鑫哥真题附体课

1、xTPO附体班xTPO 获取方法1. 鑫哥精读团寒假班【文章全部更新】有 3 篇2. 广州实体浸泡营文章，老学员继续半价3.网络一对一班【无忧保障承诺】122014 年 10 月 18 日托福Soil FertilizationFertilizers partially restore plant nutrients lost by erosion,crop harvesting and leaching. Farmers can use either organic fertilizer from plant and animal materials or commercial inorga

2、nic fertilizer produced from various minerals. Three basic types of organic fertilizer are animal manure, green manure, and compost. Animal manure includes the waste matter of cattle, horses, poultry, and other farm animals. It improves soil structure, adds organic, nitrogen, and stimulates benefici

3、al soil bacteria and fungi.1.The word “beneficial ” in the passage is closest inmeaning to necessary helpful severalhiddenA.B.C.D.2.Accordingto paragraph 2, all ofthe followingDespite its effectiveness, the use of animal manure in theUnited States has decreased. There are three reasons for this: the

4、 replacement of most mixed animal-raising and crop-farming operations with separate operations for growing crops and raising animals; the high costs of transporting animal manure from feedlots near urban areas to distant rural crop-growing areas; and the replacement of horses and other draft animal

5、that added manure to the soil with tractors and other motorized farmmachinery.contributed to the decrease in themanure in the United States EXCEPTuse ofanimalA.changes in crop-farming and animal-raisingoperationshigh transportation costsB.C.the movement of large numbers of feedlots to distantrural a

6、reasthe introduction of motorized farm machineryD.33.According to paragraph 3, what is one advantage ofusing compost in raising crops?Green manure is fresh or growing green vegetation plowedinto the soil to increase the organic matter and humus (degraded organic matter) available to the next crop. C

7、ompost is a sweet smelling, dark-brown, humuslike material that is rich in organic matter and soil nutrients. It is produced when microorganisms in soil (mostly fungi and aerobic bacteria) break down organic matter such as leaves, food wasters, paper, and wood in the presence of oxygen. Compost is a

8、 rich natural fertilizer and soil conditioner that aerates soil, improves its ability to retain water and nutrients, helps prevent erosion, and prevents nutrients from being wasted by being dumped in landfills. Compost is produced by pilling up alternating layers of nitrogen-rich wastes (such as gra

9、ss clippings, weeds, animal manure, and vegetable kitchen scraps), carbon-rich plant wastes(dead leaves, hay, straw, sawdust), and topsoil. Compost provides a home for microorganisms that help decompose plant and manure layers and reduces the amount of plantwastes taken to landfills and incinerators

10、.A.It makes the soil easier to plow in preparation forplantingB.Water and nutrients stay in the soil and enable plantgrowthThe damage to soil from microorganisms in reduced Excess oxygen is removed from the soilC.D.4.According to paragraph 3, one important physicaleffect of compost is that itA.adds

11、an oxygen-rich layer to the layers rich innitrogen and carbonB.decreases the quality of plant material that needs tobe discardedC.helps keep the same amount of moisture in eachlayer of soilD.reduces the amount of fungi and aerobic bacteria inthe pile5.According to paragraph 4, each of the following

12、is anadvantage of using mushroom spores as fertilizerEXCEPTThe cost of using mushroom spores is relatively low.Another form of organic fertilizer is the spores ofmushrooms, puffballs, and truffles. Rapidly growing and spreading mycorrhizae fungi in the spores attach to plant roots and help them take

13、 in moisture and nutrients from the soil. Unlike typical fertilizers that must be applied every few weeks, one application of mushroom fungi lasts all year and costs just pennies per plant. The fungi also produce a bigger root system, which makes plants moredisease resistant.A.B.A single application

14、 of mushroom is enough for awhole yearC.M ushroom fungi are nutrients that plants can take ineasilyMushroom fungi help protect plants from diseaseD.46.A.B.C.D.What is the “target” referred to in the passage?Crops losses that are caused by insects The crop being grown at any given time The areas that

