专题5.4 压轴题高分策略之非谓语动词-《奇招制胜》2017年高考英语热点+题型全突破 Word版含解析

1、压轴题高分策略之非谓语动词非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，v.-ing分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。高考中主要在语法填空中考查。一、分词【基本概念】1. 对英语动词的基本认识英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如下。时态（按高考要求共九个时态）谓语动词语态（主动语态和被动语态） 语气（陈述语气和虚拟语气）主谓一致动词动词不定式非谓语动词分词（现在分词和过去

2、分词） 动名词非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。2. 分词的语法作用分词分现在分词和过去分词两类，具有形容词和副词的语法功能，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。例1：The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.句中的现在分词encouraging充当句子的表语。例2：The people performing all play different instrument.Polluted rivers and la

3、kes have also been a cause of death. 现在分词performing作后置定语，修饰the people；过去分词polluted作定语修饰rivers and lakes。例3：So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. 现在分词短语preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him作状语，表示he

4、left France and went to live in England的原因。Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. 过去分词短语well known for his expert advice也充当状语，表示原因。分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。Well known for his expert advice = Because he was known for his

5、expert advice，显然，按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。例4：They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P. 53, Senior Bo

6、ok 2A)以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语，其中第三句的shut在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补，改为被动语态后，主动语态的宾语gate变为被动语态的主语，因此语法上称之为“主补”。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分，然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中，宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的man是宾语，和宾语补足语lying on the floor之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，man发出lying on the floor的动作。第二句中it 是宾语，同宾语补足语fastened to a nail next to the hole

7、in the wall具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系。【关键知识】学习分词的知识只要抓住现在分词同过去分词的区别这一关键环节，其他问题便可迎刃而解。区别现在分词和过去分词的方法主要有两点：1. 掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。 分词做定语时，看分词同它所修饰的名词或代词的关系。分词所修饰的名词或代词同分为主谓关系时，用现在分词；分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为动宾关系时，用过去分词。There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China.过去分词短语broa

8、dcast on TV or the radio in China作定语修饰programmes, broadcast同它所修饰的名词programmes具有动宾关系，即broadcast programmes on TV or the radio，因此必须用过去分词。Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. 现在分词短语offering me the job是名词letter的定语，offering同它所修饰的名词letter具有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果将现在分词短语转换成定语从句，这种“主谓关系”则更为明确：Two day

9、s later I received a letter which offered me the job。 分词做宾语补足语时，看分词同宾语补足语的关系。主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。You often see musicians performing in the streets. 宾语musicians和宾语补足语performing具有逻辑上的主谓关系，musicians发出perform的动作，宾语补足语必须用现在分词。Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves unde

10、rstood not just by words. 作宾语补足语的过去分词understood同宾语ourselves 为动宾关系，即understand ourselves，此处的意思是“使我们自己被别人所理解”。 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致。据此，辨别现在分词和过去分词的区别要看分词同句子主语的逻辑关系，主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. 现在分词短语using the f

11、ingers of your right hand作方式状语修饰谓语动词eat。之所以用现在分词，是因为using同句子的主语you有逻辑上的主谓关系。换言之，句子的主语you既发出谓语动作eat，又发出非谓语动词using所表示的动作。Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. 过去分词短语locked in your room充当spend the night的方式状语。lock同句子的主语Dr. Watson and I的逻辑关系为动宾关系“lock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。分

12、词作状语时同句子主语之间的逻辑关系较难理解，再看以下例句，注意分词短语同句子主语之间的逻辑关系。The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemists shop and bou

13、ght some special medicine.Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson. 2. 分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分词的两种方法。 分词作表语时，现在分词表示主语的特征；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。The temperature is 15°C. It is freezing outside. Children are afraid o

14、f the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening.which代表先行词the stone figures的含义，在定语从句中作主语。frightening是系动词look的表语，表示主语the stone figures的形象特征。One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. 过去分词polluted作表语，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的状况。 surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please等

