考研英语阅读翻译及部分解析

1、Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.过去的 25 年，在英文报纸发生的所有变化中，或许最具有 深远意义的变化就是这些报纸的文艺报道范围不断缩小， 严肃性 不断减弱，这是个无法逆转的必然趋

2、势。It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20 th century consi

3、sted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.对于年龄低于 40 岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年 可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方 夜谭。然而，在 20 世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读 到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。

4、 现在， 如果读到这 些集子， 人们肯定会惊诧， 当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为 适合发表在大众日报中。We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of ththe 20 th century and the eve of World War , at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament

5、to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard S

6、haw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as acalling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“Sofew authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted

7、to define journalism ' as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are' .”从 20 世纪早期到二战以前， 当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广 泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。当时的报纸 极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个 亮点。 在那些遥远的年代， 各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地 详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事 情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调 不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如

8、 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest Newman 也知道自己在做什么(即他们的文章会高调出现在报 纸上)。这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们 的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。 “鉴于几乎没有作家能拥 有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们能在新闻报纸写作中坚持 不懈”， Newman 曾写道，“以至于我非常想把新闻写作' 定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个 轻蔑之词'” 注：tempted to do sth 的意思是：To cause to be strongly inclined: 很想做：使很倾向于，所以可以翻译为“很

9、想做某事，很倾向于 做某事”。另外， keep one's end up 的英文解释为： (Brit infml) continue to be cheerful and play one's part despite difficulties (不顾困难)仍乐观而尽本分 , 不泄气。Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death

10、in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England ' s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music cr

11、itic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从 1917 年开始一直到 1975 年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特卫报写文 章的 Neville Cardus ，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章 的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一 指的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家， 所以 1947

12、年他的自传一书就成为热销读物。 1967 年他被 授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，他的 书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。 他大量的音乐批评， 除了专 门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。Is there any chance that Cardus 's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for t

13、he richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.Cardus 的评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。 在他去 世之前， 新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了， 而且他所擅长的措 词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有 什么用处。 何况， 由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨 日黄花了。Text 2Over the past decade, t

14、housands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “ one-click ” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚 马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”

15、付费系统。美林公司的资产 分配方案得到了法律保护。有个发明者的提箱技巧也获得了专 利。Now the nation ' s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Cou

16、rt of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “ a very big deal, ” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of MissouriSchool of Law. It “ has the potential to eliminate an entire

17、class of patents. ”现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专 利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争 议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中， 美国联邦巡 回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行 广泛的复审。 密苏里大学法学院 Dennis D. Crouch 说，“正如人 们所知道的那样， Bilski 案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消 除整个专利类别”。Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the F

18、ederal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake

19、out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business

20、-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是 联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在19

21、98 年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中， 联邦巡回法院做出了判决， 批准了筹 集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。 这一裁决使得商业方法专利 文件以几何数级增加， 起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特 定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。 后来，更多的公司 竞相添加这样的专利权， 希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手 为强。 2005 年， IBM 公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管怀疑这 种专利授权的法律基础，但它已经申请了 300 多份商业方法专 利。同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法 庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权 武器。The Bilski ca

22、se involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court 's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “r

23、econsider its State Street Bank ruling.前面提到的 Bilski 案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关 于能源市场的风险规避方法（注：也可译为“套期保值或对冲风 险”）。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不由三位法官听审，而 是由全部十二名法官共同进行。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探 讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审”道富银行的裁决。The Federal Circuit 's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narr

24、owed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “ inventions ” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “ reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, ” says Harold C. Wegner, a pat

25、ent attorney and professor at GeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做 出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明”。 乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师 Harold C. Wegner 教授 表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做 出反应”。26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of .A. their

26、 limited value to business. 商业价值有限。B. their connection with asset allocation. 它们与资产配置关联。C. the possible restriction on their granting. 批准可能受到限制。D. the controversy over their authorization.对于专利授权有争议。正确答案： C. the possible restriction on their granting【分析】：题目问题是：商业专利方法在最近引起关注的原因是 是什么?本题关键词为 Business-me

27、thod patents ，可以定位于第二段。第 一段说：“过去 10 年商业方法授予了成千上万的专利”；第二 段说，“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业模式专利进行缩减，这件 事引起了广泛争议。 ”AB 属于无中生有。 而且文章强调 recently 应该是第二段 now 引出的内容，即美国 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 要全面审查商业模式专利，有可 能会 eliminate an entire class of patents 。C 选项是最近公众对商 业专利方法关注的可能结果要限制过多授予 专利权。27. Which of t

28、he following is true of the Bilski case?A. Its ruling complies with the court decisions.B. It involves a very big business transaction.C. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.正确答案： D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.【分析】 B 错误的原因是错误

29、理解原文 “a very big deal ”的含 义。文章不是指 big business transaction 的意思。而是指 Bilski 这个案子很重要。 文章第二段用 Bilski 的案例强调 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 要通过 Bilski 的案例来全面审 查商业专利方法。而且根据我们的傻瓜阅读法，有 may 可以优 先选。28. The word “about face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means .A. loss of good will.B. increa

30、se of hostility.C. change of attitude.D. enhancement of dignity.正确答案： C. change of attitude.【分析】：本题是典型的猜词题，从前两段主要内容和第三段开 头，不难看出原来 the Federal Circuit 鼓励专利申请，现在要抑 制，约束(即三段第一个单词 curbs)，即态度变化了。29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents .A. are important to legal challenges.B

31、. are often unnecessarily issued.C. lower the esteem for patent holders.D. increase the incidence of risks.正确答案： B. are often unnecessarily issued.【分析】：正确答案来自原文第五段： “ too many patents were being upheld for “ inventions ” that are obvious. ” D 是正反 混淆，与第四段第一句不符合，也不符合常识。专利不可能增加 风险，而是规避风险的。 AC 无中生有。30.

