中国低碳生态城市的有效规划MarkHewlett--Atkins

1、Effective Planning for Low Carbon Eco-Cities in China中国低碳生态城市的有效规划中国低碳生态城市的有效规划Plan Design Enable规划规划 设计设计 实施实施2012 Conference on Urban Development and Planning2012 城市发展与规划大会Guilin,12 June 20122012年6月12日Mark Hewlett休伊特欧洲最大设计及工程顾问欧洲最大设计及工程顾问 Europes largest design and engineering consultancy.全球两万高端技术

2、人员全球两万高端技术人员Worldwide 20,000 highly skilled staff.伦敦交易所上市伦敦交易所上市Listed on the London stock exchange.中国分支机构在香港、上海、北京、深圳、中国分支机构在香港、上海、北京、深圳、重庆和成都重庆和成都China Offices located at Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing, and Chengdu.可持续发展和低碳可持续发展和低碳设计的先锋设计的先锋Pioneer in sustainable carbon critical

3、 design.得奖设计建筑作品得奖设计建筑作品Portfolio of award winning buildings.包括多幢世界知名建筑作品包括多幢世界知名建筑作品Including many of the worlds most prestigious buildings.阿特金斯阿特金斯 ATKINS阿特金斯简介阿特金斯简介 Overview of Atkins阿特金斯简介阿特金斯简介 Overview of AtkinsUrban Carbon Emissions 世界城市碳排放Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011; Internati

4、onal Institute for Environment and Development, 2011Defining Low Carbon Eco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义 Reducing greenhouse gases (carbon) 减少温室气体排放量（碳碳） Making more efficient use of resources高效利用资源资源 Protecting biodiversity and natural environment保护生物多样性和自然环境自然环境 Improving quality of life改善生活质量生活质量 Supporting

5、 local economy支持当地经济发展经济发展Low Carbon Eco-city Goals 低碳生态城目标低碳生态城目标Defining Low Carbon Eco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义 Positioning / marketing 城市定位/市场 Affordability 支付力 Investment returns 投资收益 More efficient, better managed, more competitive 更高的效率，更好的管理，更强的竞争力Low Carbon Eco-city Goals 2 低碳生态城目标低碳生态城目标 2阿特金斯低碳规

6、划 Atkins Low Carbon PlanningLow Carbon Eco-city Planning低碳生态城规划What are the Benefits? 低碳给城市建设带来的效益是什么？ Low Carbon Eco-city Planning Principles 低碳生态城规划原则 Land use and spatial structure土地利用和空间结构 Clustering 聚集 Mixed use 混合利用 Co-location 共址 Density 密度 Transit Oriented Development 以公共交通为导向的开发 Green areas

7、 绿化区Urban environment城市环境 Efficient water use高效的水体利用 Flooding 洪涝 Reduce waste废物减少 Pollution 污染 Biodiversity 生物多样性 Green infrastructure绿色基础设施Urban design 城市设计 Form 形态 Orientation 方位 Layout 布局 Massing 体块Isnt low carbon eco-city development really mostly about green buildings?低碳生态城开发并不主要是指低碳生态城开发并不主要是指

8、绿色建筑吗？绿色建筑吗？Defining Low Carbon Eco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义Residential住宅Retail零售Office办公Energy consumption per m2 GFA 单位建筑面积能耗单位建筑面积能耗Electrical and thermal consumption mix strongly affects carbon impacts 电能和热能的混合消耗对碳排放的影响显著电能和热能的混合消耗对碳排放的影响显著Buildings 建筑物Buildings 建筑物30-50%Typical office building典型办公楼The

9、rmal热Electrical电District scale区域规模Site-wide Infrastructure规划范围内的基础设施Renewables可再生能源应用Large scale 大规模Local smart grid当地智能电网District heating, cooling systems区域供热制冷系统Wastewater 废水Solid waste固体废弃物Tri-gen 热电冷三联供Energy storage能量储存Small scale小规模Demand Reduction减少需求Passive design, MEP, behaviour 被动式设计，机械电力暖

10、通系统改进10-15%District Scale Energy Systems 区域规模能源系统设计Carbon Efficient Generation 有效低碳产能 传统能源的输入方式 159Traditional energy input 159有效能源利用输入 100New energy input 10034电能Electricity1005910053热能Thermal锅炉 Boiler火力发电Thermal power热电联产CHP损失损失Loss 13节能一次能源节能一次能源 37% Saves primary energy 37%666损失损失 Loss Large fue