15、动词具有共同的特点，他们的意思都是“使（人）怎么样”。这类动词充当表语时区别现在分词或过去分词的方法比较简单：如果主语是表示“人”的词语，表语用过去分词；主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语，表语用现在分词。We were getting very worried.“The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened. 以上两句的主语分别是“we”和“Mrs. Cousins”，表语用过去分词worried和frightened。The news that the Chinese team won the

16、gold medal was very encouraging.主语是表示“事物”的词语the news，表语用现在分词encouraging。【相关知识及其运用】在语言实践中，我们还会遇到许多关于分词使用的具体疑难问题。以下选用高考试题或各地模拟试题为例，集中讨论一些常见的语言现象。1. 现在分词被动式同过去分词的区别现在分词同过去分词的基本区别可见下表：时间概念语态概念现在分词进行或与谓语动作同时主动概念过去分词完成被动概念现在分词被动式being done也表示被动，在语态概念上与过去分词相同，因此区别就只在于时间概念了。Most of the people _ to the party

17、 were famous scientists. (2015年高考试题)A. invited B. to invitedC. being invited D. inviting【答案】A2. 分词作定语同不定式作定语的区别不定式作定语在时间概念上表示“将要”，这是它们之间最根本的区别。The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ( 2016年高考试题) A. having written B. to be written C. being writt

18、en D. written【答案】D【解析】选项A为现在分词完成式，同其所修饰的主语textbooks具有逻辑上的动宾关系，没有被动形式，不可能考虑；选项B为不定式的被动式，在时间概念上表示将来，与句子的时态不符，必须排除；选项C为现在分词被动式，在时间概念上表示“进行“，不能满足试题要求；D选项written既表示被动又表示完成，切合试题要求，是正确答案。3. 介词with后的宾语补足语介词with具有一般介词都不具备的语法功能，with后面可以带“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing a

19、t another person. 介词后的宾语补足语同动词后的宾语补足语没有区别，在试题中只要善于识别便不难理解。The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. (2015年高考试题) A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied【答案】D【解析】过去分词tied作介词with后的宾语hands的宾语补足语。With his son _, the old man felt unhappy. (2017北京西城区试题一) A. to disappoint B.

20、to be disappointed C. disappointing D. being disappointed【答案】C【解析】宾语补足语如果选用被动式，意思为“他的儿子自己感到失望”；如果选择现在分词，意思为“他的儿子令别人感到失望”。正确答案为C。4. 分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。The key _, she went through her handbag carefully.（2017年长沙模拟试题

21、） A. hadnt been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found【答案】C _ you should have no trouble with the difficult work. (2017北京崇文区统一练习一) A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing this C. From knowing this D. If you have knowing this【答案】A【解析】分词作状语时一般都可以转换为状语从句。本试题的选项B、D作为条件状语从句，

22、时态不正确，应该排除。选项A的knowing this的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。Written in a hurry, _. How can it be satisfactory? (2017年广州市综合测试一)A. they found many mistakes in the reportB. Sam made lots of mistakes in the reportC. there are plenty of mistakes in the reportD. the report is full of mistakes【答案】D【解析】这是一道非常典型的试题。

23、四个选项均为完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a hurry，试题的答案不言自明。5. 现在分词作宾语补足语时同不定式作宾语补足语的区别动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等可以用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但意思有区别。不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程已经完成；现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作在

24、谓语动作发生的瞬间正在进行。The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. (2015年高考试题) A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play【答案】A二、动名词【基本概念】1. 现行高中教材中将动名词和现在分词统称为-ing形式。这样处理英语传统语法项目的初衷是简化语法术语、淡化语法概念，让学生更多地通过语感掌握其用法。然而，在教学实践中却遇到了另外一些不好解决的问题。其一，取消了“现在分词”的概念之后，增加了“现在分词和过去分词的区别”这一关键知识的教学难度：其二，混淆动名词和现在分词的概

25、念使得属于动名词范围的一些细节问题的教学不容易开展，如动名词做宾语的问题、分词和动名词的逻辑主语问题等。现在分词和动名词都可以做定语和表语，概念却有所不同。遇到这些问题完全可以采取淡化或者回避的办法，就如同我们很少强调形容词做定语、表语同名词做定语、表语的区别一样。学生能够领悟其中的区别更好，不能理解也无关紧要。2. 动名词在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。例1：动名词做主语Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and

