大学英语自学教程下

1、大学英语自学教程下.doc大学英语自学教程下大学英语自学教程是由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格按照最新自考大纲及最新教材精心编写而成的。下面是给大家整理的大学英语自学教程下，供大家参阅!大学英语自学教程内容简介1. 本系列试卷由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格按照最新自考大纲及最新教材精心编写而成，并辅以部分阅卷教师的指点和参与，从而有着极强的标准性、权威性、预测性;2. 本系列试卷注重考前模拟循序渐进、阶次提高，从而逐步进入最佳临战状态;本套试卷共十份，建议每周做一份，切忌一曝十寒;3. 最好按正式考试时间（上午或下午，150分钟）不间断地独自完成所有试题，尽量不要超过时间

2、，不要急于看答案，以达到真正的模拟考核;4. 做完一套试题后，请对比试卷后的答案及评分标准给自己评定一个分数，最后认真研究试题解析，弄懂每一道题的解题思路，不要背题目、背答案，题目做错了，要深究做错的原因，同样的错误只同意犯一次，最好找到教材或同步辅导的相关章节进行有针对地复习，以达到举一反三、融会贯穿效果;5. 本系列试卷为完全标准预测，分值权重、题型题量、题的难易度、时间安排等均与最新真题一致，所以考生在进行自测时，最好有意识地调整做题心态，以逐步养成良好的考场状态;6. 考生应及时总结每套试卷在模拟考核中的得与失，力争做一套就有收获，每做一套就有提高，日积月累，就会有质的突破;7. 本系

3、列试卷后附有最新真题及答案，考生可在做完预测试卷后，试着做真题，逐步掌握考试命题规律，以便在考场上能做到驾轻就熟，成竹在胸。大学英语自学教程下册decisionischoicemdefrommonglterntivecoursesofctionthtrevilble.Thepurposeofmkingdecisionistoestblishndchieveorgniztionlgolsndobjectives.Theresonformkingdecisionisthtproblemexists,golsorobjectivesrewrong,orsomethingisstndinginthew

4、yofccomplishingthem.Thusthedecision-mkingprocessisfundmentltomngement.lmosteverythingmngerdoesinvolvesdecisions,indeed,somesuggestthtthemngementprocessisdecisionmking.lthoughmngerscnnotpredictthefuture,mnyoftheirdecisionsrequirethttheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.Oftenmngersmustmkebestguesstwhtthefu

5、turewillbendtrytoleveslittlespossibletochnce,hutsinceuncertintyislwysthere,riskccompniesdecisions.Sometimestheconsequencesofpoordecisionreslight;tothertimestheyreserious.Choiceistheopportunitytoselectmonglterntives.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemde.Decisionmkingistheprocessofchoosing,ndmnyd

6、ecisionshvebrodrngeofchoice.Forexmple,studentmybebletochoosemongnumberofdifferentcoursesinordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtincollegedegree.Formngers,everydecisionhsconstrintsbsedonpolicies,procedures,lws,precedents,ndthelike.Theseconstrintsexisttlllevelsoftheorgniztion.lterntivesrethepossiblecourseso

7、fctionfromwhichchoicescnbemde.Ifthererenolterntives,thereisnochoicend,therefore,nodecision.Ifnolterntivesreseen,oftenitmensthtthoroughjobofexminingtheproblemshsnotbeendone.Forexmple,mngerssometimestretproblemsinneither/orfshion;thisistheirwyofsimplifyingcomplexproblems.Butthetendencytosimplifyblinds

8、themtootherlterntives.tthemngerillevel,decisionmkingincludeslimitinglterntivesswellsidentifyingthem,ndtherngeisfromhighlylimitedtoprcticllyunlimited.Decisionmkersmusthvesomewyofdeterminingwhichofseverllterntivesisbest-thtis,whichcontributesthemosttothechievementoforgniztionlgols.norgniztionlgolisnen

9、dorstteofffirstheorgniztionseekstorech.Becuseindividuls(ndorgniztions)frequentlyhvedifferentidesbouthowtottinthegols,thebestchoicemydependonwhomkesthedecision.Frequently,deprtmentsorunitswithinnorgniztionmkedecisionsthtregoodforthemindividullybutthtrelessthnoptimlforthelrgerorgniztion.Clledsuboptimi

