于将来。在时间上倾向于将来。不定式和它修饰的不定式和它修饰的n./pron.是逻辑上的是逻辑上的主谓关系主谓关系用主动语态。用主动语态。 Who is the first person to answer the question？不定式和它修饰的不定式和它修饰的n./pron.是是动宾关系，用被动动宾关系，用被动语态。语态。 I was the second to be interviewed.不定式作定语修饰被序数词，最高级，不定式作定语修饰被序数词，最高级，the

40、last, the very, the only修饰的修饰的n./pron.或很多特定的或很多特定的名词后也可用不定式做定语，如名词后也可用不定式做定语，如:way, time, chance, right, reason, effort, possibility, hope, pleasure, opportunity, need, wish, ability, courage, promise, ambition You have no right to break the school rules . He has no chance to pass the exam. He has t

41、he ability to read and write in Japanese. 注意：注意：1)不定式和所修饰的不定式和所修饰的n./pron.是动宾关系，是动宾关系，并和该句子另一名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系，并和该句子另一名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系，则主动表被动。则主动表被动。 I have a lot of work to do. Please give me a book to read.2)There be +主语主语+不定式的结构中，不定式常用不定式的结构中，不定式常用主动，也可用被动。主动，也可用被动。 There is a lot of work to do. There

42、 is nothing to worry about . to be worried about.不定式作定语，若是不定式作定语，若是vi.后需加后需加prep. I want a pen to write with. He is a nice person to work with.作状语，用来修饰作状语，用来修饰v.表目的、原因或结果。表目的、原因或结果。做目的状语：不定式可放句首，要用逗号隔做目的状语：不定式可放句首，要用逗号隔开，也可放句尾不用逗号。开，也可放句尾不用逗号。 Please water the flowers to make them grow faster. To sp

43、end my holiday, I enjoy going abroad. in order to/so as to (不放在句首不放在句首)“为了为了” 做原因状语：主要用在表示人的情感或心理做原因状语：主要用在表示人的情感或心理状态的状态的adj.或分词之后，如：或分词之后，如：angry, anxious, glad, content, delighted, determined, willing, sorry, surprised, lucky, pleased, proud, disappointed, excited, foolish, happy等。等。 You were sil

44、ly not to have locked your car. I was surprised to watch him eat so quickly. Im glad to see you. He felt disappointed not to have been invited.在不定式前出现某些在不定式前出现某些adj.时尽管不时尽管不定式与该句的主语是逻辑上的动宾关定式与该句的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式仍用主动形式，如：系，不定式仍用主动形式，如： light, heavy, hard, difficult, easy, safe, comfortable, pleasant,

45、dangerous, expensive, cheap, hot, cold等。等。 The chair is comfortable to sit on.做结果状语：表示出乎意料的结果，而现在分做结果状语：表示出乎意料的结果，而现在分词表示自然而然的结果。词表示自然而然的结果。tooto do, suchas to do, soto do He is so kind to help an old man get off the bus . never to do, only to do(常指意想不到的结果常指意想不到的结果) The news reporter hurried to the

46、airport, only to be told the film stars had left. His father went to Taiwan in 1949, never tobe heard from.as if to do/as though to do 好像要做好像要做（方式状语）（方式状语） She raised her head as if to say something. The baby reached out his hands as if to ask for his mum.做宾补：做宾补：宾语补足语是说明宾语行为、状态、特征的，宾宾语补足语是说明宾语行为、状态、特征的，宾语和宾补合称为复合宾语，宾语和宾补间是主谓语和宾补合称为复合宾语，宾语和宾补间是主谓关系。如：关系。如：ask/invite/warn/cause/advise/get/permit/encourage/persuade/tell/want/beg/ desire/prefer/expect/request/order/allow/ consider/force/teach等。等。 Our teacher asked us to do our homework. We think money to be important. Bell is co