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1、一. 英语中词类概念及理解英语中词名词 n.动词 v.代词 pron. 形容词 adj.畐U词 adv.数词 num. 介词 prep. 冠词 art.连词 conj.感叹词 int. 了解各类词的性质特征及功能,不仅有利我们自主地学习英语,面学好英语的一个系统化的环节。学习英语名词,我们要了解名词的概念,名词在英语句子中通常担当什么语法功能。名词的分类中特别要注意名词的可数性,不可数性,可数名词和不可数名词数量的表达,以及名词的所有格。学习英语冠词,我们要了解冠词是不同于汉语词类的词。它是名词使用的一种标志,它和名词关系密不可分,英 语中绝大多数名词前有使用冠词,限定词,数词,或开容词性物主
2、代词,如果没使用以上这些词是,我们统称为 使用零冠词。本节中我们将复习名词,冠词,代词中的人称代词和物主代词。二. 名词。1. 名词的分类 1)名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。人名:Gina, Lin Wei, Mr. Bush etc.专有名词节日: Christmas, Teachers ' Day etc. 地名: Chongqing, China, America etc. 时间:Sun day, September etc./ 机构,团体等:CCTV, WTO etc.广 个体名词: strawberry, baseball, drum etc.集体名词: class, fa
3、mily, people, police etc.普通名词< 物质名词: water, meat, sea etc. 扌由象名词: work, surprise etc.高分突破:专有名词前一般不加冠词。 带有冠词的专有名词:由普通名词或形容词构成的专有名词前。例如:the Great Wallthe Summer Palace 由“普通名词+专有名词”或“专有名词 +普通名词” 构成的专有名词前。例如:the New York Times 表示全体国民的专有名词前。例如:the Chi nese 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”的专有名词前。例如:the Gree ns 报刊、书籍、杂志的专有
4、名词前。例如:the Times 团体机关、学校、医院、公共建筑的名称前。例如:the United Natio ns 江湖、海洋、山脉等名字的专有名词前。例如:the Yellow River尸可数名词:可以用数目计算,有单复数之分。例如: student, teacher,worker, tomato etc.2)按名词的可数性*不可数名词:不可以用数目计算,一般没有单复数之分。例如:2. 可数名词的数rice, beef etc.1) 一般可数名词的复数形式构成法一般情况在单数形式词尾加-s以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词后加-es-s在清辅音后发/ s/-s在浊辅音和兀音后发 /
5、z /读作/ iz /例词以e结尾的词在后加-s读作/ iz /book-booksegg-eggsbus-busesbox - 1boxeswatch-watcheshorsehorseschild - childrenmouse - mice3)复合名词的复数形式词的构成特点变复数的方法例词由若干部分组成并含有一种中心词 (指人的词)将中心词变为复 数形式son-in-law(女婿)一sons-in-lawgrandchild grandchildren( 孙子) looker-on(旁观者)一lookers-on组成部分均为表示人的主体词(特别注意由man, woman 组成的复合 词)
6、各组成部分都要 变为复数形式woma n doctor(女医生)wome n doctorman teacher(男老师)一 men teachers组成部分没有中心词最后一个组成词上加-sgrown-up(成年人)一grown-upsgo-between(中间人)一 go-betweens以辅音字母+ y结尾的词变y 为i再加-es以元音字母+ y结尾的词直 接在后加-s以f, fe结尾的词变f, fe为v加-es以o结尾的词在后加-es 高分突破:读作/ z/读作/ z/读作/ vz /读作/ z/-s。eg-S。 以y结尾的专有名词,变为复数时,直接加 以下以f, fe结尾的名词变为复数
7、时,直接加 roof - roofs ( 房顶) chief 以下以o结尾的外来词,变为复数时直接加zoo - zoosradio- radiosphotokilo kilosvideo videos2)名词复数的不规则变化:sheep - sheep deer - deer fish -ishman men woma n-chiefs (首长)-S。-photosChinese - Chinese-women footdictio nary-dictio naries docume ntary-docume ntaries boy - boys key - keys leaf - leave
8、s wife wives thief - thieves potato potatoesthe little Marys 小玛丽们safe - safes (保险箱)piano- pianosJapanese - Japanese-feet tooth - teeth4)只有复数形式的名词scissors (剪刀),trousers (裤子),glasses (眼镜),savi ngs (积蓄)earni ngs (工资),arms (武器),tha nks (感谢),goods (货物),clothes (衣服),chopsticks(筷子)5)一些名词以s结尾,但一般用单数economic
9、s(经济学),physics (物理),tennis etc.高分突破:1)有一些不可数名词在使用时常常被误作为可数名词使用,因此应特别注意。例如:advice (意见),labor (劳动),in formation(信息、消息),furniture (家具),traffic (交通)。2)一些表示度量的名词复数形式在使用时表示单数含义,因此谓语动词用单数。例如: Two years isn ' t a long time to us.两年的时间对我们来说不长。3 常见的不可数名词:water (水)juice (果汁)ink (墨水)beer (啤酒)milk (牛奶)coffee
10、 (咖啡)tea (茶)rice(大米)butter(黄油)cheese(奶酪)bread(面包)chocolate(巧克力)honey(蜂蜜)jam (果酱)tobacco (烟丝) beef (牛肉)chicken (鸡肉)pork (猪肉) fish (鱼肉) steak (牛排)soap (香皂)paper (纸)news (新闻) sugar (糖)vinegar (醋)salt (盐)sauce (酱油)Chant:物质名词不可数,金、木、水、火、土与沙;牛奶、面包、布与茶;咖啡、果汁、葡萄酒;钢、铁、煤、油、粉笔、墨水、作业纸;头发、新闻和天(天气)气(空气)。4当不可数名词需要
11、计量时,要用“数词或冠词+of+不可数名词”来表示a piece of一块/张/片a piece of papertwo pieces of papera loaf of -一个a loaf of bread some loaves of breada bar of条a bar of chocolatethree bars of chocolatea bottle of一瓶a bottle of milkten bottles of milka pound of一磅a pound of sugar ten pounds of sugara tin of '一听a tin of toba
