大学思辨英语精读Unit2SociologicalInvestigation参考答案

1、最新资料推荐Unit2SociologicalInvestigationTextAPreparatoryWorkExperiment:variable,hypothesis,stimulus,controlgroupSurveyResearch:sampling,questionnaire,interview,close-endedquestions,open-endedquestions,codesheet,telephonesurveyFieldResearch!observation,participantAnalysisofExistingDatacontentanalysis,sta

2、tisticsHawthorneeffect:TheHawthorneeffect(alsoreferredtoastheobservereffect)isatypeofreactivityinwhichindividualsmodifyorimproveanaspectoftheirbehaviorinresponsetotheirawarenessofbeingobserved.TheoriginalresearchattheHawthorneWorksinCicero,Illinois,onlightingchangesandworkstructurechangessuchasworki

3、nghoursandbreaktimeswereoriginallyinterpretedbyEltonMayoandotherstomeanthatpayingattentiontooverallworkerneedswouldimproveproductivity.Thisinterpretationwasdubbed“theHawthorneeffect”(open)TeachingSuggestionYoucanusethedatabanksofthetwointernationalorganizationstocheckouttheworldoranyparticularcountr

4、y'sinformationintermsofGDP,population,territoryarea,humandevelopmentindexetc.TheUnitedNations(/enj):datapage:/TheWorldBank(/):/YoucanalsousethewebsiteoftheStatisticalBureauofChinatocheckoutanystatisticalinformationab

5、outChina:CriticalReadingI. Understandingthetext1.Thesis:HowSociologyIsDone(Researchmethods/techniquesemployedinsociology)PartPara(s).MainideaIIntroduction1SociologyasascienceanditsmainresearchmethodsIIHowdoyouknowwhatyouknow?2-9Authority,tradition,religion,personalexperience,andmysticismV.S.scientif

6、icmethodsIIITheexperiment10-14Itisaresearchtechniqueinwhichtheresearchermanipulatesastimulustotesttheoriesofcauseandeffect.IVSurveyresearch15-22Itisusedanddesignedtostudysamplesi最新资料推荐inordertomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,personalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipants.VFieldresearch23-29Itismostlyre

7、semblesourdailycasualobservationsofandparticipationinsocialbehavior,aswellasourattempttounderstandsuchbehavior.VIAnalysisofexistingdata30-36It'amethodinwhichsociologistsanalyzedataoriginallycollectedbyothersVIIConclusion37Thesisrepeated:Sociologyisasciencebecauseitusesscientificresearchmethods2.

8、(1) “commorsense“Commonsenseisabasicabilitytoperceive,understand,andjudgethings,whichissharedby("common。')nearlyallpeopleandcanreasonablybeexpectedofnearlyallpeoplewithoutanyneedfordebate.However,manyofthecommonsensebeliefsareactuallylackinginsupportfromscientificevidencesandthereforebiased

9、andprejudiced.(2) Ordinarypeopleoftendefinetheirrealityandwhattheyknowthroughauthoritativeopinions,traditionalbeliefs,personalexperience,andmysticism(superstition).Themajordifferencesbetweenthiskindof“commonsense”viknowledgeandtheresults/factsidentifiedthroughscientificmethodsare:theformerarenotbase

10、donlogicalreasoningandhardevidencesandthereforetendtobesubjectiveandbiasedwhilethelatterarejustopposite.(3) Thethreemajorcomponentsofthescientificmethodaretheory,operationalization,andobservation.Theoryprovidesthefoundationforconceptssothatstatementsabouttherelationshipamongvariablescanbecreated.Ope

11、rationalizationallowsforthemeasurementofthevariablessothattheymaybeempiricallyexamined.Andobservationinvolvestheactualcollectionofdatatotestthehypothesis.TypesofSocialPhenomenaContentsfaceand1.MeaningsandsymbolsAspectsofculturesuchasnorms,worldviews,andlanguage2.PracticeVariouskindsofbehaviorsuchasv

12、otingbehaviorsormorningrituals(forexample,washingone'readingthedailynewspaper)3.EpisodesAvarietyofevents,includingdivorce,crime,illness,andhowpeoplemayreactduringtimeofdisasters,suchasearthquakes,floods,orthebanningofmusictelevisionvideo(MTV)4.EncountersTwoormorepeoplemeetingandinteractinginimme

13、diateproximitywithoneanother.Agoodexampleofthisispeopleridinginanelevator5.RolesThepositionspeopleoccupyandthebehaviorassociatedwiththosepositions:occupations,familyroles,ethnicgroups6.RelationshipsThekindsofbehaviorshowninpairsorsetsofroles:mother-daughterrelationships,friendships,andsoon7.GroupsSm

