深圳牛津重点初中英语语法总汇

1、深圳牛津初中英语语法总汇名词（一） 概述名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：人的名字Li Ming, Tom地方名称China, London职业称呼teacher, doctor物品名称pencil, dictionary行为名称study, invention抽象概念history, grammar（二）普通名词和专有名词1 .普通名词凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：1）个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：He has

2、 two aunts.他有两个姑姑。Most classrooms have computers.多数教室里都有电脑。也可指抽象东西，例如：We ve lived here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。I had a dream last night我昨晚做了一个梦。个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.2）集体名词集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：family （家，家庭）army （军队）company（公司；全体船员）enem

3、y（敌人）government（政府）group （小组，团体） public （公众）team （队；组）police （警方）作复数看待作单数看待精心整理His family isn't large. 他家人不多。The government is planning to build a dam here.政府打算在这里建一座水坝。The public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。The government are discussing the p

4、lan.政府在讨论这个计划。The public were deceived by the newspaper.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待,想到它的成员时作复数看待：精心整理例如：有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.我们公司将派他去柏林工作。有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：The police are looking for him.警察正在找他。3）物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：beer, cloth, co

5、al, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool 等。一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： a.有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：Tree beers, please.请来三杯啤酒。A chocolate ice-cream for me.给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。b.

6、有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.这是种特另U的茶，有桔子花叶。It was a delicious wine. 那是一种美味的红酒。c.个别物质名词可用于受薮形式或有特殊意义：It was now the time of the spring rains.现在是春天雨季的时候。Here are the snows of last year. 这是去看的积雪。d.辐象名词抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不 定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：age

7、, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health,help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, LI pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：safety firs

8、t!安全第一！I t' s wonderful weather.天气好极了。但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。There' s a beauty in simplicity.朴实之中有一种美。2 .专有名词专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua2）地名：Beijing, West精心整理Lake3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians4）某些抽象事物的

9、名称：English, Chinese5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter 6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom专有名词的第一个字母要大写。（三）可数名词和不可数名词名词按所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词 a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：单数复数a country a class a sheep a tomatocountriesclasses sheep tomatoes质名词

10、和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰， 也不存在复数形式，如ice （冰），water （水），rice （稻子）等。在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它 们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。作不口数名词作可数名词glass玻璃 paper纸张 time时间 work消息玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜 报纸；文件；考卷 次数；时代 单词；话语一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少 名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也 要特另U注意， 发

11、如：fun , work , advice , weather , homework , news , money ,information , bread , hair ）, chalk , furniture 等。（四）可数名词复数形式的构成可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加 -s或-es ,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：情况构成方法例词埃日一般情况在词尾加-sdesQ desks map> maps-s在请辅音后发s音精心整理day days girl girls-s在兀首私浊畏 音后发z以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词在词尾加-esbus buses boxb

12、oxes watchwatches fish fisheses发iz 音以辅音字母加y 结尾的词变y为I再加-esfamily families factory factories party parties-ies 发iz音以兀音字母y结 尾的词在词尾加-sday days boy boys keykeys-s发z音以f或fe结尾的 词变f或fe为v 再加-esknife knives life lives wife fwiveshalf halves-ves 发vz音1;以辅音字母加o 结尾的词在词尾加-espotato potatoes tomatotomatoes heroheroes

13、-es发z音以兀音字母加o 结尾的词在词尾加-sradio radios zoo- zoos-s发z音少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photophotos,pianopianos 等。有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs,roofroofs 等。英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：manrmen,womanwomen, FrenchmanFrenchmen, child children, tooth teeth,foot feet, goose geese, mouses mice,

14、sheep sheep, deer deer,fish fish 等。（五）名词的所有格在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上s,用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。1 .名词所有格的构成名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加So例如： the boy' s schoolbag 这男孩的书包the worker ' s shoes 这个二人的鞋精心整理2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加（在s的右上角）即可如：the teachers ' office老师们的办公室the students 'classroom学生们的教室3）复数名词如

15、果不以s结尾，则在词尾加s如： Womens Day 妇女节the People' s Park 人民公园2 .名词所有格的用法名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。例如： He is Mary' s younger brother.他是玛丽的弟弟。They are reading Lei Feng ' s Diaries.他们在读雷锋的日记。2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。例如： Our school is half an hour ' s walk from here.我们学校离这儿步行有