10、ztion,thisistrde-offthtincresesthedvntgestooneunitorfunctionbutdecresesthedvntgestonotherunitorfunction.Forexmple,themrketingmngermyrgueeffectivelyfornincreseddvertisingbudget.Inthelrgerschemeofthings,however,incresedfundingforreserchtoimprovetheproductsmightbemorebeneficiltotheorgniztion.Thesetrde-

11、offsoccurbecusethereremnyobjectivesthtorgniztionswishtottinsimultneously.Someoftheseobjectivesremoreimportntthnothers,buttheordernddegreeofimportnceoftenvryfrompersontopersonndfromdeprtmenttodeprtment.Differentmngersdefinethesmeproblemindifferentterms.Whenpresentedwithcommoncse,slesmngerstendtoseesl

12、esproblems,productionmngersseeproductionproblems,ndsoon.Theorderingndimportnceofmultipleobjectivesislsobsed,inprt,onthevluesofthedecisionmker.Suchvluesrepersonl;theyrehrdtounderstnd,evenbytheindividul,becusetheyresodynmicndcomplex.Inmnybusinesssitutionsdifferentpeoplesvluesboutcceptbledegreesofriskn

13、dprofitbilitycusedisgreementboutthecorrectnessofdecisions.Peopleoftenssumethtdecisionisnisoltedphenomenon.Butfromsystemspointofview,problemshvemultiplecuses,nddecisionshveintendedndunintendedconsequences.norgniztionisnongoingentity,nddecisionmdetodymyhveconsequencesfrintothefuture.Thustheskilledmnge

14、rlookstowrdthefutureconsequencesofcurrentdecisions.Thesubjectoftodystlkisinterviews.Thekeywordshererepreprtionndconfidence,whichwillcrryyoufr.Doyourhomeworkfirst.Findoutllyoucnboutthejobyourepplyingforndtheorgniztionyouhopetoworkfor.MnyoftheemployersIinterviewedmdethesmecriticismofcndidtes.Theyhveno

15、idewhtthedytodyworkofthejobbringsbout.Theyhvevguenotionsoffurtheringthecompnysprospectsorofservingthecommunity,buthvenevertkenthetroubletofindoutthectultskstheywillberequiredtodo.Donotletthisbesidofyou.Itshowsnunttrctiveindifferencetoyouremployerndtoyourjob.Tkethetimetoputyourselfintotheinterviewers

16、plce.Hewntssomebodywhoishrd-workingwithplesntpersonlityndrelinterestinthejob.nythingthtyoufindoutbouttheprospectiveemployercnbeusedtoyourdvntgeduringtheinterviewtoshowthtyouhvebotheredtomstersomefctsboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.Writedown(ndremember)thequestionsyouwnttosktheinterviewer(s)sothtyou

17、renotspeechlesswhentheyinviteyourquestions.Mkesureththolidysndpyrenotthefirstthingsyouskbout.Ifllyourquestionshvebeennsweredduringtheinterview,reply:Infct,Ididhveseverlquestions,butyouhvelredynsweredthemll.Donotbefridtoskforclrifictionofsomethingththsbeensidduringtheinterviewifyouwnttobesurewhtwsimp

18、lied,butdobepolite.Justbeforeyougototheinterview,lookginttheoriginldvertisementthtyounswered,nycorrespondencefromyourprospectiveemployer,photocopiesofyourletterofpplictionorpplictionformndyourresume.Thenyouwillrememberwhtyousidndwhttheywnt.Thisisveryimportntifyouhveppliedformnyjobsinshorttimesitises

19、ytobecomeconfusedndgivenimpressionofinefficiency.Mkesureyouknowwherendwhenyouhvetoreportfortheinterview.Gotothebuilding(butnotinsidetheoffice)dyortwobefore,ifnecessry,tofindouthowlongthejourneytkesndwhereexctlytheplceis.imtorrivefiveortenminuteserlyforthectulinterview,thenyouwillhvelittletimeinhndnd

20、youwillnotpnicifyouredelyed.Youstrttdisdvntgeifyourriveworriedndtenminuteslte.Dressinclen,net,conservtiveclothes.NowisNOTthetimetoexperimentwiththepunklookor(girls)towerlow-cutdresseswithminiskirts.Mkesurethtyourshoes,hndsndhir(ndteeth)reclenndnet.Hvetheletterinvitingyouforninterviewredytoshowincset