12、cco100 tins of tobacco名词习题:请将下面单词变成复数。eyedayyearmanwoma nboygirlsondaughterEn glishma nbrothersisterfrie ndteacherpupildoctordriverpolicema nworkerearcatpigduckfishhorsemousechicke nhendogpan dagiraffefrogfoxtigerelepha ntpeacockrabbittreeflowerwolfmon keyappleboybananatoypearorangetomatopotatocarro
13、tboxbedlighttoycan dlebenchbrushballo onpicturebookrulerpenpencileraserkikeeggcakephotobusjeeptaxiroomfloorschoolclassroomcitybabystorywayclassgradehobbyGerma nsheepdeerChin esefoottoothwatchwishwifebodykn ifeEn glish一、用名词的适当形式填空。1. Look, there are three (boy).2. Two (man) are walking.3. There is a
14、(teacher) in the classroom.4. How many (apple) can you see?I can see 4(apple)5. Is there a (box) in the room?6. There are many(sheep) in the zoo.7. We can see five(monkey) in the zoo.8. What ' s this? This is a (peacock).9. These are(monkey).10. They are not (dog).11. They are(fox).12. What are
15、they? They are colorful(balloon).13. Dog has got a (banana) and 4(pear).14. Rabbit has got some (apple).15. Tiger has got a (tiger).16. Those are (tomato).17. They ' re (orange).18. These are(potato).二、把下列单词变复数形式。1. frog 2. balloon 3. sister 4. flower5.driver 6. season 7. bench 8. brush9. fox 10
16、. box 11三、写出下列名词的单数形式。1. tomatoes 2. birds 3. grapes4. toys 5. sheep6. children英语人称代词和物主代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit人称代词主格:作主语,表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。I am a teacher.You are stude nt.He is a student, too.We/You/They are stude nts.人称代词宾格作宾语,表示动作行为的对象。Give it to me.Let
17、9; s go (let ' s =let us)2、物主代词数称类别单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人 称第三人称形容词性物主 代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代 词mi neyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs汉语我的你的他的她的它的我们 的你们的他(她、 它)们的形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名词而名词性物主代词 (mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/theirs则相单于形容词性物主代词+名词,故其后不必加名词。如:Is this you
18、r book?No,, it isn ' t, it' s hers(her book)Jim ' s , Tom ' s, Maria ' s代词练习一、选出括号中正确的词,在正确的词上打勾。1. This is ( my / I ) mother.2. Nice to meet (your / you ).3. ( He / His ) name is Mark.4. What ' s (she / her ) name?5. Excuse ( me / my / I ).6. Are ( your / you ) Miss Li?7. (1
19、/ My ) am Ben.8. (She / Her ) is my sister.9. Fine , thank(your/ you ).10. How old is ( he / his ) ?二、用所给代词的正确形式填空。1. These are( he ) brothers.2. That is( she ) sister.3. Lily is( Lucy ) sister.4. T om, this is( me ) cous in, Mary.5. Now(her pare nt)are in America.6. Those( child ) are( I ) father &
20、#39; s students.7. Do you know ( it ) n ame?8. Mike and Tom( be ) frie nds.9. Tha nks for help ing( I ).10. (Ann 安)mother is(we) teacher.三、单项选择。()1. My familya big family. My familyall here.A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is()2. This is.A. a picture of familyB. a picture of my familyC. a fa
21、mily ' s pictureD. a family of my picture()3. Let ' sgood friends.A. beB. areC. isD. am()4. Is she your aunt? Yes,.A. she ' sB. her isC. she isD. he is()5. Arecoats yours?Yes, they are .A. theyB. theseC. thisD. there()6. Is thatuncle? No, it isn ' tA. heB. sheC. herD. hers()7. Mrs. G
22、reen isgrandmother.A. Jim and KateB. Jim and Kate ' sC. Jim ' s and Kate ' sD. Jim and Kates '( )8. Do you know the nameMr. Green ' s son?A. inB. ofC. onD. or()9.the great photo of your family.A. tha nk forB. Tha nks forC. Tha nk forD. tha nks for()10. Are those your frien ds?.A.