15、 are planted with legumes The various insects that cause crop lossesCorn, tobacco, and cotton can deplete the topsoil ofnutrients, especially nitrogen, if planted on the same land several years in a row. One way to reduce such losses is crop rotation. Farmers plant areas or strips with nutrient- dep

16、leting crops one year. In the next year they plant the same areas with legumes, whose root nodules add nitrogen to the soil. In addition to helping restore soil nutrients, this method reduces erosion by keeping the soil covered with vegetation and helps reduce crop losses toinsects by presenting the

17、m with a changing target.7.According to paragraph 5, one of the main reasons forusing legumes in crop rotation is that legumeshave no serious insect pestsA.B.cover the soil more completely than any other cropdoesbuild up the nitrogen content of the soil are very easy to plant stripsC.D.8.The word “r

18、ely” in the passage is closest in meaningtoSave Depend PileWaste moneyToday, many farmers rely on commercial inorganicfertilizers containing nitrogen (as ammonium ions, nitrate ions, or urea), phosphorus ( as phosphate ions), and potassium(as potassium ions). Inorganic commercial fertilizers are eas

19、ily transported, stored, and applied. Worldwide, their use increased about tenfold between 1950 and 1989 but declined by 12% between 1990 and 1999. Today, the additional food they help produce feeds one of every three people in the world; without them,world food output would drop an estimated 40%.A.

20、B.C.D.9.Accordingquantities globally?to paragraph 6, what isof commercial inorganictrue about thefertilizers usedA.They are likely to drop by about 40% in the next tenyears.They have increased at a steady rate since 1950.B.C.They increased during in the 1990s, but at a slowerrate than over the previ

21、ous 40 years.D.They dropped during in the 1990s after having risensharply over the previous 40 years.5Commercial inorganic fertilizers have some disadvantages,however. These include (1) not adding humus to the soil.10. How is paragraph 7 related to paragraph 6?A.Paragraph 7 presents the drawbacks of

22、 practice thatparagraph 6 presents as an advantage.(2) reducing the soils content of organic matter and thusits ability to hold water (unless animal manure and green manure are also added to the soil), (3) lowering the oxygen content of soil and keeping fertilizer form being taken up as efficiently,

23、 (4) typically supplying only two orthree of the twenty or so nutrients needed by plants, andB.Paragraph 7 argues that the viewpoint presented inparagraph 6 is based on several factual errors.C.Paragraph 7 provides supporting evidence for someof the claims made in paragraph 6.D.Paragraph 7 contrasts

24、 recently developed practiceswith the more traditional established ones discussed in Paragraph 6.(5) releasing nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that canenhance global warming. The widespread use of commercial inorganic fertilizers, especially on sloped land near streams and lakes, also causes water p

25、ollution as nitrate and phosphate fertilizer nutrients are washed intonearby bodies of water. The resulting plant nutrient11.The phrase “twenty or so” in the passage is closest inmeaning tonot quite twenty roughly twentyno more than twentya total of twentyA.B.C.D.enrichment causes algae blooms that

26、usedissolved in the water, thereby killing fish.upoxygen12.Which of the sentencesbelow best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.The main cause of water pollution is th

27、e wide spreaduse of commercial inorganic fertilizers on sloped land near streams and lakesB.In addition, the widespread use of commercialinorganic fertilizers causes Water Pollution when nitrates and phosphates are washed into streams andlakesC.Also, the widespread commercial production ofinorganic

28、fertilizer has caused water pollution in bodies of water such as streams and lakesD.The most commonly used commercial inorganicfertilizer are nitrate and phosphate fertilizers, which cause water pollution if they enter streams and lakes6Fertilizers partially restore plant nutrients lost by erosion,

29、crop harvesting and leaching. Farmers can use either organic fertilizer from plant and animal materials or commercial inorganic fertilizer produced from various minerals. Three basic types of organic fertilizer are animal manure, green manure, and compost. Animal manure includes the waste matter of

30、cattle, horses, poultry, and other farm animals. It improves soil structure, adds organic, nitrogen, and stimulates beneficial soil bacteria and fungi.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus, they help keep farmland productive over t

31、he long term.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Both