2020考研英语(一)完型填空(英语知识应用)讲义

1、“英语知识运用”讲义(USE OF ENGLIS H一.考试要求英语知识应用主要考察考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。本部分共20个小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。在一篇约240-280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。注意：该部分不仅考察考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程 度，而且还考察考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性）的辨识能力。二.考试概况1 .体裁：多为论说文2 .题材：社会话题3 .文章来源：外刊4 .分值：10分5 .答题时间：小于20分钟6 .难度：较高三.命题原则1 .

2、第一句不出题。2 .答案平均分布3 .胡萝卜加大棒。四.三大考点（一）逻辑关系逻辑关系是英语知识运用考查的重点！主要考察句句之间的一致性和完整性。例1Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,others with a low BMI may be in poor shape.A. soB. whileC. sinceD. unless解析: 本句考察两个句子之间的逻辑关系,Some people/othersHigh BMI/low BMIIn fact三个线索，指向本题答案。（二）词义辨析例2This suggest tha

3、t dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not beingtoo bright.A. tendency B. advantage C. inclination D. priority解析：a tendency for/ to do s.than advantage inan inclination fortake priority over s.th例3Negative attitudes toward obesity, grounded in health concerns, have stimulated a number of an

4、ti-obesity. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss andfitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaignA. discussions B. business C. policies D. studies解析：我的医院禁止含糖饮料很多雇主开展减肥和健身活动米歇尔奥巴马发起运动（三）固定搭配例4Miche

5、lle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.A. for B. against C. with D. without解析：固定搭配+常识判断。五.应对方法1 .答题顺序：跳过空格，通读全文一一左顾右盼，寻找答案一一检查答案，纠错防漏2 .做题方法：上蹿下跳，左顾右盼（本质是用已经信息推断出未知信息）3 .甄别方法：找关联词4 .关键能力：语义衔接+语义甄别六.答题

6、技巧1 .难易相间法。句首或者句尾的空格，一般较为容易选出（往往都是逻辑关系词）。一句话的最后一个单词空格，要 看后句；一句话的第一个单词空格，就看前句。（一般会用最后一个单词空格的方式）例5Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations., when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it.A. besides B. therefore C. otherwise D

7、. HoweverA. helps B. cares C. warnsD. reduces2 .选项锁定法。选项中有两个正反答案，那么必选其例6A number of studies have concluded that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually.A. protective

8、B. dangerous C. sufficient D. troublesome3 .关联词答题法。例7For example, many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a BMI.A. strange B. changeable C. normal D. constant（请注意，bu

9、t后不会给你出简单的题目，让你直接填high）例8Just seven years ago, the Texas Legislature prescribed that all high schoolers must pass two math courses and geometry to graduate. This summer, the state reversed course, easing its _1_ math, science, and social studies requirements to _2_ class time for job training.1. A.

10、special B. vital C. strictD. absurd2. A. free up B. get by C. pass up D. drain on附：英语中常见的10大类逻辑关系词1. 表歹U举例如： such as , for example, for instance, to name a few, including2. 表原因因为：because, because of, as, since, for, in that, now that, owing to, thanks to :due to, on account of, given, considering, a

11、s a result of, according to 3. 表结果所以：so, so that, such that, as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence,for this reason , lead to, accordingly4. 表让步虽然： though, although, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, whereas, muchas, as, while5. 表对比而：but, however, yet, nevertheless, in compariso

12、n, conversely, by contrast, on thecontrary, against, instead of, rather than6. 表时间顺序先后：then, after, before, following, prior to7. 表目的为了： in order to, so that, with a view to, in order that, so as to, for the purposeof, in hope of, lest8. 表条件彳民如：if , supposing, in case, in the event that, as long as,

13、 provided, on conditionthat, unless9. 表并歹U也，and, as well as, similarly, simultaneously, also10. 表递进此夕卜：in addition, besides, additionally, apart from, furthermore, indeed, moreover,still, in particular七.真题训练Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter asa bodily exerciseprecious to health. &q