11、l input savings 节省大量的燃料输入Reduces electrical infrastructure cost减少电力基础设施运行成本Improves supply reliability增加能源供应的可靠性More efficient use of different grades of energy不同等级能源的高效利用Enhances flexibility for renewables integration提高可接入可再生能源系统的灵活性Low Carbon Energy Integration 低碳城市能源市政系统设计Integrating high and low

12、 grade energy sources lower carbon, more efficient整合高低品位能源进行综合利用整合高低品位能源进行综合利用 - 更低碳，更高效更低碳，更高效Low Carbon Urban Water Infrastructure 城市水设施低碳规划 Low Carbon Solid Waste Management 固体废物低碳管理 Low Carbon Transport 低碳交通规划 Low Carbon Transport 低碳交通规划 Infrastructure = networks基础设施基础设施 = 网络网络Defining Low Carbo

13、n Eco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义Networks = more integration; greater flexibility, adaptability; future-proofing网络网络 = 更紧密，更灵活，适应性更紧密，更灵活，适应性更强，适应未来发展更强，适应未来发展Infrastructure: Who Pays, Who Gains?基础设施投资模式：谁支付，谁收益？ Occupational savings运行过程中节能量Capital costs 基建费Occupational revenues运行的节能量收益Developers 开发商Utilities

14、 / government公用事业 / 政府机构Tenants / users租户 / 用户Utilities / government公用事业 / 政府Key issues 关键问题如何解决关键问题如何解决 ？ Difficult for developers to realise direct returns 开发商很难得到直接回报开发商很难得到直接回报 Longer-term timeframes for returns 远期收益将需要更长时间远期收益将需要更长时间Key advantages of private sector participation 私企参与的主要好处私企参与的主

15、要好处Sharing benefits, costs and risks 分享收益，成本和风险More efficient infrastructure service delivery 更有效的基础设施服务Private sector responsibility, financing and risk私企的责任，融资和风险Service Contract 劳务合同Management Contract 管理合同Lease 租约DBO/BOT 设计-建设-运营Concession 特许 Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure Delive

16、ry私营企业参与基础设施投资运营交付模式Contract duration and complexity 合同期和复杂度Energy Performance Contracts 能源利用绩效管理合同能源利用绩效管理合同Energy savings (relative to industry benchmark or existing usage) basis for contract due to more efficient infrastructure 高效的基础设施所带来的能源节约（相对于工业基准或现阶段的使用水平）Service provider finances capital of

17、 more efficient infrastructure 城市基础设施服务提供商投资更高效的市政基础设施Part of the cost saving to the developer is used to repay financing 开发商投资后节约的运营部分成本用于偿还额外的融资Developer has infrastructure funded and pays less for utilities over a set contract period开发商投资开发城市的基础设施，并且在合同期内项目投入运营期间享受到相开发商投资开发城市的基础设施，并且在合同期内项目投入运营期间

18、享受到相对于传统的城市开发模式较便宜的市政设施服务对于传统的城市开发模式较便宜的市政设施服务Low Carbon Infrastructure Cost and Revenue Sharing Between Developers and Service Providers开发商和服务提供商之间的低碳基础设施成本和收入分配模式UK uptake of small scale solar PV since FIT introduction (April 2010)引入上网电价后，英国小规模太阳能光伏量引入上网电价后，英国小规模太阳能光伏量 （2010年年4月）月）UK average solar

19、 resource significantly worse than Beijing 英国平均太阳能资源明显差于北京的太阳能资源英国平均太阳能资源明显差于北京的太阳能资源April 201026MWMarch 20121.3GWGovernment has set target of 22GW by 2020 政府设定2020年的目标为22GWLow Carbon Infrastructure Costs and Revenues低碳基础设施成本和收益 New national feed-in tariff, NDRC, August 2011:1RMB / kWh. 国家发改委，2011年8

20、月出台的可再生能源光伏项目上网电价，: 1元 / 度电 。Golden Sun Demonstration Projects, Ministry of Finance, June 2011: 9RMB / W installed capacity. Requires ESCO management. 金太阳示范项目，财政部，2011年6月： 装机容量9元 / 瓦。需要有资质的节能服务公司管理。Based on current average installation costs for Chinese PV equipment, following payback periods feasib

