新课标往年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意词义解题策略附带答案

1、2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略高考考情分析解读： 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题 型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对 一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也 可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。 通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般 有12题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在 复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义 猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上， 要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信 息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。2016年全国卷设问形

2、式例子：（1）What does the underlined word“downsideprobably mean?（2016年课标全国卷H）（2）What does the underline phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3mean （2016年课标全国卷川）in Par(3)What does the word“contributiortselast p”raigraphrefer to?(2015年课标全国卷I)常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph meansWhich of th

3、e following words is closest in meaning to the underlinedword in the last paragraph?The underlined word“_ ” in Pacagiiapt bereplaced by “_”.What does thephrase本学案结构：厂利用定义 definition 或同义解释根据常识common利用构词法单词或短语意思猜测题利用语境和逻辑关根据语法知识猜测代词指代猜测题目句子猜测句意题目附：典故谚语知识储备单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是 一个从“已知”得出“

4、未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已 知部分（尤其是该词或短语前后的句子）进行推理，有时还需 要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词 或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查 该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。定义或者同义解释: 作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤 其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定 义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用 信号词，女口i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, referto, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样， 有的利用下定义， 有的利用or, that

5、 is(to say) in other words,namely等引出后面的解释， 有的利用 破折号、 同位语(从句)、 定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。1)Anthropologyis the scientific study of man.2) .lt will be very hard but verybrittlethat is , it will break easily.3) . This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would notsurvive.A. Having been abandon

6、edB. Having been used to home lifeC. Having been used to life in the wildD. Having been weak and hungry4) . He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it upeasily.5) . She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and Frenchequally well.6） . Transparent animals let light p

7、ass through their bodies the same waylight passes through a window.7）. The schools are reluctant to take time off-even teacherswith tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the dayoff.? The underlined word “ reluctant ” may probably mean.A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless同义词（

8、近义词）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的 单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考 生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另 外一个词的意思。并列关系（同义关系）提示词：and, also,as -as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。例如.I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012,Ive done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42hours to carry stem cells(干纟

9、田胞)in my little box because rve gottwo ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stemcells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can beimplanted in the patient, we at most. So I am always conscious of time.题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “

10、courier”in Paragraph1?A. providerB. delivery man C. collectorD. medical doctor9) .Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him.10) .Mark Twain was not the authors real name; it was a pseudonym.11) .The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effectlast year.12) .l

11、f you agree, write “ Yes”; if you dissent, write “ No”.13) .Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They alsoregard drinking as harmful.ve(利用构词法猜词 英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据 构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新 词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有 助于猜测词义。根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合

12、、派生等猜测词义。super- inter-mini-micro-someanti- copost- pre- -shippro-表示“往前”progress pr? ugres n./v.进步promote v.增进，促进，提高pre-提前，领先predict vt.预测prevent vt.预防；妨碍preview n./v.预览；预习prevent记：预先pre走掉（-vent，似went） 是预防Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words.及时重复才能预防忘记单词。timely adv.及时地repetitionn.

13、重复per“每个，都，一直”personn.人percentn.百分比persistv.坚持persuade p? sweidvt.说服，劝服记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就可以说服re-表示“再次，重复，往回，repeatn./v.重复rewritev.重写，改写recallv.回想，记起;召回recoverv.重新获得，恢复reportn./v报告表示“往上”的前缀up-和in-“向下”的前缀degrade n.等级，级别，成绩upgrade _ degrade _increase n./v上升 增加decrease n./v减少，减小in-除了表示“往上” ， 更重要的意思是“往里”

14、 。 和它音近的im-，en-，em-都是“往里”的含义insidea.里面的import vt.进口记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口invite v.邀请inkn.墨水in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？往外ex-，eexport v./n出 口expand v.扩 张exitv.出口eksitexperience n.经历，经验vt.体会explainv.解释exhibitv.展览igzibit; eg-表示否定的前缀：un- unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker （常用在n. adj. adv.前） in-inactive, inhuman,indir

15、ect（常用在adj.）dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible（用在b,p,m开头的词前）il-illegalir-irreal, irregular（B） 表示错误或失当的前缀：mis-misjudge, misdirect误导）（C） .表示向背的前缀：pro-（亲 ， 支 持）pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-（ 阻止，抗）antiwar, anti-Japanese war（D） .表示程度、大小的前缀super-superstar,supermarket,superman, superpowerover-ove

16、rhead, overeat, overusemini-minibus, miniskirt, mini-carunder-underground, underestimatepre-prewarpost-postwarfore-（前，预先）foretell, forecast, foresee,weather forecast（F）.表示方位的前缀：sub-subway, submarineinter-international,interclass年级之间的）trans-（横过，通过，超越，进入）transplant,transatlantic（横渡大西洋的）常见的后缀-ment名词性后缀