14、uot; But -_1_some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does _2_short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _4_, a good laugh is unlikely

15、to have _5_ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does._6_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _7_, studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter_8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh

16、 dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _10 feedback, that improve an individual's emotional state. _11_one classicaltheoryof emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 phys

17、ical reactions. Itwas argued at the end of the 19th centurythat humans do not cry 13 they aresad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _14_ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow _15_muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist

18、Fritz Strack of the University of Wtrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _16_a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile -or with their lips, which would produce a(n) _17_ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles _18_ more exuberantly to funny cartoons than

19、did those whose mouthswere contracted in a frown, _19_ that expressions mayinfluence emotions ratherthan just the other way around. _20_ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike2 .Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce3 .Astabilizing Bboosting ©impairing Ddet

20、ermining4 .Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Dobserve5 .Ameasurable Bmanageable ©affordable Drenewable6 .AInturn BInfact CInaddition DInbrief7 .Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected8 .Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes9 .Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance10 .Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious

21、 Dinternal11 .AExceptfor BAccordingto CDueto DAsfor12 .Awith Bon Cin Dat13 .Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause14 .Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses15 .Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond16 .Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold17 .Adisappointed Bexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent18 .Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted19 .Asug

22、gesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing20 .AEventually BConsequently ©Similarly DConverselyTheethical judgments of the SupremeCourt justices have becomean important issuerecently. The court cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justice s behave like politicians.Yet, in s

23、everal instances, justices acted in ways that _3_the court 's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of act ivity makesit less likely that the court s decisions will be_4_as impartial judgment s. Part of the pro

24、blem is that the justices are not _5_byan ethics code. At the very least, the court should makeitsel f _6_to thecode of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is stilla_9_betweenthe court and politics.Theframers of the Const

25、itution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from pol itics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in p ower and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system wasdesigned to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.C

26、onstitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamen tal social _15_like liberty and property. Whenthe court deals with social policy decis ions, the law it _16_isinescapably political-whichis whydecisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_as unjust.Thejust

27、ices must _18_ doubts about the court "s legitimacy by making themselves _19 _to the code of conduct. That would makerulings morelikely to be seen as separate fro mpolitics and, _20_,convincing as law.1.2.3.4.5.6.Aemphasize AwhenBlest Arestored Achallenged AadvancedBmaintain Cmodify D recognize

28、Cbefore D unlessBweakened CestablishedD eliminated Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted BcaughtCboundDfoundedAresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7. AresortsBsticks Cloads Dapplies8. Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9. Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10. Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11. Aso Bsince Cprovided Dth

29、ough12. Aserve BsatisfyCupset13. AconfirmBexpress14. AguardedBfollowed15. Aconcepts Btheories16. AexcludesBquestions17. AdismissedBreleased18. AsuppressBexploit19. AaccessibleBamiableDreplace©cultivateDofferCstudied Dtied©divisions DconventionsCshapes DcontrolsCrankedDdistortedCaddressDign

30、oreCagreeable Daccountable20. Aby all means Batall costs Cin a word Das a resultPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that _1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ fact

31、ors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_ , he theorised that a judge _5 of appearing too soft _6_ crime might be more likelyto send someoneto prison _7 he h

32、ad already sentenced five or six other defendantsonly to forced community service on that day.To _8_ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the _9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others _10 randomly forinterview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspe

33、cted the truth was _11.He studied the results of 9,323 MBAinterviews _12 by 31 admissions officers.The interviewers had_13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15 used in conjunction withan applicant 's score on the Graduate Ma

34、nagemenAdmission Test, or GMAT,a standardized exam which is_16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept himor her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17_that, then the scor

35、e for the next applicant would _18_by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20_.1 .Agrants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers2 .Aminor Bobjective Ccrucial Dexternal3 .Aissue B

