技术时代与人的生命物化（The age of technology and the materialization of human life）

1、技术时代与人的生命物化The age of technology and the materialization of human lifeThe age of technology and the materialization of human lifeauthor Mao Pingauthor Mao Ping, Guangdong University, Foshan(I)The era of technology is a term commonly used in Heideggers later work, that began in the industrial revolut

2、ion since seventeenth Century the British symbol of the human society development period with the rapid development of science and technology for. The era of technology is the unprecedented increase in the level of human life and human suffering period, the negative effect of technology in many unex

3、pected period, if the human ecological environment is destroyed is the object the negative effect of words, then the persons life is the subject of this kind of negative impact on performance, and the latter to one of the most direct and deep pain.The materialization of life refers to the human life

4、 contains natural (material) and the spirit of the original balance between the destruction of the human spirit, desire and heteronomy of the spirit of the people rejected, repressed until the loss of relationship between material and spirit as objects and objects. Embodied in:(1) the object is the

5、only purpose of human life.Kant once pointed out, man, in sum, all rational animals exist as ends, not merely as a means to a will. We must act in all our actions, whether this action is for himself or for other rational animals, and always treat him as a purpose 1. However, in the era of technology

6、, material wealth becomes the only purpose of human action, and man is merely the means or tool of material wealth. For people, busy, roosting in a variety of other needs, sacrifice, in the West Syrian type of Fuchs endlessly pursued in. Then, the relation between people and things is completely ups

7、ide down, not in order to meet the needs of the people there, but people have to produce more things, one is to live for his career, and not for his survival to business. 2 although the matter early in the pursuit of civilization has become the only one, have to decide the meaning of purpose, but on

8、ly in big power machine has brought unprecedented material wealth, profits become the only purpose of the production technology era, people pursuit of things have become so prominent, so passionate that as objective the people from human activities. Once material things occupy the most important val

9、ue in a persons life, he himself becomes part of his possessions (3). Man in the technological age is nothing more than a representation of things than of himself.(2) things become the supreme masters of man.In the age of technology, man regards himself as the master and center of nature. Nature is

10、the object of human conquest and domination. However, the master of the conquest and domination of nature is actually subject to his own material desires, i.e., the natural aspects. His personal things belonging to his animal spirit let things, in a matter of desires, the spiritual master. This kind

11、 of domination even penetrated into the spirit, leading to the materialization and utilitarianism of the spirit itself. The theory that all things have the spirit to make the objective become spiritual, and the industrialism makes the human spirit objectified (4). The human spirit, which can directl

12、y create material wealth, such as the so-called instrumental reason and technical reason, has been paid close attention to for its usefulness and has been fully developed. On the other hand, can not directly create material wealth, such as the metaphysical thought, belief and art emotion were regard

13、ed as useless by rejecting the domination, and finally to wither degenerate. Instrumental rationality and technological rationality dominate the human spirit and almost become the equivalent of human spirit. Because of its active initiative to create, but when the spirit beyond only as a species mea

14、ns limitation and self development, has dominated the spirit of slavery, in turn, limit the spirit of self development.The materialization of human life leads to a series of bad consequences, the most important of which lies in two aspects: first, the deterioration of the relationship between man an

15、d nature; and two, causing serious social problems. The relationship between man and nature is multidimensional and colorful. There is not only scientific relationship,And the relationship between art and religion; not only utilitarian relations, but also non utilitarian relations. As the former, we

16、 take nature as our object, change and transform it; as the latter, we share nature as our friend and mother, and share our love and reverence. The interaction between human beings and nature, which restricts each other, makes man and nature maintain a balanced and harmonious relationship on the who

17、le. As man is active, free and independent, therefore, man plays a decisive role in the relationship between man and nature. When the natural and spiritual self contained in a balanced and harmonious state, the relationship between man and nature is in external balance state, once the balance betwee

18、n nature and spirit contained in itself will be destroyed, the relationship between man and natural deterioration of the external. The materialization of human life makes man a natural man, a man full of material desires, and the relationship between him and nature is only naked. In order to meet th

19、is endless, growing material, people constantly available to the nature and plunder, peoples spiritual world and the atrophy of nature is no longer attached, the nature is no longer a human friend and mother, thus losing the care and protection of the human spirit. Holderlin, a German poet, believes

20、 that whoever oppresses nature and makes it useless can no longer achieve love and achieve a better union with the world. 5. The loss of mans natural attachment aggravates mans violent plundering and destruction of nature, and the madness of plundering and destruction, in turn, intensifies the separ

