光学中的“几个相似”

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12、垂直于界面入射的光线，折射方向不变；2平面镜所成的像大小永远与物体等大，不会改变；3凸透镜的一部分被不透明物体遮挡后，所成像的性质不变。二、三种与物体等大的像1小孔成像时，当光屏距小孔的间隔 像距与物体跟小孔的间隔 物距相等时，像物等大；2平面镜成像时，无论物距多大，像物始终等大；3凸透镜成像时，当u2f时，成像和物等大的实像。三、三种光学仪器1照相机组成部分：凸透镜、暗箱、胶片相当于光屏；原理：u>2f时，成倒立、缩小、像物异侧的实像；调节：拍近景时，镜头要向前伸暗箱变长；拍远景时，镜头向后缩暗箱变短；2幻灯机组成部分：凸透镜、幻灯片、强光源、聚光器；原理：f<u

13、<2f时，成倒立、放大、像物异侧的实像；调节：幻灯片倒置于比镜头焦距稍远处；3放大镜组成部分：短焦距的凸透镜；原理：u<f时，正立、放大、像物同侧的实像；四、会聚作用与发散作用凸透镜对光线有会聚作用，并不一定使光线会聚到一点或使光线变为会聚光线，而是指光线通过凸透镜折射后，折射光线比原来的入射光线沿原方向传播更靠近主光轴，使它的光束变窄，即凸透镜对原入射光线起会聚作用，而不一定是原入射光线变为会聚光线。附：常见三种光线五、通过凸透镜的三条特殊光线如图1平行于主光轴的光通过凸透镜后会聚焦于焦点；2从焦点发出的光通过凸透镜后平行于主光轴射出；3通过透镜光心的光线传播方向不变。六、“影与“像诠释影：指光在沿直线传播的过程中，物体挡住光线后，映在地面或其他物体上阴暗部分形成的形象。如手影、皮影戏的原理就是光沿直线传播的结果。