23、 Yes, they ' reB. No, they areC. Yes, they areD. Yes, those are四、冠词a, an , the 三个单冠词是英语所特有的词类,在汉语中是没有冠词这一说的。虽然它看起来简单,左右不过是 词,但是正因为中国人的语言习惯大不相同,要彻底掌握和用好冠词,还是不容易的。众所周知,冠词分为定冠 词(the )和不定冠词(a, an )。它们都置于名词之前,用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。它们不能离开名词而 单独存在。 a/an 有“一”的含意,是比较弱的 one '。下面几个例子给出了 the 和 a/an 分别表示泛指和特指 的
24、情形。e.g. The lion is roaring. (特指,确定的某只狮子)e.g. The lion is the king of the beasts.(泛指狮子这一类动物)e.g. A tiger has escaped. (特指,确定的某只老虎)e.g. A tiger can be dangerous.(泛指老虎这一类,指任何一只老虎)从上面四例中, 你是否晤出了些什么呢?下面我们详细讲述一下定冠词和不定冠词在用法上的区别和需要特别注 意的地方。(一)定冠词的用法 强调特指作为定冠词的基本用法,在下列三种情况下,名词前一定要加the 。第一, 当名词所指的东西已经非常明显;第二
25、, 第二,前面已经提到的名词,再次提到时; 第三,当该名词由短语或从句所修饰时。举例如下。e.g. My friend is waiting for me at the end of the street.(所指的街道说话人和听话人都知道)e.g. Once upon a time, there was a temple. A monk living in the temple was very kind.( temple '在上文提到过,所以再次出现时,要加 the )e.g. This is the book I promised to lend you.( the book
26、39;由后置定语从句修饰,要加 the )从上面的例子可以看出,这三种情况最根本的要点是当名词有明确所指时或明显被限定时,一般要用the。也就是说,这里强调了 the 的特指作用。另外还有两种 the 的固定用法也强调特指:当用在独一无二的宇宙天体之前(如: the sun, the sky ),及用在某 些专有名词之前(如: the Yellow River, the Times, the Ministry of Education)等。固定用法 下面几种情况中, the 的固定用法很难解释,请考生记忆 。第一、在表示方位和方向的名词前面,一般要加 the ,如:The sun rises
27、in the east and sets in the west. 第二、在乐器名称前面要加the。如:play the piano 。第三、在形容词最高级或序数词之前一定要加 the 。如: the first , the best ,等等。 表示全体总称(泛指) 名词或者形容词前加 the ,可表示该事物的全体,如 the poor 指“穷人”。这一用法本身并不难,难在这一全体 所表示的“数”上。在一开始所举的例子中, the lion 指的就是这“一”类,表示的是单数的概念。但在下面这 个例子中, the old 又用单形表示了复数概念。The old are apt to catch
28、cold.The cow is a useful animal. 在写作中如果遇到这样的情况,建议考生换一个比较可靠、不会出错的说法。仍以上句为例,可以轻松改为: Cows are useful animals 。再上一句可改为: Old people are apt to catch cold 。这样就一定不会出错。(二)。 冠词位置1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后: such , what , many , half ,I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the j
29、ob.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a distance.c. quite , rather 与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当 rather , quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如: quite a lotd. 在 as, though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:Brave a man thou
30、gh he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes.他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all , both ,double , half , twice , three times 等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。3 ) “加冠”与“免冠”冠词用法是重点语法项目之一。 不少同学总感到冠词难用, 尤其拿不准什么时候要 “加冠” ,什么时候要“免冠” 本文着
31、重介绍“定冠词的用法”和“不用冠词的几种情况”的两则顺口溜,同学们不妨一试。一、定冠词的用法 特指双熟悉,上文已提及; 世上独无二,序数最高级; 某些专有名,习语及乐器。注:定冠词常用于以下几种情况: “特指”某个或某些人或物前。例如:The books on the desk are mine 书桌上的书是我的。“双熟悉”指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物前。例如:Where is the teacher ?老师在哪里? 上文已经提到的人或事物前。例如:I can see a cat The cat is Lucy's 我能看见一只猫。那只猫是露茜的。 世界上独一无二的事物前。例如:The
32、earth goes around the sun 地球围绕太阳转。 序数词或形容词最高级前。例如:September is the ninth month of the year九月是一年中的第九个月。Mike is the tallest of the three boys迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。 由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如: the Great Wall (长城),the People's Park (人民公园)等。 一些习惯用语中或乐器前。例如:in the day (在白天),play the pia no(弹钢琴)等。二、不用冠词的几种情况下列情况应免冠,代词限定