16、半小时的距离。Beijing is China ' s capital.北京是中国的首都。3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。例如：The front door of the house was painted red.那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。例如： My sister often goes to my uncle ' s.我的妹妹经常到我叔叔

17、家去。You look ill. You ' d better go to the doctor ' s.你脸色不好，最好去看看病。5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。例如：I am using my dictionary. You can u se Tonrf s. 我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick ' s.我们的寝室比约翰私迪克 的大得多，（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达1 .两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty o

18、f, a lot of, lots of等。例如： Please give me some paper.请给我些纸。I don ' t want to borrow any magazines.我不想借什么杂志。2 .用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, apair of, a few, few 等。例如： You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。Several days later, a group

19、of students went to help the old man.几天以精心整理后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。3 .用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of,a piece of, quite a little, little,例如：I want a piece of red chalk.Please give her a bit of bread.等。我想要一支红粉笔。 请给她一点面包。1.作主语2 .作表语3 .作宾语4 .作宾语补足语5 .作定语6 .作状语7 .与介词组成词组8 .作介词宾语1. hous

20、e4. orange7. brush10. city13. class16. dictionary（七）名词的用法例如： The radio says that it may stop raining later.广播说一会儿雨可能会停。例 Class 3 were the winners. 三班获胜了 例如：I told him a story 我给他讲了个故事。例如：He named her Jenny.他给她取名詹妮。例如： We are discussing the population problem. 我 们正在讨论人口问题。例如：He sat here a long time.他

21、坐在这儿很久了。例如：I am working hard on my Chinese.我正在努力学习汉语。例如：Give the money to your sister.把钱给你姐三、随堂监测A组1 .写出下列名词的复数形式：2 . v川age 3. map5. bag 6. exercise8. family 9. bus11. box 12. baby14. factory 15. glass17. watch 18. woman19. match 20. man 21. wish 'I I22. German 23. tomato 24. policeman 25. kilo

22、26. human 27. potato28. Chinese 29. shelf 30. Japanese31. leaf 32. American 33. life34. tooth 35. wife 36. foot37. knife 38. sheep 39. half40. child四、随堂监测B组IV.选择填空：1. I want to buy.精心整理A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottleof inks D. two bottles of inks2. They don ' t have to d

23、o today.A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homeworkD. much homeworks3. The of machine made us feel sick.A. voiceB. noiseC. soundD. noises4. The blouse is made of.A. a woolB. these wood C. woolsD. wool5. There are three and seven in the picture.A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheepD. c

24、ow, sheepsC.C. Kate andC. Mary6. June 1 is.A. children ' s dayB. children ' s DayChildren ' s DayD. Children ' s day7. room is next to their parents '.A. Kate' s and Joan' sB. Kate' s and JoanJoan' sD. Kate and Joan8. Miss Green is a friend of.A. Mary' s mothe

25、r' sB. Mary' s mothermother, sD. mother' s of Mary9. Tom is. He will come to see me.A. my a friendB. a friendC. mine friendD. a friend of mine10. Sheep white and milk also white.A. is, areB. are, isC. is, isD. are, are11. I ' d like to have a glass of milk and.A. two breadsB. two pie

26、ces ofbreadsC. two pieces of breadD. two piece ofbread12. It ' s a long to Paris. It ' s two thousand kilometers.A. streetB. roadC. wayD. end精心整理13. Many are singing over there.A. womanB. womenC. girlD. child14. He bought.A. two pairs of shoesB. two pair ofshoesC. two pairs of shoeD. two pai

27、r ofshoeA. child15. Mr. White has threeB. childrenC. childsD. childrens16. Beijing is one of the biggest in the world.A. citysB. cityC. cityesD. cities17.A. the room 202Where s Mr. White? - Hd s inB. Room 202C. the Room 202D. room 20218. Shops, hospitals and schools are all.A. placesB. homesC. rooms

28、D. buildings19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a to his office.A. 20 minutes ' walksB. 20 minute ' s walkC.20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk20. -Are these? - No, they aren ' t. They ' re.cowA. sheep, cowsB.sheep, cowC.sheeps,D. sheeps, cows21. There are many in the fridge.A. fishB. fr

29、uitC. eggsD. bread22. - Whose room is this? - It ' s.A. Li MingB. Li Ming ' sC. Li MingsD. Li Mings '23. Here are for you, Sue.A. potatosB. some potatoes C. threetomatos D. some tomato24. Here are some birthday cards with our best for her.A. wishB. hopeC. wishes精心整理D.hopes25. I always go