21、hereisnydifficultyincommuniction.Youmyfindyourselffcingoneinterviewerorpnel.Theltterisfrmoreintimidting,butdonotletitworryyoutoomuch.Theinterviewerwillprobblyhvetbleinfrontofhim/her.Donotputyourthingsorrmsonit.Ifyouhvebgorcse,putitonthefloorbesideyourchir.Donotclutchitnervouslyor,worsestill,dropit,s

22、pillingeverything.Shkehndsiftheintervieweroffershishndfirst.Thereislittlelikelihoodthtpneloffivewntstogothoughtheprocessofllshkinghndswithyouinturn.Soyoudonotbeupsetifnooneoffers.Shkehndsfirmly-wekhndsuggestswekpersonlity,ndcrushinggripisobviouslypinful.Donotdropthehndssoonsyourshstoucheditsthiswill

23、seemtoshowyoudonotliketheotherperson.Spekpolitelyndnturllyevenifyourefeelingshy.Thinkbeforeyounswernyquestions.Ifyoucnnotunderstnd,sk:Wouldyoumindrephrsingthequestion,plese?Thequestionwillthenberepetedindifferentwords.Ifyourenotdefinitelycceptedorturneddownonthespot,sk:WhenmyIexpecttohertheresultsof

24、thisinterview?Ifyoudoreceiveletterofferingyouthejob,youmustreplybyletter(keepphotocopy)ssoonspossible.Goodluck!大学英语自学教程(下册)教案讲义一TextWhtIsDecision?I.课文内容简介决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。作决策的过程对治理人员来说至关重要。决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观。今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远

25、的影响。因此，有经验的治理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。段落大意：课文分成三部分第一、二段：决策的定义Thedefinitionofdecision第三、四段：作决策的一般过程Thegenerlprocessofmkingdecision第五至九段：在治理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定VriousfctorsinfluencingdecisionmkingtthemngerillevelII.NewWords词汇精讲1 .goln.目标，进球，球门（同义词：im，end，purpose，objective）Hergolisplcetuniversity.她的目标是在大学任教。2 .object

26、ive：n./.目的;目标（尤指较长远的目标）;宗旨/客观的，如实的派生词：objectn.物体反义词：subjectiven./.主语;主观事物;/主观的，用法：Herobjectiveistogetcollegeeduction.她的目标是接受大学教育。Ifyoudontworkhrd，youllneverchieveyourobjectives.假如你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目的。chieve表示较难达到的目标。Itisnobjectivereport.这是一篇如实的报道。3 .ccomplishv.完成（任务）等Thestudentsccomplishedthetskinlessth

27、ntenminutes.学生们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。4 .predict：v预言，预示，预告同义词：forecstv.预测，预报Itshrdtopredictwhenitwillhppen.很难预见这件事何时发生。5 .ccompny：v.伴随，陪同Thelonelyoldmnisccompniedbyhisdog.这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。llordersmustbeccompniedwithcsh.所有的订货单必须随付现金。派生词：compnyn.公司;v.陪伴6 .implementv.实施，履行（诺言）等Thecommitteessuggestionswillbeimpleme

28、ntedimmeditely.委员会的意见将马上贯彻执行。Thechngestothentionlhelthsystemwillbeimplementednextyer.对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行。7 .constrintn.限制，约束Theytoldthetruthbutonlyunderconstrint.Constrintontherulesofgrmmer他们说了实话但是有所保留（是被迫的）。语法规则的限制（约束）8 .tendencyn.趋势，倾向Thereisgrowingtendencyforpeopletoworkthomeinstedofinoffices.人们在家里而

29、不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。派生词：tendv.趋向，倾向用法：tendtodosth.Hetendstogetngrywhenpeopledisgreewithhim.当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。9 .chievementn.完成，成就，nOlympicsilvermedlisremrkblechievementforonesoyoung.对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。派生词：chievev.完成，做到，达到（目的），实现，获得Hewillneverchievehisobjectivesifhedoesntworkhrd.如果他不努力，将会永远达不到

30、目的。10 .ttin：v.达到;获得（长期努力后而获得）同义词：obtin，get用法：Shehsmdeuphermindtottinhergolinlife.她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。Theppletreehsttinedtogretheight.苹果树已长得很高了。11 .optimldj最佳的Thesilorsrewitingforoptimlwetherconditionsbefore tking off .船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件。12 .rgue：vt./vi.争辩，争论，辩论用法：作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with，bout或over（就争论），for（赞成）或g