26、 make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable.Checking information is very important.Doing this can save a lot of time and money.Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. (P.22, Senior Book2A)例2：动名词做宾语After a short while he started directing films himself. Disney

27、 stopped drawing and watched the mouse.例3：动名词做介词的宾语Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. after在句中为介词，动名词opening做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词its是动名词的逻辑主语。The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child. I was pleased that the manager h

28、ad decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.having been是动名词being的完成式，做介词for的宾语。【关键知识】动名词一章的关键知识是动名词做宾语同不定式做宾语的区别。这种区别根据“约定俗成”的原则成为语法规则，因此没有过多的道理可讲。牢牢记住这些规则，在语言实践中能够熟练地运用，便是最好的学习方法。1. 下列动词只能用动名词做宾语，不能用不定式：suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, co

29、nsider, deny, escape, cant help, risk 等。Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play. 2. 一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。 remember, forget, regret后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。remember to do表示记住要去做某事r

30、emember doing表示记得曾经做过某事regret doing表示后悔做了某事regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉）The light in the office is still on.Oh, I forgot _. (2016年全国高考试题) A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off【答案】C【解析】句子的意思是“我刚才忘记了关灯”，“关灯”的动作没有发生。You were brave enough to raise objections at the

31、meeting.Well, now I regret _ that. （2015年全国高考试题）A. to do B. to be doingC. to have done D. having done【答案】D【解析】having done是动名词doing的完成式，表示该动作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是“后悔在会议上提出反对意见”。 try to do表示“设法做”（克服困难、障碍努力做）；try doing表示“试着做”（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以）。 like (love) to do表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing表示倾向性的动作。Little To

32、m should love _ to the theatre this evening. （2014年全国高考试题）A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taken【答案】A 动词need的用法同动名词做宾语有密切的关系。a) 当主语是表示“人”的词语时，need的宾语用动词不定式的一般式，这时不定式同句子的主语也是主谓关系。Right now you need to stay still until help comes. 但是，也有少数句子need的宾语同句子的主语构成动宾关系，这时need的宾语可以用动名词或不定式的被动式：The pati

33、ent will need looking after.b) 当主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语时，主语同need往往为动宾关系。这时，用need to be done或need doing均可，但要注意need doing是用动名词的主动式表示被动的概念。These shoes need repairing.These shoes need to be repaired.You have come just in time to help us.Fine. What needs _? (2016年广东高考试题) A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do【答案

34、】C【解析】what是句子的主语，表示事物。 stop to do和stop doing的语法结构不同，因此意思也就不同。stop doing中的doing是动名词做宾语，表示stop动作的对象，意思为“停止做某事”。stop to do中的不定式to do是目的状语，表示“停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事”。Let's have a break.Not now. I don't want to stop _ yet.（2015年广东高考试题） A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying【答案】D mean doing 的意思

35、是“意谓着；就是”。 I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office. (P.13, Senior Book2B)Missing the train means waiting for an hour.mean to do的意思是“意欲做；打算做”。What do you mean to do?【相关知识及其运用】1. 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语表示动名词所代表的动作是谁做的。动名词逻辑主语规范的表达形式是： 无生命的内容用名词的一般形式。 有生命的内容如果是名词，用该名词的所有格；如果是代词，则用形容词性物主代

36、词。He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.他总是坚持让别人称呼他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。his是动名词being called的逻辑主语，但同call构成被动关系。如果是主动关系应为call him Dr. Turner。再看下列两道试题：They insisted on _ a thorough rest before going back to work.A. him to take B. he tookC. his taking D. his taken【答案】C【解析】hi

37、s是taking a thorough rest的逻辑主语。_ made her mother very angry.A. Helens married Jack B. Helen has married JackC. Helen marrying Jack D. Helens marrying Jack【答案】D2. 动名词的完成式所有非谓语动词的完成式都表示非谓语动作先于谓语动作，动名词的完成式也不例外。Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party. （2015年上海市高考试题）A. having not been invited B. not havi

