呼吸内科常用英语全

1、询问病史 12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of to

2、bacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical ,baiu' g rfik-kl data 传 记，marital 婚 姻 status, nativity 出生 , occupation, informant 提供消息的人, time of admission andrecord, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well,

3、 ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse s spaus 配偶 health status, menorrhea ,men'ri: 月经 (menarche me'n

4、 a :ki:, m-初潮 age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruationperiod or age of menopause, anymenstrual 'menstrul 月经周期 pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions 流产 ,premature ,prem'tju, ,pri:- delivery 早产 , stillbirths 死产 ,

5、difficult labor, family history (any congenital 先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings 兄弟姐妹 and children) 常用的症状symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum （dry, purulent 'pjurjulnt 脓性的 , copious 'kupis green sputum 大量绿色痰， tenacious ti'neis, t- yellow sputum 黄粘

6、痰， frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰， rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion i g 'z:n or at rest呼吸困难Orthopnea :' 0 pn籁坐呼吸Paroxysmal ,prk'sizml nocturnal nk't:nl dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath（ SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia

7、frin'gldi ; pharyngodynia ,fri' g dini咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze 喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise m'leiz 不舒服myalgia mai'ldi 肌痛insomnia in'smni 失眠hoarseness 声嘶dysphonia dis'funi 发声困难常见的体征physical signsclubbed fingers 杵 状 指 : increased longitudinal ,lndi'tju:dinl and transverse 横向 cu

8、rvature 'k:vt 弯曲 ,loss of concave 'knkeiv 凹面的 nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx 'flks, 'fei- 趾骨 ,指骨 , drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis ,sai'nusis 发绀 :blue discolouration of mucosal membranes andskin ,caused when mean c

9、apillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin di:,ksi'hemu, g lubin医氧血红蛋白 more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral p'rifrl 外围的,次要的cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, . nailbeds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: du

10、e to CO2 retention 潴留asterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis 球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicula 锁骨上的 r kl'vikjul and axillary k'silri 腋窝 lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg J on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased

11、 expansionkyphosis kai'fusis 驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea ,tkip'ni: 呼吸急促accessorymusclesofrespiration ,resp'rein :sternocleidomastoid 'st:nu,klaid'mstid 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alaeflaringwide or narrow intercostal,int'kstl 肋间的spacetactile 触觉的vocal 声音的fremitus 震颤触觉语颤subcutan

12、eous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance 清音dullness 浊音flatness 实音hyperresonance 过清音tympany/timp2ni/ 鼓音lower borders: scapular 'skpjul 肩 胛 的 line X left/rightintercostal ,int'kstl 肋间的 spacerange of mobility mu'bilti 移动Auscultation ,:skl'tein : 听诊vocal resonance 语音共振'krkl 发出细碎的爆裂声,r

13、onchi: wheeze , stridor 'straid 喘鸣 , cracklesVelcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse 粗的 , medium 中等的 , fine 好的 , crepitus 捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemak'kektik 恶病质的,n'reksi 食欲减退weight loss ， cachexia k'keksi 恶病质， cachecticdecreased food appetite

14、, loss of appetite, anorexia常做的检查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图 (take one s body t emperature)'klt/ blood test 潜隐血试验sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occultBlood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity t

15、estsputum cytology sai'tldi 细胞学Pulse oximeter k'simit 脉氧计： continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/femoral 'femrl 股骨的 artery puncture 穿刺PaCO2:partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: p

16、artial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia,haipk'si:mi 血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply,PaO2V 60 mmHg(millimeters ofmercury 'm:kjuri 汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis

17、,or pulmonary embolism ， pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal,PaCO2> 50 mmHg(millimeters ofmercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular ,njuru'mskjul 神经肌肉 (sedatives 'sdtiv 镇静齐Umyasthenia ,mais' 0

18、i:ni几无力)，structural 'strktrl结构的(ankylosing spondylitis ,ki'luzi,spndi'laitis 强 直 性 脊 柱 炎 ), pleural diseases ,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticularri'tikjul 网状的 , linear 'lini线状的 , military nodules 粟粒样结节 )coin lesions 硬币样cavities 空腔： amphoric 'mf

19、rik 空翁音的 (breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification u,psifi'kein 浑 浊 ： consolidation (air spaceinfiltrate):confluent 'knflunt 支流的 ,汇合的 shadowing and air bronchogramf 支 气管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis 肺不张pleural effusionmediastinal ,mi:dis&#