36、vision Cpicture Dmoment4 .AForexample BOnaverage CInprinciple DAboveall5 .Afond Bfearful Ccapable Dthoughtless6 .Ain Bon Cto Dfor7 .Aif Buntil Cthough Dunless8 .Apromote Bemphasize Cshare Dtest9 .Adecision Bquality Cstatus Dsuccess10 .Achosen Bstudied Cfound Didentified11 .Aexceptional Bdefensible &

37、#169;replaceable Dotherwise12 .Ainspired Bexpressed ©conducted Dsecured13 .Aassigned Brated Cmatched Darranged14 .Aput Bgot Cgave Dtook15 .Ainstead Bthen Cever Drather16 .Aselected Bpassed Cmarked Dintroduced17 .Abefore Bafter Cabove Dbelow18 .Ajump Bfloat Cdrop Dfluctuate19 .Aachieve Bundo Cma

38、intain Ddisregard20 .Apromising Bpossible Cnecessary DhelpfulAs many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory andmental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we putthe keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance 's name, or the name

39、of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 . Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly

40、 showing that there 's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in muchthe sameway our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our abil

41、ity to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a newWeb-basedcompanyhas taken it a step 13 and developed the first brain

42、 training program " designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-basedprogram 15 you to systematically improve your memoryand attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importan

43、tly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developingmuch like a(n) 20exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use1 .Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhy2 .Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses3 .AIf BUnless COnce DWhile4 .Auneven Blimited

44、Cdamaging Dobscure5 .Awellbeing Benvironment ©relationship Doutlook6 .Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigures7 .Aroundabouts Bresponses Cworkouts Dassociations8 .Agenre Bfunctions ©circumstances Dcriterion 9.Achannel Bcondition Csequence Dprocess 10.Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature 11.ATherefore B

45、Moreover COtherwise DHowever12 .Aaccordingto Bregardlessof Capartfrom Dinsteadof13 .Aback Bfurther Caside Daround14 .Asharpness Bstability Cframework Dflexibility15 .Aforces Breminds Churries Dallows16 .Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace17 .Ato Bwith Cfor Don18 .Airregularly Bhabitually Cconstantly Dunusuall

46、y19 .Acarry Bput Cbuild Dtake20.Arisky Beffective Cidle DfamiliarThough not biologically related, friends are asrelated " as fourth cousins,sharing about 1% of genes. That is_1_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sc

47、iences, has_2_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted_3_1,932 unique subjects which_4_ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_5_.While 1% may seem_6_, it isnot so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professorof medical genetics at UCSan Diego, says

48、, most people do not even_7_ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the_8_our kin.”The study_9_ found that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, _10, as the te

49、am suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_11 it. There could be many mechanisms working togetherthat_12 us in choosing genetically similar friends_13functional Kinshipof being friends with_14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes to be evolution 1

50、5_ than other genes. Studying this could help 16_ why humanevolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17_ factor.The findings do not simply explain people's_18_to be friend those of similar_19_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects we

51、re drawn from a population of European extraction, care taken to_20_ that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1、AwhatBwhyChow Dwhen2、Adefended Bconcluded ©withdrawn D advised3、Afor Bwith Cby Don4、Aseparated Bsought Ccompared D connected5、Atests B objects Csa

52、mples Dexamples6、AInsignificant Bunexpected C unreliable Dincredible7、Avisit Bmiss C know D seek8、Asurpass B influence C favor Dresemble9、Aagain B also Cinstead Dthus10、A Meanwhile BFurthermore C Likewise DPerhaps11、A about B to C from Dlike12、A limit B observe C confuse Ddrive13、A according to B ra

53、ther than C regardless of Dalong with14、Achances Bresponses Cbenefits Dmissions15、A faster Bslower C later Dearlier16、A forecast B remember C express Ddisruptive17、A unpredictable B contributory C controllable Ddisruptive18、A tendency B decision ©arrangement Dendeavor19、A political Breligious C

54、 ethnic Deconomic20、A see Bshow C prove DtellIn Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, _1 _ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can _2_a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to _3 _ the marriage negotiations, or the young man's parents may make thechoice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection