句子成分的划分

1、句子成分的划分主干：主，谓，宾 分枝：定状补，表语，同位语，独立成分1主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如： The car is running fast名词 We are students代词 One of my classmates is from Shanghai数词 Eating too much is bad for your health动名词 【注意】假设不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式短语放在句后。 It's bad manners to spit in public places不定式

2、2谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 He works in a factory实义动词 I felt cold系动词表语 How can I get to the station？情态动词实义动词 They are working in a field助动词实义动词 3宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如： He

3、 is doing his homework名词 They did nothing this morning代词 She wants to go home不定式 We enjoy playing football动名词 有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如： He bought me a book Pass me the ball，will you？间宾直宾 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但假设把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for(make, do, buy)等。如： H

4、e lent some money to John Mr. Liu bought a dictionary for Tom有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如： I hope to see you again He promised to repair the radio as soon as possible.有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keepon等。如： Do

5、 you mind my opening the window？ I enjoy reading in the quiet garden on Sundays.有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。 aforget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如： Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow还没来 I forgot returning the book to him书已还给他了 bstop to do不定式为状语表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如： I

6、stopped to talk with him我停下来与他谈话。 The students stopped talking when the teacher came in老师进来时学生们停止谈话。 4定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式，分词短语等充当。What a beautiful kite it is！形容词 She is a chemistry teacher He runs a clothes shop.名词 There are two students in the classroom数词 We have something to do tomorrow不

7、定式 The man in blue is my brother介词短语 分词短语作定语：The old man living next door is very kind to others.The pen made in the US is very expensive.There are five boys waiting over there.【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词前，但假设修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。 5状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。 A副词短语

8、作状语：The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。程度状语The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.宾语较长则状语前置The boy needs a pen now.时间状语 B. 介词短语作状语：In the classroom, he boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。地点状语Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student

9、 in the classroom. 星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) C. 分词短语作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那儿要一支笔。表示伴随状态Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。原因状语Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. 因为受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。原因状语 D. 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。目的状语T

10、o make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.E. 名词作状语：Come this way! 走这条路！方向状语 【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如： He is old enough to go to school6补语A. 主语补足语，通常位于主语之前或谓语动词之后，当然放在谓语动词被动语态的过去分词之后， 主语补语位于主语之前，后有逗号 例：Tired and sleepy, I went to bed 有时位于主语之后，前

11、后皆有逗号 例：Chen, only 1.30 meters tall, won the first prize. 位于谓语动词之后 例：He died young. He was found died.除形容词外，名词、数词、不定式，分词，介词短语，从句也可作主语补足语。例：He came home quite changed，过去分词短语作主语补足语。含不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的句子转换成被动语态后，原来的宾补即为

12、主补。例如： His father made him do a lot of housework after school. = He was made to do a lot of housework after school by his father. I heard him singing an En

13、glish song in the classroom. = He was heard singing an English song in the classroom. The boy saw the dog tied to the tree. = The dog was seen tied to the&

14、#160;tree by the boy.B.宾语补足语 1 英语中有些及物动词，除有宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语才能使句子的意思完整。这类动词主要包括：make, consider, believe, cause, feel, hear, listen to, see, find, have, let, call等。其句型为：及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。 2 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句可作宾语补足语。例如：

15、We all called him “monkey”.宾补为名词We believed him honest.宾补为形容词I saw him out with his father.宾补为副词 We found everything in the lab in good order.宾补为介词短语I dont force him to d

16、o anything.宾补为不定式Nobody noticed him enter the room.宾补为不带to的不定式 I saw him crossing the road by himself.宾补为现在分词When we arrived there, we saw the work done.宾补为过去分词 【注意】有的动词后假设用不定式作其“宾补”则需要省略to。这类动词有

17、： make，let，have，see，feel，hear，watch，notice，listen to，look at等。如： I listened to them sing yesterday evening Ling Feng made the baby laugh7表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound听起来，feel，become， smell，turn，taste尝起来等。如： They are workers.名词The story is very interesting.形容 She is

18、 at home介词短语 Two and three is five数词 M y job工作is teaching English动名词 I feel terrible形容词 The dish tastes delicious形容词 8、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，指同一批学生We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们 James, the famous writer, visited our scho

19、ol yesterday. The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in the city of Beijing.9独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 a. 叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等，肯定词yes，否认词no称呼语：称呼人的用语。Buddy, do me a favor please.b.插入语：一些句中插入的to be honest, to be short, to tell you the truth, to be frank等。 To be short, we are

20、faced with very serious problems. Our professor, to be frank, is really a strange old man.1、Lily doesnt like her desk mate because of her bad manners.2、Exploring really deep caves is not a simple task.3、A speech will be given by an outstanding scientist tomorrow afternoon.4、He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean sir and the gentle pace of living in the countryside.5、There are ten boys sitting in the classr