33、名词前; 专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭; 复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。注:名词前已有作定语用的this, that ,these ,those , my, your, his, her, our, their, some 等限定词。例如: this eraser , her pencil-box , some boxes , these women 等。 泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。例如: meat , rice,water, bread , tea, milk,juice等。 表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。例如:Chinese , maths , E
34、nglish , physics , history 等。 在三餐饭和球类运动前一般不用冠词。例如:have breakfast / lunch / supper , playbasketball football volleyball table tennis tennis pingpong 等。 复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。例如:His parents are both workers 他父母都是工人。The people in the room are doctors房间里那些人是医生。 季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。例如:autumn , winter , Teachers'
35、; Day , Children'sDay , Sunday , Wednesday , February , October 等。 表示颜色、语种和国家的名词前不用冠词。例如:white , brown , French (法语),Japanese (日语),Australia , America (美国)等。 表示称呼语的名词之前以及职务、头衔的名词后也跟有名词时不用冠词。例如:What's wrong , Granny ?老奶奶,怎么啦?Doctor Green is a scientist 格林博士是位科学家。冠词练习请用适当的冠词填空,不需填处打X。1 . Bill
36、Gates is one ofrichest men in the world2 . He enjoys playinggolf , bridge andpiano .3 . Bill is eatingorange . orange isorange . We all likeoranges .4 . boy undertree ishonest boy .5 . first day of a week is Sun day.6 . I haveuncle . He hasuseful book , but hedoes n't haveumbrella .7 . We can se
37、esun indaytime andmoon atni ght .8 . There is “ u” and “ s” in the word “ use ”.9 . We have three mealsday . We havelunch inmiddle ofday .10 . day before yesterday we playedbasketballforhour .11. Li Ming has two brothers . One isteacher , other isdoctor . They studied inuni versity.12 . Greens are o
38、nvisit tobeautifulcity in Chi na13 . There ispicture onwall . It isnice picture . I likepicture very much .14 . There is going to beEnglish testnextweek .15 . June 1st isChildren's Day .小学英语必备的七十个句型1. allow sb to do sth允许某人去做某事(后接动词不定式)My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my
39、 homework.2. asked sb (not) to do sth叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)My father asked me to study hard.He asked me not to swim alone.be asked to do sth被叫去做某事/被邀请去做某事I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.3. be afraid to do sth害怕做某事She is afraid to ask me questi ons.4. be afaid of doi ng sth害怕做某事I am afra
40、id of going out at ni ght.5. be afaid of sth害怕某物He is afraid of sn akes.6. be amazed to do sth对做某事感到惊讶He was amazed to meet the girl there.be amazed at sth对某事感到惊讶they were amazed at the n ews.7. be busy doin g/with sth忙于做某事(常考)I was busy wash ing my car at that time.那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。I am busy with my w
41、ork.8. be coming/goin g/leavi ng/fiyin g/movi ng/dy ing(某些位移动词用进行时态时表将来)the bus is comin g/the dog is dying.9. be excited to do sth对做感到兴奋Jacky was excited to travel there by pla ne.be excited at sthLily was excited at his words.be excited about doing sthhe was excited about pass ing the exam without
42、 going overi ng books.Sam is frightened to ride a horse.11. be glad/happy to do sth高兴去做某事she is happy to clea n the blackboard with me.be pleased to do sth高兴做某事she was pleased to help the old man yesterday.be pleased with sth对某事感到高兴/满意the teacher was pleased with my an swer.12. be interested in sth/