17、，表“行为，结果或具体物”move v.移动； 搬家movement n.运动，活动semi-(半，部分)(E).表示时间的前缀semicircle, semiskilled,agree v.同意agreement n.同意，协议manage v.管理management n.管理-tion1. n.行动2. n.污染3. n.人口4. n.手术-ty名词后缀1. n.诚实2. n.安全3. n.多样；种类；4. n焦虑5. n.残酷-able,形容词后缀1. adj.舒服的名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态actionpollutionpopulationoperation加在形容词后面hones

18、tysafety；变化anxietycruelty,表示特性或情况variety有”能够、有某种特性”的意思comfortable2. adj.合适的suitable3. adj.时尚的，时髦的fashionable4.adj.有道理的，合理的，公道的reasonable5. adj.可信赖的，可靠的v.信赖rely reliable6. adj.大量的；可观的考虑 动词是？considerable adj.大量的，可观的7. adj.稳定的stable adj.稳定的记：s-音似“死” ；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是 很稳定的。8. adj可用的，可得到的available adj

19、可用的，可得到的-ish为形容词和名词后缀。1. adj.愚蠢的foolish2. adj.自私的selfish记忆：一条自私的鱼3. n.垃圾rubbish4. n.英语English5. adj.英国的，英国人的Britisharrival, refusal-eetrainee(受训者),employee-ful形容词后缀1. adj.鲜艳的，多姿多彩的2. adj.高兴的，愉快的3. adj.有希望的，有前途的4. adj有意义的，意味深长的5. adj.奇妙的，极好的，精彩的1.动词变名词：-ationsatisfaction, realization-mentdevelopment,

20、disappointment -alcheerfulcolourfuldelightfulhopefulmeaningfulwonderfuleducation,movement,-erteacher, worker-orvisitor, sailorwrong-doer做错事情的人补充学习over- : too much overcrowded(Overwork may cause diseases.(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes.2. en-动词前缀enable, endanger, enrich3.重要后缀-me

21、nt, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -er等4.合成词For them, playing well and winning are oftenlife-and-deatiaffairs.Down-to-earthspirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher canusually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and h

22、ighschool, stricken at the mere sight of her,ton gue-tiedn her presence.Atany rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated fromhigh school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sentoverseaduring the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were thehighlightof those

23、 terrible endless years.词性转换（解释意思）He is a man with broadshoulders.We willshoulderthe responsibilities at any time.So when someone hashurtyou,calmyourself first. Take a couple ofbreaths, and think of something that gives you pleasureKeeip mind thatforgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the a

24、ction of the personwhoupsetsyou.Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you(trouble词 性与意义？）真题 演练 A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness, or worry.利用语境及逻辑关系猜词利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、 解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某 些词语，女口or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，eve

25、n if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。利用上下文线索猜测词义重述作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重 述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开（有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号）或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put inanother way等等。典例 In th

26、e library, I found my way into the“ChildrensRoom.”I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf atrandom. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of abeagle. I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion Iever had as a child.举例作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮

27、助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such .as, forexample, for instance, like, including, especially。典例Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny,or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles thatleft them merely sad.1) . Tom must be very affluent. He wea

28、rs expensive clothes and jewelry,drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house inLondon.2) . You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, EnglishLearning, or Reader Digest.s(3) 对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两 个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whet

29、her). .or, unlike, but, yet, however,while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on thecontrary, on the other hand,but, however, although , though, while(然而),rather than, instead of等标志词。典例 If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time andbecoming bored, you can attend

30、 an upbeat group fitness class thatll keepyour workout on track.73.The underlined word “ upbeat” in the second paragraph probablymeans “_”.A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporary举例：He had been getting better, However , during the night his con diti ondeteriorated.A childs birthday party doesnt have

31、to be a hassle; instead, it can be abasket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two,ages 4 and 18 months.Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remai nsgrubby.Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to goto parties or make new f

32、riends.She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived inthe middle of her first class.对比Time is something from which we cant escape. Evwe ignore it, its still going by, tick isecawd by second,minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using yourtime well is,“ Whos in charg

33、e?”We can allow time tcby and let it be our enemy.Orwe can take control of it and make it our ally.? The underlined word “ally”most likely means somebody orsomething that is_.A. your slave and serves youB. your supporter andhelps youB. under your control and obeys you D. under your influenceand foll

34、ows you(4)因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。Signal words: because since ,so,suchthat, sothat, for, ect.I could see nothing because the light was toefaint.I feel that since you are my superior(上司),it would be presumptuous ofme to tell you what to do .”The word “ presumptuous”is closest in meaning to “_ ” .A.full o

35、f respect B.rude and too confidentC.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet词语再应用1) . The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both. a).side-by-side b). striking c). acting2) . My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and maybite you until he gets to know you.a).

36、 friendly b). kind c). unfriendly3) . The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even whenit is shallow。4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all theexhibits in one day.5) .The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes theweakness was per

37、manent. So the player could never play the sport again.因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desertplants. Pack out what you pack in,soyou leave no signs of your visit. It isimportant to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlifeexists.? What do the underlined

38、words“ pack out what you packin”probably mean?A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.B. Take away everything you bring in.C. Carry all the necessary food.D. Look after your personal belongings.再如：真题演练典例 There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varietie

39、s for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, butyoull need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its apipe dream for most applelovers who fall for it.30.What does the underlined phrase “ a pipe dream”inParagraph 3 mean?A.A practical idea.B.A vain hope.C.A brilliant plan.D.A selfish d

40、esire.典例This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried thefirst floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with achoice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, andthe second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet

41、 thenew street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.63.The underlined word“hoist”in Paragraph 4 meansA.changeB.liftC.repairD.decorate根据语法知识猜测词义 在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着 解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的 线索。典例Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before thatthere was no

42、freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires,but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, onevery powerful man ruling over helpless masses.65.What does the underlined word “tyrannies in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Countries where their people need help.B.Powerful states wi

43、th higher civilization.C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D.Governments ruled with absolute power.根据生活常识断定生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自 己已有的常识，以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社 会生活等将生词推测出来。1) . Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tendershoots(嫩 芽)，or young leaves of trees.The word “ prun

44、ing”means_A. Regular cutting of the plantsB. Frequent wateringC. Regular use of chemicalsD. Growing the plantshigh in the mountain2) . Husband:Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. Myhands are almost numb.How about lighting thefireplace?a). dying b). frozen c). hurt3) . The objects around y

45、ou are visible because they interact withlight .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow andscatter (散射) light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorblight,stopping itdeadin its tracks. Both scattering and absorption makean object look different from other obj

46、ects around it,so you can see iteasily.The underlined word“dead”in Paragraph 3 meansA.silentlyB. gradually4) . My color television has given me nothing but a headachewas ableto buy it a little over a year ago becauseI had my relatives give me moneyfor my birthday instead of a lot oft fit.I let a sal

47、esclerk fool me into buying adiscontinued model.I realized this a day later,when I saw newspaperadvertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid.Theset worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it onuntil stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately,I di

48、dnt get anychannels showingnaglht movies or I would never have gotten to bed.Which of the following can best replace the phrase “ signed off”inParagraph 1?_A.ended all their programsB.provided fewer channelsC.changed to commercialsD.showed allnight moviesC.regularlyD.completelyclothes that wouldn代词指

49、代猜测题代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it（指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人），they/them（指代人、物、事件的复数名词），he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以 及指示代词this，that，these, those等在文章中的指代意 义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：The word“it/they”in the last sentence refersto “_”. What does“that/those/them”in Paragraph 3 refer to?Sever

50、al safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providingunique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps haveexcellent horses professional guides and lots of supportworkers.Theyhave a reputation for providing a great riding experience.What does the underlined word“ They”ref

51、er to?_A.Flooded waters. B.Wildlife journeys.C.Safari camps. D.Unique rides.直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容例 However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and thengradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to getreally good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 ho

52、ursstudying and practicing.? In Paragraph 2, the underlined word“that”refers toA. being good at somethingB. setting a practical goalC. putting in more timeD. succeeding in life间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握因为代词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在 解答某些细节题时，如果不弄清代词的指代内容，就很难 选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预 指来理清上下句的衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。It was ha

53、rd to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her thefour feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins anddrag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regainedconsciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and sawsomeone else holding her pur

54、se.? When did Lisa become conscious again?A. When the train was leaving.B. After she was back on the platform.C. After the police and fire officials came.D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.Twainracial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, forexample, by the lengthy passagein his

55、autobiography （自传） about howmuch he loved what were called“ nigger showshisyouthmostly with white men performing inblack-face and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representingreality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudi

56、ce suggest his keenawareness that they did not.? What does the underlined word“they”refer to?A. The attacks B. Slavery and prejudiceC. White men D. The showsTwo 12-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search afootball. Once theyd rowed beyond the calm waters,a beach umbrella tied t

57、o the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat intoopen water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But theywere no match for jt and the boat was out of control.A. The beach B. The waterC. The boat D. The windHowever,physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simplerway,who le

58、d the new study.West said“I was inspired while watching atelevision program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramidconstructionthought,Whydont they just try rolling the things?”A squaturned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides,he realized.That, he notes,should m

59、ake a block of stone“a lot easier toroll than a square”.So he tried jt.What does the underlined word “ it ” in Paragraph 7 refer to?A.Rolling the blocks with poles attached.B.Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.C.Rolling poles to move the blocks.D.Rolling the blocks with fat.What does“itrefer to?名师点

60、津解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后 邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理 清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的 对象。因此，理解上下文（特别是上句）的意思和代词所在句 的意思是解题的关键。针对句子句意猜测题名师点津考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的 句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适 的语句对其进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有：The un