21、ation between man and nature. This vicious cycle has finally caused us todays alarming ecological deterioration. The Rome club has made it clear that the ecological crisis is also one of the manifestations of human internal crisis. The internal crisis of human beings, in our view, is the materializa

22、tion of human life, which is the imbalance between mans inner nature and spirit, leading to the imbalance between man and the external nature.The materialization of life leads to serious social problems. The first is the emergence of a series of crises in individual life, and secondly, the crisis af

23、fects society as a whole. Human nature is the unity of nature and spirit. The materialization of life causes the natural expansion of human beings, the lack of spirit and the imbalance of the unity. Moreover, the pursuit of more and more material makes the pace of human life accelerated and the ment

24、al tension becoming more and more serious, so that all kinds of psychological diseases develop. Human life itself, in order to maintain this balance and reconstruct the lost balance, arouses a variety of resistance and adjustment, and this resistance and adjustment may be transformed into a social d

25、estructive behavior. Modern mental emptiness, loneliness, hopelessness, homelessness, apathy, anxiety, and even suicide are all manifestations of this mental illness. The drug and alcohol abuse, murder, violence and other psychological catharsis of society formed a direct damage. Some thinkers in th

26、e West have shown that the emergence of this kind of social problems is related to the material expansion and spiritual scarcity of modern civilized people. In 50s, Sri Lanka was the most rapidly affected by the rapid growth of crime in the west, when it was most affected by Western modernization. M

27、oreover, in Japan, in China and Africa, the rate of crime has also risen with the development of modernization 6. In 1995, the World Health Day was celebrated in Beijing. Experts pointed out at the Forum: since 80s, the number of people with mental illness in China has been on the rise 7. Therefore,

28、 it has been concluded that the more material conditions are, the more unstable and discontented the spirit is. 8. All the statistics confirm that suicide is not caused by material poverty. Suicide is often the least common in the poorest countries 9. Therefore, the western people of insight predict

29、ed that human mental illness would be the greatest threat to mankind in the twenty-first Century.(two)In the era of technology, the materialization of human life has its profound social roots first. When Heidegger talks about the characteristics of the technological age, he points out that technolog

30、y is not only the activity of man, but also the tool used by man. The technology brought to human society is not just a machine to replace manual work,Replace another means of production with one kind of production 10. Technology to the human society is changing the universe and the universe outlook

31、 status, are included in the technology of production system, production technology to become dynamic factors for production operation, technology driven, control, use and consume 11 at any time. The appearance and position of the world in this sense of technical production, Heidegger called it tech

32、nical exhibition, and in the technical display, it was first brought into being and defined by people. Man is only a kind of manpower, material or a kind of labor force in technological development, which is the consumer who produces products. At the same time, the technology era of cognitive style

33、also get rid of the limitations of technology, he only from a technical relationship to look at things, the things which present in the technical relations in the face as his pursuit of the truth, this is only a standard to look at things, deny things also has other appearance and value of 12. Heide

34、gger calls this technology controlled cognitive approach technical vision. Man not only presents the appearance of human, material and consumer in the display of technology, but also in the view of technology, that is, in the self-consciousness of human in the technical age, man is also human, mater

35、ial and consumer. Whether human, material or consumer, people are mainly regarded as a material existence of flesh and power. Because industrial technology reduces the importance of art, more and more people to use only as a labor force, which gradually formed the spirit of social existence and as p

36、roducers separated from the point of view, that should exist only in the workplace peoples spiritual and social life. This concept continues in western thinking until now 13. That is to say, the material aspects of human physiology, mental factors plus itself is to serve the rational production tech

37、nology such as tools, technology and technology become the show in the field is not hidden, and non production technology constitute service to people of other critical spirit is the utility benefit and completely conceal, become hidden. The scientific management of behavioral science, corporate cul

38、ture, emphasis on human spiritual factors, its purpose is not in the spirit itself, and in technical efficiency and technical utility, so in the end it is a kind of tool or the spirit of the spirit of the use of a material. As for the existence and development of the non instrumental factors in huma

39、n spirit, it is not the concern of the production managers, nor is it the concern of the society which is full of material desires and hedonism. #p# paging Title #e#The era of technology life will change with the Renaissance of philosophy about human against religious asceticism, the secular life of

40、 publicity. Before the middle ages, man was mainly regarded as the unity of flesh and soul. In ancient Greece, people even more value the human soul, because it is the human soul that makes it different from the ordinary animals. Perhaps it is for this reason that the Greeks have made extraordinary