31、inst（反对）Sheislwysredytorgueoverthesmllestissues.她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。HeoftenrguesphilosophywithJmes.他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。Herguedforimmeditection.他主张马上行动。Theyrguedginstsuchpolicy.他们反对这种政策。作及物动词时，表示说服、用辩论证明的意思Irguedhimoutgoingonsuchdngerousjourney.我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。Herguedthtmnwsdescendedfrompes.他论证人类的祖先是猿。13 .schemen计划方

32、案Hehsgotcrzyschemeforgettingrichbeforeheis20.他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂计划。14 .multipledj多样的复合的Whtthepersondoesnextistheresultofthemultipleinfluencestowhichtheyhvebeenexposed.一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。15 .ongoingdj进行中的，前进的Nogreementhsyetbeenrechedndthenegotitionsonestillongoing.目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。16 .entityn存在实体

33、Heregrdedthenorthofthecountrysseprteculturlentity.他把这个GJ的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。17 .skilleddj熟练的，有技能的Mymotherisveryskilledt/indress-mking.我母亲非常擅长做衣服。PhrsesndExpressions1 .（stnd，get，be）inthewy碍事，挡道的;阻碍人的Ifyourenotgoingtohelp，tlestdontgetinthewy!如果你不愿帮忙，至少别阻碍人家。Thechirisinthewy，plesemoveitwy.这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。相关短语

34、：inwy在某种程度上;在某些方面;从某一点上看innowy决不;一点也不;inthewyof按照;就。而言bywyof取道，经由bythewy顺便问一下2 .tomkeguesst推测Youmighthvebeenbletomkeguesstwhoshews.你本来能够猜到她是谁。Cnyoumkeguessttheprice?你猜得出价钱吗?3 .toseekto(inf)寻求，争取Powersttionsreseekingtoreducetheiruseofoil.发电站正在设法减少石油的使用4 .inprt：部分地;有些部分;在某种程度上Thiswsinprtduetofinncildi

35、fficulties.部分是由于财政困难。Theresponsibilitywsinprtbecuseofme.部分责任在我。5 .pointofview视点，视角Thebooklookstcollegelifefromstudentspointofview.这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。6 .tovryfromto从到不同，因而异Slrysclesvryfromsttetostte.工资级别因州而异。7 .contributeto把贡献给。Wellcontributeourselvestothiscreerfterwegrdute.我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。contributeto导

36、致Smokingistheminfctorcontributingtolungcncer.吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。8.be beneficil to对有利Joggingisbeneficiltoourhelth.慢跑有利于我们的健康。RecitingpssgesisbeneficiltoimprovingorlEnglish.朗读（背诵）短文段落对提高英语口语有利。III.课文精讲第一部分Pr.1decisionischoicemdefrommonglterntivecoursesofctionthtrevilble.Thepurposeofmkingdecisionistoestblish

37、ndchieveorgniztionlgolsndobjectives.Theresonformkingdecisionisthtproblemexists，golsorobjectivesrewrong，orsomethingisstndinginthewyofccomplishingthem.1 .mdefrommonglterntivecoursesofction是过去分词短语作定语coursesofction行动方针thtrevilble是定语从句，修饰概念短语行动方针2 .Theresonformkingdecisionisthtproblemexists，golsorobjecti

38、vesrewrong，orsomethingisstndinginthewyofccomplishingthem.此句是由tht引导的表语从句，表语从句由problemexist;golsofobjectivesrewrong;及somethingisstndinginthewyofccomplishingthem三个并列句构成。Theresonforistht是一个常用的句子。例：Theresonforcncelingthetrvelisthttheylckofmoney.取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。Theresonwhy是另外一个常用的句子。例：Therere3resonswhythey

39、reunwillingtodiscussinsurnce.他们不情愿谈论保险的原因有三个。Pr.2Thusthedecision-mkingprocessisfundmentltomngement.lmosteverythingmngerdoesinvolvesdecisions，indeed，somesuggestthtthemngementprocessisdecisionmking.lthoughmngerscnnotpredictthefuture，mnyoftheirdecisionsrequirethttheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.Oftenmn