30、 to that to buy food on Sunday.A. shopB. parkC. zooD. garden26. What' s the Chinese for " PRC ?A.中国人民解放军B.中华人民共和国C. 联合国D.中国共产党27. Sam gave Ann some to look after Polly while he was away.A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D.messages28. - Which of the following animals lives only

31、in China? - The.A. monkey B. elephant C. pandaD.cat29. room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily ' s C. Lucy' s and Lily D. Lucy' sand Lily ' s30. The third month of the year is.A. March B. January C. February D.April31. Mum, I ' m quite thirsty. Please give me.A

32、. two orangeB.two bottle of orangesC. two bottles of orangeD. two bottles oforanges32. How wonderful! The is made of.A. house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D.houses, glasses33. I met somein the park and talked with them the other day.%,I IA. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English3

33、4.is the best time for planting trees.A. Summer B. Winter C. SpringD. Autumn35. Tomwas badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the as quickly as possible.A. bank B. post office C.shopD.hospital36. There are two in the room.A. shelf B. shelfsC.shelfes D.shelves37. There are seven in a week.A. ye

34、ars B. months C. days D. minutes38. My father is a. He works in a hospital.精心整理A. teacher B. doctorC. farmer D. writer39. It ' s very cold today. Why don ' t you put on your?A. watch B. shirtC.sweater D. glasses40. - Excuse me, are you? - Yes, I ' m from.A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chin

35、ese C. England, English D. American,AmericaV.各地中考题选编：1. - Where is Tom? - He s left a saying that he has somethingimportant to do.A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news2. There is no in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.A. room B. a room C. roomsD. seats3. - Would you like some? - Oh, yes

36、. Just a little.A. pears B. oranges C. sugarD.apples4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONon. KEEPIN A COLDPLACEA. food B. money C. clothesD. books5. Mr. Green has lived in the hotel since he came to China.A. five-star B. five-stars C. fivestar ' s D.five stars6. She was born in Wuhan, but Be

37、ijing has become her second.A. home B. family C. houseD. place7. - What s the today? - It ' s June 26.A. day B. dateC. timeD. hour8. English is spoken as a first language in.A. the USA B. India C. JapanD. China9. comes from cows.A. Wool B. Chicken C. PorkD. Milk10. Which of the following does pa

38、per burn in?A. co2 B.N2C.O2D.H211. Let the children go away. They ' re making too much _ here.A. noise B. voice C. noisyD.sounds12 .comes from sheep and some people like eating it.A. Wool B. Pork C. MuttonD.Milk13 .- Oh, thereisn ' t enough f orus in the lift.精心整理- It doesn ' t matter, l

39、et ' s wait for the next.A. ground B. floor C. placeD.room14.is the biggest city in China.A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. GuangzhouD.Kunming15. The Englishman Stephenson （ 史蒂芬孙）,invented.A. the ship B. the car C. the planeD.thetrain冠词重点知识归纳及讲解（一）概说1 .冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其 词义。英语中有两个冠词：1）定

40、冠词the 2）不定冠词a/an定冠词the通常读作口，在元音前读作i,特别强调或单念时读作i:。不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式，读作n;在其他情况下则使用a,读作口 。2 .冠词的基本意义不定冠词a/an与数词one同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词单数前。例如：She is a nurse.她是个护士。He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.他是一位英国人，有一个爱尔兰妻子。定冠词the ,与this同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个 特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。例如：That

41、9; s the book you want.这就是你要的那本书。Who s the young man over there?那边那个年轻人是谁？但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。例如：Put it on the table.把它放在桌上。Shut the door, please.请把门关上。3 .特指和泛指一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。 （泛指）Ask the gentleman to come in.请那位先生进来。（特指）在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指

42、时则有三种情况：1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如：She sent me a postcard她寄给我精心整理一张明信片。2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用 some, any这类词。例如： These are new words. 这些是生词。She sent me some flowers.她送给我一些花。3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。例如：It ' s lovely weather.天气真好。Do you want any sugar in your tea?你茶里要放点糖吗?Give us some help.给我们一些帮助。（二）不定冠