41、contributions to mankind in the realm of pure knowledge and metaphysical theoretical thinking about philosophy and art. Medieval religious theology contempt for human flesh, magnify the soul, advocating asceticism in peoples ideas on the move towards the extreme. Renaissance, humanism in opposition

42、to religious theology abandon the spirit, advocating asceticism and advertise the secular life, emphasizing the peoples material desires. Not until the eighteenth Century French materialism in the concept to another extreme, they emphasized the existence of ones material, the soul is equal to the hu

43、man body, that is the machine, completely ignored the unique spirit of the people, by the nature of things engulfed the spirit of things. Although in eighteenth Century the materialist there, a rational person got stressed that it is hitherto unknown, determines the rational human nature, but the re

44、ason is they stress based on modern mathematics, geometry, mechanics, rejection of people about the ideal world after exploring and meaning field, and with obvious utilitarian rational and practical tool.The German classical philosophy inherited the rationalism tendency in the eighteenth Century phi

45、losophy, and developed it into a complete idealism philosophy system. In the German classical idealist philosophers appears in eighteenth Century seventeen mechanical view of the universe of the human spirit completely under control the nature of causal necessity under the personal free will still b

46、e eliminated, so they are in college, in the scope of philosophy Abstract idealism, standing in the position, and once again in order to safeguard the independent of human beings the spirit, to expound the essence of human freedom struggle 14. But the German classical idealist but the rational absol

47、ute, objective, and from a specific person, even in real life, become a free spirit with spirit. Marx in the critique of German classical idealist to rational absolute and objective at the same time, emphasizing the human reality and material life, the relationship between law as national form, not

48、only from their own understanding, nor from the general development of the human spirit to understand, on the contrary, they are rooted in the material life the relationship between. The sum of the relationship of this kind of material life, Hagel in eighteenth Century in accordance with the British

49、 and French precedent, called the civil society, and the anatomy of civil society should seek from political economics 15. Unfortunately, Marxs discourse has been interpreted by many people as a material existence that emphasizes human beings. The goal of Marxs theory is the improvement of peoples m

50、aterial life. Eating well and being well dressed is absolutely economic. Frome talked about this phenomenon in his book Marxs concept of man, and perhaps there were few ideas that spread more widely than Marxs materialistic ideas. In some people, like Marx that one of the most important psychologica

51、l motive is to get money and enjoy this, to gain the biggest profit and make efforts to constitute the main power of personal life and human life. As for this kind of idea is the supplement the same spread view: Marx did not see the important role of the Marx, to the spiritual needs of people not on

52、ly do not pay attention, do not understand; Marx is the ideal person to eat well, dress well and no soul 16. What is more, the Marx on the first material, the principle of consciousness is secondary to apply to the understanding of people, people think of first material life, spiritual life of the s

53、econd, the latter only in the former solution after consideration.Thus, people living in the technical age are not only in the technical display, but also in the technical field of vision. They are just a kind of material existence. Perhaps it is because the view of technologys sake, since the Renai

54、ssance of human philosophy in general emphasized the existence of ones material, even if there have been the theme of the human rational thought, but because of the reason or is a kind of natural science based on instrumental rationality, or an abstract from a specific reason people, so it is a kind

55、 of non rational.(three)Today, the materialization of human life has become a global problem. In the developed countries, especially in the post capitalist period, the phenomenon of materialization is more serious. It permeates the humanistic spirit itself, and the situation of people and not people

56、 is even worse. In developing countries, with its modernization, especially with the developed countries have witnessed their economic gap is big, and the desire to breed technology, anxiety and psychological desire for growth regardless of the other consequences, making the development of family li

57、fe China phenomenon is worrying. China has a number of words a person with breadth of vision loss of humanistic spirit, we have been thrown into a matter of time, we have entered a pursuit of the interests of the era, requires rebuilding the humanistic spirit of rational cultural reconstruction. A s

58、eries of social problems brought about by the materialization of life, such as money first, hedonism, spiritual emptiness, loss of belief, and various social crimes, are quite prominent in our country. The modernization process of human society can not be avoided, and how to avoid human life materia

59、lization has become a serious problem that we should study today in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.Admittedly, the answer to this question is rather difficult, but at least we have a clear understanding of the following three aspects:First of all, we must clearly realize that our modernization should take human development as the main content. Human beings are the purpose of all activities, and development theory is becoming more and more exp