40、gersmustmkebestguesstwhtthefuturewillbendtrytoleveslittlespossibletochnce，butsinceuncertintyislwysthere，riskccompniesdecisions.Sometimestheconsequencesofpoordecisionreslight;tothertimestheyreserious.3 .mngerdoes是省略tht的定语从句，修饰先行词everything当先行词为everything，something，nything，nothing等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用which

41、，此句的后半部分somesuggesttht是宾语从句suggestv.认为，提出，建议（其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气）1.1 thoughconj.虽然，尽管引导让步状语从句it still runs very well .例如：lthoughmycrisveryold虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。requirevt.要求，需要后边由tht引导一个宾语从句1.2 ftenmngersmustmkebestguesstwhtthefuturewillbendtrytoleveslittlespossibletochnce，butsinceuncertintyislwysthere，ris

42、kccompniesdecisions.mkebestguesst作出最佳推测，t表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：lookt（看），imt（瞄准，目的是），throw（stone）t（向掷石头），shoott（射击），lught（嘲笑）本句中 wht the future will be介词 t 的宾语 ）;to leve sth. to chnce听其自然进展s + 形容词 （或副词 ）+ s possible 能少 I tried to be s friendly s possible.是一个介词宾语从句，（作凭运气， 听任命运的安排，意思是尽可能地; 尽量可我尽量地表示友好。Comesq

43、uicklyspossible.尽快来。sinceuncertintyislwysthere是一个原因状语从句。riskccompniesdecisions.风险伴随着决策1.50 metimestothertimes有时，而有时则poordecision一个不良决策第二部分Pr.3Choiceistheopportunitytoselectmonglterntives.Ifthereisnochoice，thereisnodecisiontobemde.Decisionmkingistheprocessofchoosing，ndmnydecisionshvebrodrngeofchoice.

44、Forexmple，studentmybebletochoosemongnumberofdifferentcoursesinordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtincollegedegree.Formngers，everydecisionhsconstrintsbsedonpolicies，procedures，lws，precedents，ndthelike.Theseconstrintsexisttlllevelsoftheorgniztion.7 .选择三个词的区别：lterntivedj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物choice选自己喜欢的，挑

45、由，选由select选出最好的，筛选、精选8 .由if引导的条件状语从句，主句中的不定式被动态tobemde作定语，修饰decision9 .rngen.范围brodrngeofchoice一个很广的选择范围10 .Formngers，everydecisionhsconstrintsbsedonpolicies，procedures，lws，precedents，ndthelike.本句中bsedon是一个过去分词作定语修饰constrints.bebsedon表示建立在基础上大学英语自主听力4关于大学英语自主听力4这本听力书籍，倒是可以帮助大家巩固一下听力方面的知识。下面是给大家整理的大学

46、英语自主听力4，供大家参阅!大学英语自主听力4简介大学英语自主听力4突出语料的真实性和语境的有用性。大量语料选自英、美人的日常生活会话，真实自然，便于学生今后对外交流时直接应用。注重文化信息。在注重英语语言基础知识和基本技能训练的同时，注意将文化内容与语言材料相融合，话题覆盖英美文化生活的方方面面。融教学与考查为一体。除了课文训练之外，本教材还有期中、期末自测题，供学生自我检查学习效果。大学英语自主听力4目录Unit1StudyingbrodPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtEFunTimeUn

47、it2PersonlFinncesPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtDDicttionPrtEFunTimeUnit3EntertinmentPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtDDicttionLnguge FocusPrtEFunTimeUnit4SympthyndConsoltionPrtPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromTVProgrmsPrtDDict

48、tionPrtEFunTimeUnit5HometownPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromTVProgrmsPrtDDicttionUnit6HistoriclEventsPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromTVProgrmsPrtDDicttionPrtEFunTimeUnit7utomobilesPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtDDicttionPrtEFunT

49、ime8)Unit8gingTestYourself(Units1Unit9GrowingPinsUnit10TechnologyUnit15EmergencyUnit16TlkingbouttheFutureTestYourself(Units916)ppendixKeytoExercises大学英语听力自主练习题听力真题：ConverstionTwo23.Hewntstogethismoneybck.B. Hewntstoexchngethesweterfornotherone.C. HewntstheclerktohelphimredChineseinstructionsonthesweter.D. Hewntstoseewhythecolorofthesweterchnged.24.Itisthewrongsize.B. Thefbriciscomingprt.C. Itisstined.D. Itshrinkslot.25.Thecustomerdidntfollowtheinstructionsfor