43、词的基本用法1 .泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”）例如：His father is a doctor.他父亲是医生。2 .代表某一类人或事物，相当于any （+名词）（不必译为“一”，）但必须用a,表示类别）例如：A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。3 .指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”） 例如：This book was written by a worker.这本书是一位工人写的。4 .表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）例如： Wait a moment.等一

44、下。5 .表示单位，相当于“每”的意思例如：We have three meals a day.我们每日吃三餐。6 .用于某此固定词组中例如：a few, a little, a bit （of）, a lot of 等。（三）定冠词的基本用法1 .特指某（些）人或某（些）事物例如：Give me the book.把那本书给我。2 .指谈话双方都知道的人或事物例如： Where is the doctor?医生在哪儿？3 .再次提到上文提到过的人或事物例如：I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.昨天我买了一本词典

45、。词典在家里。4 .用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物例如： The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。5 .用在序数词和形容词最高级前例如：Mr Wang teaches the first class.王先生上第一节课。Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.在所有的恒星中， 太阳离地球最近。精心整理6 .用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物例如：The horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物

46、。7 .与下列专有名词连用1)在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前例如：the Changjiang River, the Great Lake2)在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人例如：The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。8 .和某些形容词连用，表示一类人例如：the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人the dead 死人9.在一些习惯说法中the east (west, south, north) in the morni

47、ng (afternoon, evening) on the left (right)in the endgo to the cinema(四)不用冠词的几种情况1 .在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前例如： Have you ever been to Shanghai?你至 口过上海吗?We love science.我们爱好科学。2 .在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前例如：Girls can be scientists.女孩子可以当科学家。3 .在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前例如：It is hot in summer.夏天天气热。Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭

48、没有？It ' s Tuesday, August the 22nd.今天是八月二十二日，星期三。4 .称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前例如： What s the matter with you, Mike?怎么啦，迈克？ He is headmaster of our school.他是我们学校的校长。5 .学科和球类运动的名称前例如： We study English.我们学习英语。Do you like to play football?你喜欢踢足球吗？6. 名词前已有用作定语的 this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every,

49、each等代词时，不用冠词例如：That is her bike 。 那是她的自行车Each student in his class studies hard.这个班的每个学生都努力学习。7.在某些固定词组的名词前例如： at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front精心整理of, go to school, go to bed 等。三、随堂监测A组I.在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“ /”表示：1. This is old map. It is useful map.2. We have

50、 no classes in afternoon on Saturday.3.spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers second.4. Beijing is capital of China. It is beautiful city.5. Roman was not built in day.6. Chinese is quite difficult language for Mike.7. Many students will take active part in sports meet.8. There is interesting pi

51、cture on wall.9. Jenny found wallet lying on ground. wallet was Mr.Black' s.10. Which is biggest,sun,moon, or earth?11. - Which picture is more beautiful? -one on left,I think.12. - Which is way to hospital? - Go down this road andturn left on second crossing.13. more,better.14. Turners are sitt

52、ing at breakfast table.15. Joe Hill was fighter for working class.16. When was People' s Republic of China founded?17. In China first English textbooks were published in latenineteenth century.18. Afterbreakfast he went toschool onfoot.，一 _',I I19.Huanghe River lies in north of China.20. He

53、likes playing football. His sister likes playingpiano.II.单项选择：1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school2 .住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. inhospital3 .止匕亥llA. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment4 . 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the精心整理class5 .在地球上 A. on earth

54、6 .步行 A. on footB. on an earth C. on theearth7 .吃饭 A. at a table8 .乘公共汽车 A. take bus9 .在家 A. at the home10 .在工作 A. at work11 .跳高 A. jump high12 .坐飞机 A. by air13 .乘火车 A. by the trainB. at the table C.B. by busC. by thebusB. at a home C. at homeB. at the work C.B. high jump C. jump B. by the air C. on

55、 airB. by trainC. onat tableat works the high8. on the foot C. on feettrain14 .在校学习 A. in the school B. in school C. in schoolshave cold by a ship have good15 .睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed16 .感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C.17 .乘船 A. by ship B. on shipC.18 . 玩得痛快 A. have good

56、 times B. have a good time C. times19 .事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact21. 从早到晚 A. from morning to the evening B. from morning to evening C. from a morning to an evening四、随堂监测B组III.选择填空：1. There is old woman in the car.A. / B. the C. a D. an2. Shanghai is in east of China.A. / B. an C. the D. a3. Bill