14、allgroups,suchasgangs,athleticteams,andworgroups.8.OrganizationsFormalorganizations,suchascorporationsoruniversities9.SettlementsSmaller-scale"societiessuchasvillages,ghettos,andneighborhoods(5)Method&briefdescriptionAdvantagesDisadvantagesTheexperimentisaresearchtechniqueinwhichtheresearch

15、ermanipulatesastimulustheindependentvariabletotesttheoriesofcauseandeffectExcellentdevicesfortestinghypothesesaboutcauseandeffect(canberepeatedandcanbequickinidentifyingresults)CouldexposesubjectstothepossibilityofharmSubjectsoftenbehavedifferentlyunderscientificobservationLaboratoryexperimentsareof

16、tenhighlyartificialSurveyresearchisusedanddesignedtostudysamplesinordertomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,personalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipants.Canstudysamples,limitednumbersofpeoplerepresentinganentiregroupofpeoplewhosharesimilarcharacteristicsCanbedesignedtomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,per

17、sonalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipantsItisnotthebeststrategyforstudyingdeviantorundesirablebehaviorsorforgettingatideasandfeelingsthatcannoteasilybereducedtoquestionnaireform.Itisdesignedtostudyindividualsratherthansocialcontexts.Fieldresearchismostlyresemblesourdailycasualobservationsofandpartici

18、pationinsocialbehavior,aswellasourattempttounderstandsuchbehavior.MayinvestigatevarioustypesofsocialphenomenaCanrevealthingsthatwouldnototherwisebeapparentThepresenceofanCannotberepeatedandappliedtosimilarsituationsTheresearchersasparticipantsrelyonpersonalperceptionandjudgement,thusmightbeobserving

19、,thinkingresearcheronthesceneoftheaction(acuteobservation)biasedMightsufferfromtheHawthorneeffectAnalysisofexistingdataisamethodinwhichsociologistsanalyzedataoriginallycollectedbyothers.Itincludescontentanalysis,theanalysisofexistingstatistics,andhistorical-comparativeanalysis.Widerangeofallkindsofd

20、ataSavingtimeSavingmoneyTheaccuracyofmuchexistingdatamaybedifficulttoassess.Thepotentialforerroranddistortionmeansthat“whayouseemaynotbewhatyouget.”II. Evaluationandexploration(1) Anauthorityisaspecialistincertainfieldofknowledgethereforeanauthority,specializedknowledgefromanauthorityiscloserto“trut

21、hbutheisnotaknowing-allfigure,andhemightalsobebiasedinhisattitudetowardsomeissues.Atraditionisabelieforbehaviorpasseddownwithinagrouporsocietywithsymbolicmeaningorspecialsignificancewithoriginsinthepast.Theyarefollowedbyandconsideredrightbycertaingroupofpeople,butcannotappliedtoothergroupswhohavethe

22、irowntradition;andsincetheyareformedandpasseddownfromthepast,theymightnotbeapplicabletothepresentworld.Religionsmaycontainsymbolicstories,whicharesometimessaidbyfollowerstobetrue,thathavethesidepurposeofexplainingtheoriginoflife,theUniverse,andotherthings.Traditionally,faith,inadditiontoreason,hasbe

23、enconsideredasourceofreligiousbeliefs.However,religiousbeliefsmostlylackinempiricalorscientificproof.Personalexperienceisbasedonone'srefelandrealityandthereforecloserto“reality”,butitisbasedonanindividual'sencounterandperspectireality,andcannottotallyrepresentthecommonexperiencesharedbyagrou

24、pofpeople.MysticismispopularlyknownasbecomingonewithGodortheAbsolute,butmayrefertoanykindofecstasyoralteredstateofconsciousnesswhichisgivenareligiousorspiritualmeaning.Itmayalsorefertotheattainmentofinsightinultimateorhiddentruths,andtohumantransformationsupportedbyvariouspracticesandexperiences.But

25、itisbasedonreligionorsuperstition,evenfartherawayfrombeingobjectiveandscientific.(2) Sincesociologistsbasetheirresearchandconclusiononempiricalstudywithscientificmethod,itissimilartothedisciplinesofnaturalscience,buttherearetwofactorsthatdifferentiateitfromnaturalsciences.Theobjectofstudyishumanbein

26、gwhocanbeverycomplicatedandchangewithtime.Alsothesociologistsarealsohumanbeingswhocanbesubjectiveorevenbiasedintheirstudy.Inthissense,sociologyisstillnotequaltonaturalscienceinobjectivity.(3) ThehypothesisoftheStanfordprisonexperimentisthatchangeofrolesorenvironmentcauseschangeofhumanbehavior(effect

27、Theindependent4最新资料推荐variableisthetworoles(prisonerandprisonguard)assignedtothe24studentswhoareallrandomlyselected(sampling)fromamongtheuniversitystudents,andthedependentvariableistheir(changeof)behavior.(4) First,experimentsareoftennotpossiblebecausetheywouldexposesubjectstothepossibilityofharm.For

28、example,whatifaresearcherwantedtoknowwhetherpeoplewhowereabusedaschildrenaremorelikelytoabusetheirchildren?Second,thesubjectsoftenbehavedifferentlywhentheyareunderscientificobservationfromthewaytheywouldintheirnormalenvironment.Third,laboratoryexperimentsareoftenhighlyartificial.Whenresearcherstryto

29、setupsocialsituationsinlaboratories,theyoftenmustomitmanyofthefactorsthatwouldinfluencethesamebehaviorinareal-lifesituation,thusaffectingthevalidityoftheexperimentresult.(5) ThemeritsofsurveythroughtheInternetarethatitvseryquick(intermsoftime)andefficient(intermsofcost),butthedrawbacksarealsoobvious

30、:notallcitizensusetheInternet(andthereforeexcludedfromthesampling),andalsonotallnetizensparticipateinthesurveyandthereforefurtheraffectthesurveyresult.(6) Thetermoftenreferssimplytotheuseofpredictiveanalytics,userbehavioranalytics,orcertainotheradvanceddataanalyticsmethodsthatextractvaluefromdata,an

31、dseldomtoaparticularsizeofdataset.Accuracyinbigdatamayleadtomoreconfidentdecisionmaking,andbetterdecisionscanresultingreateroperationalefficiency,costreductionandreducedrisk.Relationaldatabasemanagementsystemsanddesktopstatisticsandvisualizationpackagesoftenhavedifficultyhandlingbigdata.Theworkinste

32、adrequires“massivelyparallelsoftwarerunningontens,hundreds,oreventhousandsofservers.”Also,thosewhodonotusetheInternetareexcludedfromtheanalysisthereforeaffecttheanalysisandconclusion.(7) (Thisquestionisopenfordiscussionandtheresnodefiniteanswer)TheInternetcompaniesarecaughtbetweenthetwosides:thegove

33、rnmentsidewhoemphasizegatheringmonitoringinformationforpublicsecurityornationalsecurityreason,andthenetizenswhodefendtheirrightof“privacyL”aw.sshouldbemaderegardingtherightandresponsibilityofeachside.(8) (Thisquestionisopenfordiscussion)Howonefeelsaboutthesestatisticalfiguresmightbeaffectedbytheclas

34、s,occupation,gender,regionandagegroup(andotherfactors)anindividualbelongsto.Andalso,theofficialstatisticsmightnotbeveryaccurate.(9) (Thisquestionisopenfordiscussion)Obviously,massmedia(newspapers,radio,TV,theInternet)arethemajorchannelpeoplegetmostoftheirinformationwhichissupposedtobetrueandreal.But

35、therearesomefactorsthatinfluencetheso-calledtruth:ownership(privateorpublic),editorsstance,classbackgroundoftheparticipants(intheInternet)canallinfluencetheinformationwegetfromthemassmedia.LanguageEnhancementI.Wordsandphrases1.(1) C&D(2)A&C(3)C&E(4)B&C(5)B&D(6) D&F(7)B&D(

36、8)C&E(9)A&C(10)C&E2.(1) in;as;of(2)beyond;in(3)by;to(4)into;in;of(5)to;on;of;for(6) of;for;on(7)In;between;with;of(8)to;of;upon(9)In;with(10)like;in;of3.(1) fromscratch(2)appealedto(3)applied(4)apply(5)relieson(6) sufferingfrom(7)guardagainst(8)diedoff(9)ranoutof(10)contributeto4.(1) pro

37、videfor(2)appealsfor(3)applies-to(4)drawfrom(5)employedin(6)participatein(7)refers。to(8)receivedfron(9)passes-fron(10)exposestoII.Sentencesanddiscourse1.(1) Thescientificmethodbasesknowledgeondirectandsystematicobservationthroughlogicalsystems.(2) Operationalizationprovidesconditionstomeasurethevari

38、ableswhichmaybecheckedempirically.(3) Sincereligionisasystemofbeliefsandpracticesbasedonworshippingtheholy,peopleeasilytendtoequatefaithtofactsorfactstofaith.(4) Theobviousadvantageofusingavailabledata,beitgovernmentstatisticsortheresultofotherresearchstudies-isthesavingsintimeandmoney.Otherwise,youwouldneedalotoftimeandmoneyspentoncollectingtheinformationfromtheverystart.(5) Thesavingsaretempting,butthepotentialerroranddistortionfromthesecond-handdatameanthatyoumightnotgetthe“truth”.2.(1) BasingonhisoverallinvestigationofChinascurrentemploymentsituation,thisspecialistrefutedtheviewthat