32、Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A. A looming threat to business-method patents.B. Protection for business-method patent holders.C. A legal case regarding business-method patents.D. A prevailing trend against business-method patents. 正确答案： A. A looming threat to business-metho

33、d patents. 【分析】：本题是全文主旨题。文章首段提到“过去 10 年”， 而二段首句转到 “ Now ”，文章的此脉络结构可知 “ A prevailing tread ”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦法院对“ business-method patents ”的立场变化，即缩小保护范围，要 重新审查商业方法专利。 AD 均像答案，但 D 选项关键词只出现 在第五段中最后一句， The judges on the Federal circuit are“ reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, ”说明

34、 反对商业方法专利只是原文一个细节， 不是主题， 而且文章主要 内容说了最高专利法院的态度变化，势必会威胁到商业方法专 利，所以选 A 是可以的。Text 3In his book The Tipping Point , Malcolm Gladwell argues that “ social epidemics ” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, p

35、ersuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn 't explain how ideas actually spread.在引爆流行 这本书中， 作者 Malcolm Gladwell 认为社会 流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的， 这 些人就是人们常说的影响者。 他们异乎寻常的博闻多识， 能言善 辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲， Malcolm Gladwell 的理论似乎很 有说服力，但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。The supposed importa

36、nce of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “ two-step flow of communication ” : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just f

37、ind and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was weari

38、ng, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播” 理论的影响， 即信息先从媒体流向影响者， 然后再从影响者流向 其他人。这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传 播理论是因为该理论认为， 如果他们能够找到影响者，

39、并对他们 施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。 这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、 品牌或社区为何会突然受到 出乎意料的追捧。 对于许多诸如此类的情况， 如果只是走马观花 地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、 宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。 这种事实证据与该观点正 好一拍即合只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social

40、 epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don 't seem to be required at all.但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会 流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。 事实上， 他们似乎根本 就是无关紧要。The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey

41、 whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence even themost influential members of a population simply don't interactwith that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to dri

42、ve social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people h

43、as little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won ' t propagate very far or affect many people.研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像 Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外 （她强大的人气影响力主要来自 媒体影响力，而

44、非她与观众互动的人际影响力），即使人群中最 有影响力的人也无法与那么多的 “其他人” 互动，从而引领潮流。 然而， 根据两级传播理论， 正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他 们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是，要让一种社 会流行潮流真正发生， 每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人， 而 他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人， 依此类推； 但是会有多少人去关 注这些熟人中的每个人， 与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。 举个例 子来说， 在这个人际影响的网络中， 如果第一个影响者受到两次 抵制， 那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大， 或者说影响的人 不会很多。Building on the basic trut

45、h about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people ' s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the

46、 principal requirement for what is called“ globalcascades” the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.基于这一人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响 的动力机制。 我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟， 不 断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。 他们

47、发现， 人们 所说的“全球连锁反应” 影响力通过（人际）网络进行广 泛传播 发生的主要前提， 并不取决于是否存在着那么几个 影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。 Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced t

48、hem to report enormous losses, and it 's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身。 (但)台面下， 他们却一直把目标对准他人： 会计准则制定者。 银行业抱怨会计 规则迫使他们报告巨大损失， 认为这不公平。 规则规定他们必须 以第三方

49、愿意收购的价格， 而非按照管理者和监管者期望它们能 够卖得的价格来评估部分资产的价值。Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices

50、 that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无 法获知，但是准则制定者在独立性方面这正是资产市场正常 运行的关键已经做出妥协了。 银行如果不以能够吸引买家的 价格计量有毒资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。After a bruising encounter with Congress, America ' s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule chang

51、es. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB' s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives. ” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance wh

52、at one lobbying group politely calls “ the use of judgment by management. ”美国财务会计准则委员会 (FASB)在与国会一场激烈交锋之 后，匆匆通过了准则的修改。 这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估 非流动资产方面用有更大的自由， 同时使得它们确认收益表中长 期资产损失时更为灵活。 FASB主席 Bob Herz 大声反对那些 “怀 疑我们的动机”的人们。然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了 “管理层使用理性判断” 的说法， 这种说法是一个游说团的客气European ministers instantly demanded

53、that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it d

54、id “not live in a political vacuum ” but “in the real world ” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会 (IASB)也这么 做。 IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动，但它在今年下 半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。 欧洲委员会委员 Charlie McCreevy 警告 IASB 说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而 是“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计 规则。It was banks that were o

55、n the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks' sharestrade below their

56、book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的 资产。 现在他们认为市场价格高估了损失， 因为市场价格主要反 映了市场的暂时性流动性不足， 而非坏账的可能程度。

57、几年内不 会有人能了解到真相。 但是， 银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交 易，这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。 死寂的市场一定程度上反应了 瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产， 也不愿意去购买 那些看似不错的廉价资产。To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America ' s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find at

58、tractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。美 国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买 家的水平上才会有效。 成熟的市场需要独立的， 甚至是好斗的准 则制定者。 FASB和 IASB 以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意 的，例如改进股权和退休金的相关规则。 但是现在向批评者妥协 是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。36. Bankers complained that they were fo