43、doing sth对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣she is interested in swimming in the river.My btother is in terested in Chin ese.13. be/get ready for/to do sthBe ready for sth为某事做好了准备We are ready for the exam.Be ready to do sth为做某事做好了准备We are ready to have a birthday party for her.get ready for sth为某事在做准备We are gett ing rea
44、dy for the exam.15. be worth doing sth值得做某事(worth后接动词-ing形式,常考)15. be worth doing sth值得做某事(worth后接动词-ing形式,常考)get ready for sth为做某事而做准备15. be worth doing sth值得做某事(worth后接动词-ing形式,常考)15. be worth doing sth值得做某事(worth后接动词-ing形式,常考)13. be sorry to do sth14. be surprised to do sthbe surprised at sth对做某事
45、感到抱歉对做某事感到惊奇对某事感到惊奇15. be worth doing sth值得做某事(worth后接动词-ing形式,常考)15. be worth doing sth值得做某事(worth后接动词-ing形式,常考)30.give/pass/show/le nd/sell sb sth/sth to sbbegi n to do sthbegi n/start to do/d oing sth17.can/be able to afford (to buy) sth有能力购买(供)30.give/pass/show/le nd/sell sb sth/sth to sb30.give
46、/pass/show/le nd/sell sb sth/sth to sb18.19.can't wait to do sth迫不急待地去做某事20.decide to do sth决定去做某事make up on e's mind to do sth下决心去做某事(常考)make a decisi on to do sth对做某事作出决定21.deserve to do sth值得/应该做22.en courage sb to do sth鼓励某人去做某事23.enjoy doing sth乐意去做某事24.expect (sb) to do sth期望去做某事25.fai
47、l to do sth做某事失败succeed doing sth成功做了某事26.fin ish doi ng sth做完某事(后接动词-ing形式)(常考)27. follow sb to do sth跟随某人去做某事can/may/must do sth could/would/should/might do sth30.give/pass/show/le nd/sell sb sth/sth to sb30.give/pass/show/le nd/sell sb sth/sth to sb28.让某人做某事(后接动词原形) get sb to do sth make sb do st
48、h let sb do sth得到一个做某事的机会29.get/have a cha nee to do sthbuy/get/bri ng sb sth/sth for sb31. go on to do sth继续做事(常考)go on doi ng sth继续做事(常考)32. hate to do/doing sth讨厌/不喜欢做某事33. have fun doing sth34. have problems doi ng sth做某事遇到困难35. 让某人做某事(后接动词原形)have sb do sthhave sth donehave sth to do工有事要做36. hea
49、r sb do sth听到某人做某事(后接动词原形,常考)hear sb doing sth听到某人正在做某事(常见)37. help to do sth帮忙做某事help sb (to) do sth帮助某人做某事38. hope/wish to do sth希望做某事wish sb to do sth希望某人做某事39. I t seems that这像是 (后接从句)seem to do sthseem +adj40. It's + adj+(for sb) to do sth .It's+adj +(of sb) to do sth花费某人多长时间做某事(常考)42.
50、pay for costspendonit taketo dIt's glad for him to hear the n ews.It takes sb some time/m oney to do sth .o sth43. It's best for sb to do sth.对某人来说做某事是最好的had better do sth最好做某事(注意had没有时态和人称的变化,better后接动词原形)44. It's time for sb to do sth是某人做某事的时候了45.keep (on )do ing sth坚持做某事(常考)keep sb do
51、ing sth让某人做某事(常考)keep sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事(常考)keep sb/sth +adjkeep the book for 2 days借这本书两天(不要用 borrow或lend )46. learn to do sth学做某事learn sth from sb向某人学习47. like to do/do ing sth喜欢做某事like sb to do sth喜欢某人做某事48. n eed to do sth需要做某事n eed doing sth/to be donen eed sthn eed n't do sth49.prefe
52、r to do sth rather tha n do sth宁愿而不愿prefer doing sth to doing sth喜欢做胜过做I prefer readi ng books to going shopp ing.比起购物来,我更爱读书。prefer to do sth喜欢(爱)做某事50. refuse to do sth51.(常考)remember/forget to do sth remember/forget doing sth 52. see sb do sth see sb doing sth be see n to do sth54. spe nd some time (in )do ing sth /on sthing形式)(常考)spe nd
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