38、ng invitedC. having not invited D. not having been invited【答案】D【解析】having been invited是动名词的完成被动式，表示否定的not必须放在动名词结构的最前面。3. 动名词的被动式动名词的被动式同现在分词的被动式相同-being done。动名词被动式的使用主要看动名词和句子主语的逻辑关系：主谓关系用主动式，动宾关系用被动式。While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （2015年上

39、海市高考试题）A. to persuade B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded【答案】C【解析】cant help后必须用动名词做宾语，persuade同句子主语people具有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此答案C正确。He dare not go home for fear of _.A. punishing B. punished C. being punished D. to be punished【答案】C4. 动名词做介词宾语时应注意的问题动名词做介词的宾语一般情况同做动词的宾语没有区别。应注意的是，下列短语中的to不是动词不定式的

40、符号，而是介词，因此如果需要使用动词的非谓语形式，必须使用动名词。look forward to 盼望、预期be (get) used to 习惯于object to 反对devoteto 献身于、专心于get down to 认真着手进行、认真处理They have just come here to get down to repairing the road.We are looking forward to hearing from you.Do you object to my closing the window?三、不定式【基本概念】不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，具有名词、形容词

41、、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。1. 不定式做主语不定式做主语时，通常使用形式主语。而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it.How long will it take you to complete the trip?2. 不定式做宾语I have decided to take a

42、 lot of cabbage in vinegar. Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India.不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of spa

43、ce.以上句子中，it为形式宾语；difficult为宾语补足语；不定式短语to get a clear picture of space是真宾语。3. 不定式做表语It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell. A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it

44、down. 4. 不定式做定语but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, which is about one in ten.Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. 5. 不定式做状语Third, a lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants.本句中的to grow plants是has become too salty的结果状语。Va

45、rious things can be done to increase the food supply in the world.to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。不定式表示目的极为常见。有时为了强调目的，可以用in order to或so as to；有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork i

46、n her hand so as to attract the lions attention. To become a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young. To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm; and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it. only to do是不定式做结果状语的典型用法，这种“结果”往往是预想不到的。Yesterday I went to see h

47、im only to find he had been away on business.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.6. 不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况：绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带to的动词不定式；动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带to的不定式；改为被动语态又必须用to。What stores do you want me to order?But Cook o

48、rdered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water. And I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future.下面的例子是2014年的高考试题，试题的意图便是考查不带to的不定式变为被动语态时的用法。John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to was

49、h B. washing C. wash D. to be washing【答案】A【相关知识及其运用】1. 不定式的进行式当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River.He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in.2. 不定式的完成式同其他非谓语形式一样，不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。Im sorry

50、to have done that, I didnt mean to be so rude. Between 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred. 3. 不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时，不定式要用被动式。But some people dont want good farmland to be built on.good farmland是句子的宾语，to be built on是宾语补足语，宾语和宾语补足语

51、之间总是具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。因此，good farmland是不定式to be built on的逻辑主语，同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系，不定式必须同被动式。He has asked to be introduced to the pianist. 不定式短语to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语he，同时he同introduce又有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用被动式。不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时很容易造成理解上的困难。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。 The question is difficult t

52、o answer. The shirt is too small to wear. I find English easy to learn .、两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语，如for me一类，句中不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。4. 不定式与疑问词连用不定式与疑问词连用，其作用相当于一个名词性从句，可充当句子的主语、宾语和表语。Im not sure whether to go to the one about accidents.How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today.The problem i

53、s how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion. 5. 不定式做定语时的有关问题不定式做定语时可以分为两类： 不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming. 不定式短语修饰the first countries，同时the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。 不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系，如果不能确立动

54、宾关系或不定式为不及物动词，必须使用介词。Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room to live in and never a moments rest. I really dont know what topic to write about. (to write about what topic)Would you please give me a pen to write with? (to write with a pen)不定式做定语时，被动的概念应给予格外重视。通常的情况是不定式动作的执行者就在句子中。以上述三个句子为例，to live on的执行者是she；to write about 的执行者是I；to write with的执行者则是me。因此，以上三句中的不定式都用主动式。在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下，不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系，则用不定式的被动式。The action to be taken is correct.下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。Have you got anything _ there?No, I wil