语言学复习试题及参考答案

1、语言学 复习试题及参考答案I . Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the memb

2、ers of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Languagecopying ” a feature oafl aphsoenqeumenet,i3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by thus making the two phones .A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over

3、 a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called .A. phonetic components B. immediate constituentstelevision ” is a(n) C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features5. The morpheme “ vision ” in the common wordD. free morpheme

4、This statement represents A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme 6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is .A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have properties.A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional8. The syntactic r

5、ules of any language are in number.A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite9. “ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “ Alive ” and “ dead ” are.A. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonyms11. What essentially dis

6、tinguishesis considered.8. relational oppositesD. None of the above semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningA. referenceB. speech act C. practical usage D. context12. is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about

7、by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is .A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and sy

8、stematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word“ knight ” were pronounced, but in modernEnglish, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as .A. sound additionB. sound lossC. sou

9、nd shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across

10、 regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surfa

11、ce of the brain, called.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the, the acqu

12、isition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view得分11. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False (10 x1)21. People can utte

13、r a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops ；PI1. IAoccur in the same phonemic contextor environment.23. Parameters are

14、 syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different

15、 at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between wha

16、t he called“constatives"and "performatives".27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguisti

17、c distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronounssomething, somebody, andsome become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in : He don ' t know nothing.He don ' t likeobody.He a

18、in ' t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30. During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.得分III

19、. Define Six of the following ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism40. psycholinguistics得分IV. Answer the following question

20、s as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2 ) He

21、knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案及评分标准1.D2.C3.D11D12.C 13.A4.C5.D6. C 7. A 8. C9. B 10.C19.B20.AI . Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一

22、分14.B15. C 16.C17.A18.CII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分26.F27.T 28.T29.T 30.T21.T 22.F23.T24.F25.FIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分，能够举例不举 例说明的扣二分。31. allomorph: Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such altern

23、ative morphs are allomorphs, e.g.Plurality :-s, -es; foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese, etc.32. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, e.g., -ish in girlish, -mit in transm

24、it, remit, admit.33. semantics:Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.34. reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience35.

25、synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.36. predication analysis: Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constitutes-arguments and predicates.37. critical period hypothesis: The critical period

26、hypothesis refers to a period in one' s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.38. linguistic competence: Universally found in th

27、e grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.39. bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a gr

28、oup of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.40. psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.IV.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ): 每题十分，回答不全者酌情扣分。41. The dualit

29、y nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can

30、 be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system

31、has duality or even comes near to possessing it.42. Phonetics and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the study of human speech sounds and sound structures. The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics deals with the physical production of these sounds while phonology is th

32、e study of sound patterns and their meanings both within and across languages. If they still sound like more or less the same thing, read on. We ll discuss each one individually and then compare them side by side, which should clear things up.Phonetics is strictly about audible sounds and the things

33、 that happen in your mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs to make those sounds. It has nothing to do with meaning. It description. For example, in order to produce the word “ bed, ” you start out with your lips together. Then, air from your lungs is forced over your vocal chords, which

34、 begin to vibrate and make noise.The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a B sound. Next, keeping your lips open, the middle of your tongue comes up so that the sides meet your back teeth while the tip of your tongue stays down. All the while, air from your lun

35、gs is rushing out, and your vocal chords are vibrating. There s your Elys,otuhnedt.ipFionfaylour tongue comes up to thehard palate just behind your teeth. This stops the flow of air and results in a D sound as long as those vocal chords are still going.As literate, adult speakers of the English lang

36、uage, we don need a physical description of everything required to make those three sounds. We simply understand what to do in order to make them. Similarly, phoneticists simply understand that when they see /k?t/, it s a description of how most Americans pronounce the word as nothing “ cat. ” It h

37、to do with a furry house pet.In fact, if there were a word in any other language pronounced the same way, the phonetic spelling would be the same regardless of meaning. Again, it s not ameaning. It s strictly physical.Phonology, on the other hand, is both physical and meaningful. It explores the dif

38、ferences between sounds that change the meaning of an utterance. For example, the word“ bet ” is very similar toword “ bed ” in terms of the physical manifestation of soundTsh.e only difference is that at the end of “ bet, ” the vocal chords stop vibrating so that sound is a result only of the place

39、ment of the tongue behind the teeth and the flow of air. However, the meanings of the two words are not related in the least. What a vast difference a muscle makes!This is the biggest distinction between phonetics and phonology, although phonologists analyze a lot more than just the obvious differen

40、ces. They also examine variations on single letter pronunciations, words in which multiple variations can exist versus those in which variations are considered incorrect, and the phonological“ grammar” of languages.If you are a native speaker of English, you pronounce the letter P three different wa

41、ys. It s true. You may not realizeouit, dbou,taynd if you were to hear the wrong pronunciation, you might not be able to put your finger on the problem, but you would think it sounded really weird. Say the word -up. ” “Tphoepfirst P has more air behind it than the others, the second is very simi lar

42、 to the first, but it doesn t have much air in it, and the last one is barelypronounced at all. The word just sort of ends there when your lips close. Now, say it again, but puta lot of air in the final P. See? Weird, right? Thated P bwcthus® theunspisatot“grammatically " correct at the end of an English word. Similarly, Spanish words do not begin with an "s" sound followed by a consonant, which makes it very difficult for Spanis-speakers who arelearning English to say words li ke school,speak and strict.that.43.1) The girl lives a happy life in the city. CPCSNPInflVP八D