21、le: 基于目前中国光伏设备的平均安装成本，得出如下投资回收期：Good resource: 4-5 years 优质资源：优质资源：4-5 年年Average resource: 6-7 years 平均资源：平均资源：6-7年年Below average resource: 7-9 years 不足平均水平：不足平均水平：7-9年年Solar Photovoltaic Renewable Energy 太阳能光伏可再生能源太阳能光伏可再生能源Low Carbon Infrastructure Costs and Revenues低碳基础设施成本和收益 N. Europe 北欧北欧 “Fir

22、st of a kind” in innovation 创新独一无二 Substantial government support (subsides, grants, funding) 政府大力支持 （补助） Significant losses 重大损失N. America 北美北美 Significant government support 政府的大力支持 Close to commercially viable 具备商业投资回报可行性 Investors seeking first-move advantage 投资者寻求先机UK, Ireland 英国，爱尔兰英国，爱尔兰 Mini

23、mum government support 最小的政府支持 Commercial rates of return 商业投资收益率 Investors focus on long-term commitment to sustainability 投资者注重长期的可持续承诺Australia 澳大利亚澳大利亚 Mainstream market appeal 主流市场感染力 Commercial or near-commercial rates of return 商业收益率或接近商业收益率 Minimal / no government support 最小或无政府支持Government

24、support 政府支持力度Commercial viability 具备市场商业性水平Eco-city and Low Carbon District Models International Examples 生态城市和低碳区域的典范 国际案例 One Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom 布赖顿，英布赖顿，英国国0.39 hectare site. 172 apartments. 2,000 m2 commercial. 0.39公顷，172栋公寓，2000平米为商业Highly energy efficient buildings. 50% recycl

25、ed materials. 高能效建筑，50%为可回收材料100% renewable electricity. On-site PV and biomass boilers. ESCO managed. 100% 可再生能源发电，光伏和生物能源燃烧锅炉，能源服务管理公司。Commercial IRR of 15%, matching standard developments. 项目投资回收率为15%，符合市场化投资要求No government funding. 无政府基金支持Eco-city and Low Carbon District Models International Exa

26、mples 生态城市和低碳区域的典范 国际案例 Aurora, Melbourne, Australia 奥若拉，墨尔本，澳大利亚奥若拉，墨尔本，澳大利亚8,000 dwellings. 25,000 population. 8000 所住宅，人口25,000Retail, offices, five schools. 零售，办公楼，五所学校Highly energy efficient buildings. 高能效建筑Renewables and fuel cell technology provide on-site electrical and thermal generation. 可

27、再生能源和燃料电池技术提供电力和热力On-site recycled water treatment. 当地建有中水处理设施Entirely privately financed. 100%为市场行为私人投资Statutory sustainable planning framework which all developers have to comply with. 所有开发商均需遵守强制法定可持续规划框架Eco-city and Low Carbon District Models International Examples 生态城和低碳区的典范 国际案例 Conventional C

28、ity Planning 传统城市规划Low Carbon Eco-city Planning 生态城低碳规划Planning stage = greatest influence on overall carbon reductions规划阶段规划阶段 = 对总碳减排影响最大对总碳减排影响最大Critical for low carbon eco-cities = getting in early and integrating低碳生态城低碳生态城 的关键点的关键点 = 早动手，综早动手，综合规划合规划Low Carbon Eco-city Planning生态城低碳规划Guidelines

29、 / Manuals - Embedding in the Regulatory Plan城市规划导则/手册 低碳指标纳入控规 Energy Targets 能源目标 Materials & Waste Targets材料和废物的目标 Transport Targets 交通目标Water Targets 水目标Project LC Target项目低碳目标Sub Area 1Plots 1, 2, 3 . X地区1地块1 2 3XSub Area 2 Plots 1, 2, 3 . X地区2地块1 2 3XStrategic LC Target战略低碳目标MOHURD low car

30、bon eco-city evaluation system:住建部低碳生态城评估系统 : Indicators 指标 Targets 目标International Examples 国外项目案例马斯达尔市，阿布扎比市，阿拉伯酋长国马斯达尔市，阿布扎比市，阿拉伯酋长国 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAEInternational Examples 国外项目案例伦敦伦敦2012奥林匹克运动会，英国奥林匹克运动会，英国 London 2012 Olympics, UK China Examples 中国案例Yinchuan CBD银川阅海湾中央商务区的低碳规划，宁夏Sheny

31、ang Auto City沈阳汽博城，辽宁Nanchang CT Pilot低碳城市发展战略白皮书，南昌Rui Hong, Shanghai新城总体规划，上海Chongming Chenjia崇明陈家 新城总体规划Jinan Queshan 济南鹊山China Examples 中国案例长沙梅溪湖，湖南，中国长沙梅溪湖，湖南，中国 Changsha Meixi Lake, Hunan, China Client: Franshion Properties (China) Limited. 客户：中国方兴地产有限公司 Model new eco-city master plan. 7.6km2

32、site. 206,000 population 制定新生态城总体规划。面积 7.6 平方公里； 人口 - 206,000 New CBD. High density mixed use core areas. 2km2 artificial lake, wetland islands and river 新CBD。高密度混合利用核心区。人造湖，湿地岛，河流面积 2 平方公里 All infrastructure networks presently under construction 项目基础设施均在建设中Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Meixi Lak

33、e Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Potential Energy Centre Location 能源中心位置Sizing and location of the tri-gen plants should be based on optimization of the cooling and heating network. 三联供厂的规模和位置应该基于供热和制冷网络的最优化。Use of lake water for chiller cooli

34、ng would reduce cooling tower sizes.利用湖水来使冷却机冷却，可以使冷却塔的尺寸减小。Local power network connected to the grid allowing import to meet demand shortfall. 与输电网连接的当地的电网可以输电以满足电力需求差值。 Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Smart metering and smart sensor equipment would be deployed at key electrical load locations, as

35、 well at key points in the electrical distribution network. 智能电表和智能传感器可以部署在电力负荷关键区域以及电力分布网络的关键点。Meters and sensors would be linked by advanced digital IT network to smart grid management centre, which would also connect energy centers and distributed generation equipment.先进的数字IT网络可以将电表和传感器同智能电网管理中心相

36、连，也可以将能源中心同分布式发电设备相连。Key Load Areas 能源中心位置Smart Grid Management智能电网管理Two-way Digital Communications 双向数字通信Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Potential for extensive use of heat pump technology. Ground and/or water sources could potentially be supplemented by sewage source.热泵技术广泛应用潜力。地源/水源可以靠污水来补充。GSHP

37、 technology could be deployed below open ground within building plots as well beneath some areas of open space.地源热泵技术可以部署在建筑用地和空地下面的开阔地带。Solar thermal panels could be used for both domestic hot water, space heating and as heat source for cooling systems.太阳能光热板可用于家庭热水，空间加热和冷却系统的热源。Water management 水管

38、理Grey water treatment works中水处理站Sewage pumping station污水提升站Grey water gravity network to have same alignment as planned sewerage 中水重力流管网采用规划污水管网相同的铺设方式Treated grey water to lake for recharge / assist circulation 处理过的中水补充湖水/促进循环Treated grey water pumped to service reservoir处理过的中水提升至高位水池Service reserv

39、oir高位水池Water supply network for non-potable uses非饮用水供水管网Water transferred by gravity to lake 通过重力流传输到湖泊Transfer of high quality water from west catchment reduces treatment of river water 由于西边流域优质水的补充，减少了从河流抽取的处理水量Planned water to be pumped from river reduced (west catchment transfer and treated grey

40、 water) 需从河流抽取的水量减少（西边流域补充的水量和经过处理的中水）Gravity Sewerage 重力流污水Water Supply for Non-potable use 非饮用水供水Potable Fresh Water Supply 饮用水供水Potable Fresh Water Supply 饮用水供水To municipal waste water treatment works排至污水处理厂Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Gravity Grey water Drainage 重力流中水Transit Oriented Develop

41、ment 以公共交通为导向的开发Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Transit Oriented Development 以公共交通为导向的开发Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Transit Oriented Development 以公共交通为导向的开发Meixi Lake Low Carbon Plan梅溪湖低碳规划Objective 目的目的Indicator 指标指标Target 目标目标Energy 能源能源 Reduce electrical demand降低电力总消耗Operational electrical

42、consumption density (kWhe / m2GFA / yr)运营电力消耗强度(kWhe / m2GFA / yr)X% at Final Design, relative to current BAU最终设计方案相对于目前一切照旧降低X%Increase on-site renewable energy supply提高区内可再生能源供给Ratio of energy supplied from on-site renewables (GWh / yr) to average site energy demand (GWh / yr)区内可再生能源供给量(GWh / yr)占

43、区域能源需求总量（GWh / yr）比重X% within five years of commencement of operation开始运作5年内提高X%Materials / Waste 材料材料/ /废物废物 Use low carbon, sustainable materials使用低碳，可持续建材Recycled content of construction materials by weight可回收成分占建筑材料按重量百分比 X% at completion of construction项目完成建设时达到X%Reduce operational waste generation减少废物产生 Overall waste arisings