20、39;tainl 纵隔 mass: thyroid ,thymoma 0 ai'mum胸腺瘤, teratoma ,ter'tum 畸胎瘤 , TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma lim'fum 淋巴瘤 and aneurysm 动脉瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)'pzitr

21、n正电子Abdominal ultrasound 'ltrsaund 超声skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验( dust mites 尘螨， pollen 花粉， cockroach 蟑螂)tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivativedi'rivtiv 纯蛋白spai'rmitri 呼吸量测定法，肺衍生物 (of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airf

22、low limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO< J t Jrestrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and smalllung volumesintraparenchymal > J J J Jextraparenchymal variable J J J normalFEV1: forced expiratory iks'pairtri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacity

23、RV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration,ekspi'rein )bronchoprovocation/challenge test ,prv'kein 支 气 管 激 发 试 验 ：histamine 'histmmin 组胺 or methacholine 乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation ,inh'leinbronchodilatat

24、ion ,dail'tein 支气管舒张试验: salbutamol 沙丁胺醇sl'bju:tm(:)lfiberoptic bronchoscopy br'kskpi : biopsy 'bai,psi 活 组 织 检 查bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PSpercutaneous needletransthoracic ,trns 0 '

25、;rsik,轻胸 廓 的 aspiration ,sp'rein 吸引术percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided 0 'rkskup胸腔镜 lung biopsy open lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图echocardiogram 心动图V/Q isotope &

26、#39;aisutup 同 位 素 scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral 螺旋 CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography ,ndi' g fi血管造 影术 )pulmonary angiographyDoppler 'dpl多普勒 USS thigh 0 aic腿 and pelvis 'pelvis骨盆(USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名 diseasesacute upper res

27、piratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感 ,influ'enz pharynigitis 咽炎 pharyngalgia frin'gldi 咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管 - 支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis

28、支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPDCOP电性发作bronchial asthma支气管哮喘allergic rhinitisrai'naitis 过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气

29、管肺癌squamous'skweims cell carcinoma 鳞癌支气管肺泡细胞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌'dnu,k a :si'num bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma(SCLC小细胞肺癌small cell lung carcinoma pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤 m'tstsispulmonary embolism ( PE)肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)肺血栓栓塞症 ,0 rmbu'emblizmpulmonary infarction

30、肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸 ,empai'i:mpneumothorax 气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸'paiu,nju:mu' 0 :rkschronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病'spjurtiv, -reitivcongenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病,sai'ntikcor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病'k:,pum'nlipulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压p

31、ulmonary encephalopathy肺性脑病en, sef'lp 0 iright heart failure; right-sided heart failure右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF特发性肺纤维化,idi'p 0 ikcryptogenic ,kriptu'denik 隐源性的 fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎conne

32、ctive tissue related lung diseases结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus 'lju:ps 狼疮 erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren s syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病,s a :ki'dusisPulmonary alveolar proteinosis ,

33、prutii'nusis , PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 'hi:mu,sid'rusis, ,hem- 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病 'g rnju,lum'tusisEosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿,i:sin'filikHistiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症 XWegener granulomatosis Wegener 肉芽肿extrinsic allergic al

34、veolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺 'nju:m,kuni'usisdrug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis ,sp:di'lusis 曲 菌 病 ： allergic bronchopulmonaryaspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘'fistjul,kndi'daisisoral candidiasisosteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改

35、变glaucoma 青光眼cataract 白内障acute lung injuryALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物 drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经 验 性 的 , prophylactic,prfi'lktik, ,pru- 预 防 性 ,remedial ri'mi:dil 治疗性Expector

36、ant 祛痰药 eks'pektrntMucolytics 粘液溶解剂 ,mju:ku'litikbronchodilator 支气管扩张剂 ,brkudai'leitB2-agonists ' g nist兴 奋 齐U : short-acting:salbutamol 沙 丁 胺 醇sl'bju:tm(:)llong-acting: salmeterol沙美特罗muscarinic ,msk'rinik异丙托溴胺毒蕈碱样的 antagonists n't g nist对抗剂:ipratropium bromide 'bruma

37、idaminophylline 氨茶碱 ,mi:nu'fili:nsteroids 'stirid 类 固 醇 inhaled: budesonide 布 地 奈 德beclomethasone ,beklu'me 0 sun氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic:prednisolone 'pred'nislun 强 的 松 po(per os).,hydrocortisone ,haidru'k:tizun 氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukot

38、riene ,lju:ku'train 白三烯 receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamide ni'ke 0 maidjmid尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂 ,daiju'retikalbumin 白蛋白 'lbjuminantitussive agents 镇咳药,nti'tsivammonium chloride 氯化铵 'munjm 铵 'kl:raid 氯化物ambroxol 氨溴

39、索 ( mucosolvan 沐舒坦)Pantoloc 潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae 'knjuli: 鼻 导 管 ， Venturi ven'tjuri 文 里 氏 face-mask nebulizer 'nebjulaiz 喷 雾 器 : finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI) 定量雾化吸入器continuous positive airway pr

40、essure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask(non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation ,intju:'bein 插管 ， tracheostomy ,trki'stmi, ,trei- 气管造口术， tracheotomy ,trki'tmi

41、, ,trei- 气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺术,0 :rksenesischest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术 ,nju:mu'nektmilobectomy of lung ， pulmonary lobectomy 肺叶切除术lu'be

42、ktmi 叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术,0 :r'ktmipleurodesis 胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术下腔静脉过滤器thromboendarterectomy 血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of theyear, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purule

43、nt sputum bronchiectasis:cystic 'sistik 囊 性 的 /varicose 'vrikus 曲 张 样 /cyclindrical 柱 状-tram-tracks 轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural 'pstrl drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotatin

44、g courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and morevertical;in the supine 'sju:pain 仰卧 patient , abscess develops in apicallower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulationof air in pleu

45、ral space, with secondary partialcollapse of subpleural 胸膜下的 bleb bleb 大疱 rupture 'rpt 破裂lactrogenic:positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy br'kskpi 支气管镜检查 ,esp. biopsy types: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex 'eipeks 尖 端 shift contralaterally 对立的旁边CXR: tr

46、anslucency trnz'lju:snsi 半透明 +collapse 倒塌 : visible rim边缘 between lung and chest wall >2 cm(centimeter) =>50%lung volume lossaspiration ,sp'rein 吸引术， intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent 周 期 性 的 : pleurodesis 胸 膜 固 定 术 , pleurectomy plu'rektmi 胸 膜 切 除 术 , bulla 'bul 大 疱 sta

47、pling 装 订 or lasering 激光pleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate ,trnsju'deit 漏出液： redistribution of Starling forcesacross microcirculation, diuretics,daiju'retik 利尿剂 can result in rapidresolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre 'li:t ) or ple

48、ura: serum'sirm 血 清 protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia,haipul,bju:m'ni:mi低 蛋 白 血 症 , embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . ,haipu' 0 airidizm甲状腺功能低下Exudate 'eksjudeit 渗出液： capillary permeability

49、,p:mi'biliti 渗透 increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia ,ni:u'pleizi, -i 瘤形成 , surgery ortrauma.CXR: meniscus mi'nisks 弯液面 -shaped,rises towards axilla k'sil 腋温Appearance: clear ,straw 淡黄色的 -coloured: suggests transduateturbid 't:bid 浑浊的 , green: i

50、ndicates exudates(pus ps 脓 cells) or empyema,empai'i:m 积脓症 (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax ,hi:mu' 0 :rkSL 胸)： tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis 'pnkri'taitis 胰腺炎 , traumawhite( chylothorax ,kailu' 0 :rkS糜胸)：lymph ,blockedthoracic 0 :'rsik, duct 胸导管,usual

51、ly due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic ,intr O'rSjk廓内的 streptokinase ,streptu'kaineis 链 球菌激酶 via chest drain: to lyse lais 溶解 fibrinous 'faibrins 纤维蛋白的 adhesions d'hi:n 粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline ,tetr'saikla

52、in 四 环 素 . bleomycin ,bli:u'maisin 博莱霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的 laryngeal ,lrin'di:l 喉的nerve palsy 'p:lzi 麻痹dysphagia dis'feidi,-di 吞咽困难pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate 'stelit, -leit 星 形 的ganglion ' g g lin申经节 resulting in Horner syndrome hypertr

53、ophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy ,stiu a :' 0 rupB萧节病 superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness ofbreath; conjunctival edema, ,kndk'taiv结膜 plethora 'ple 0, rvein dilation, pericardial tamponade ,tmp'neid心包 填塞(JVP t ,ABPj ,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrine(

54、ACTH: Cushing s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma), skin ( dermatomyositis ) immunocompromised . shingles 带状疱疹 squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squ

55、amous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagul

56、able statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early,small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that isassociated with chronic lung inflammation , . fibrosing , copious

57、 clearmucoid sputumNSCLC:surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapy SCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondarylungcancer:breast,oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone(sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma

58、, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscletone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2J ,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper a