基于红外线测温的外文翻译,绝对是自己手动翻译的,标注有文章来源

1、使用红外线豉膜温度计测量豉膜温度的准确性背景：在调查和诊断病人时,准确的测量温度是非常重要的.鼓膜温度测量的优点是速度快、平安性和易用性.本研究的目的是比拟红外鼓膜温度计与水银温度计测量体温的准确性.方法：2021年10月在苏丹的恩图曼医院,使用汞玻璃温度计和红外线鼓膜的温度计对病人的腋和鼓膜温度连续同步的测量.结果：总的来说,在174例患者的温度测量中,95人(54.6%)是男性.病人平均(SD)年龄和体重是33.18(25.07)年和52.13(69.85)公斤.在水银和红外线鼓膜温度计(SD)温度测量中,没有明显的不同,水银温度计测出是37.290C(0.91),P=0.373,鼓膜的腋

2、窝体温测量出是与37.380C(0.95),有显著的正相关关系.两个读数的平均差异是-0.093(-0.20)0.02°C.结论：在这项研究中,相对于水银玻璃温度计,鼓膜温度测量是可靠和准确的.因此,鼓膜的温度测量可以用于临床实践,特别是在紧急情况,在易用性和速度获得温度读数是重要的.关键词：鼓膜,腋温,苏丹,红外,温度测量背景测量体温是最古老的的诊断方法,在日常生活中的医疗护理1,它是一个健康与疾病的指标.苏丹流行着许多传染性疾病,如疟疾,这需要快速、平安、准确的温度测量来筛查发烧的病人.人体温度有所不同,实际上是不超过一个近似的温度值,估计集成在中枢神经系统内众多的热输入,包括脊

3、髓、神经鞘.在中脑网状结构,和迷走神经,最后抵达哺乳动物的体温调节的限制器下丘脑.自主体温调节的限制有五个主要的奉献者,皮肤外表,深腹部和胸部组织,脊髓、下丘脑和其他局部大脑.尽管温度测量肺动脉导管,代表核心体温,这个方法是有侵入性的,不适合大多数病人.腋窝的温度测量是一种非侵入性的技术表达了身体温度和与直肠温度.使用水银温度计,尤其是玻璃水银温度计并非没有危险.图1是比拟腋和鼓膜的身体温度测量：MethodofmeasurementMean±SDMedian(min;max)PAxillarytemperature37.29=0.9137.20(35.50;40.7D)0373Ty

4、mpanictemperature37.33z0.9537.2535.20;40.4D;图1腋和鼓膜的身体温度测量°C红外线鼓膜温度计是理想的,由于鼓膜是分享同一个始发于颈动脉下丘脑供给的动脉血液.因此,鼓膜的膜被认为直接反映核心温度100红外线鼓膜温度计容易使用是潜移默化的,在传统的技术中是保证精度的温度计11、12.一些数据可以反响鼓膜温度计的准确性.因此,目前的目的是研究比拟鼓膜温度计的温度,以便用来与汞玻璃温度计之前获得的温度进行比拟.方法病人选择：本研究旨在调查恩图曼教学医院,在2021年10月的苏丹,用包括两个成人和1岁以上的儿童的病人,观察有或没有发烧,在此期间将其列入

5、研究进行了评估.患者被便利抽样基于双向假说测试使用Epiinfo与80%勺动力和信心间隔的95%,直到同时腋窝和鼓膜温度测量得到.那些外耳炎、软组织感染,严重的疾病的情况下,那些戴着助听器和那些不愿参加这项研究被排除在外.这项研究是由伦理委员会批准恩图曼医院,得到书面同意从所有的病人或从儿童监护人中实验.仪器：一个布劳恩红外热成像4520,布劳恩GmbH1一家现彳t化的、Kronberg、彳惠国,设备被用来验证之前的研究1%其被用于红外测量鼓膜温度.一个非自身调整水银式温度计是用来测量腋温度.所有的水银温度计是校准设定在380C.只有那些温度计与偏差小于0.10C才能用于这项研究.所有患者检查

6、到的耳部感染,排除阻塞耳蜡消除.使用同样的程序来测量右耳鼓膜温度.4100-woo-3900-37M-XW-3500-知83Q037W转8SOO州DOFigure1Scalarpl0tofc.<orrelatiaribetweenbodylgEp®/atur青fMasuremtnEsbyinfraredly-mpankandme-rcuryglas,thermometers.axilliry图2红外线鼓膜的体温和水银玻璃温度计的散点图的相关性过程一个医疗官和三个护士接受培训,然后正确使用所有温度测量装置.患者完成了研究他们的腋下和鼓膜的标准膜的温度,同时测量在08.00ho探测

7、器的红外辐射温度计插入到外耳道通过将耳廓向后,并指挥探头向前.探测器是处于同一种姿势直到听到响声.水银式温度计动摇了在每个温度读数低于35.C的记录,然后放置在患者的腋下,最低的保持5分钟.然后相同的医疗工作者将读取和记录.从鼓膜和水银式温度计中数字阅读比拟.然后,另一个研究团队的成员将阅读水银温度计的文档,失真的结果交予原来的医疗工作者.数据分析分析实验结果用WindowsSPS宓司,芝加哥,美国SPSS20.0版.线性correla对其进行比照腋和鼓膜的特点.数据集之间的差异被绘制为的奥特曼图表14o基于以前预定义的临床可接受的限度,二层鼓膜和腋窝的测量方法是意味着标准差是在±0

8、.2.C结果一般特性：温度测量了174例(67.38.5%是孩子18年),在医学情况相同情况下,有95(54.60%)男性,他们的平均年龄(SD)是30.1(24.1)年(范围2-80年)和平均重量(SD)是54.4(69.8)公斤.同样的女性,平均年龄(SD)为32.4年(范围2-80)和平均重量(SD)是56.1(62.7)公斤.这些174患者,61例(35.1%)患者发热(温度37.5°C)根据两腋和鼓膜的读数如图3:oJ93600-2SD+2SD-raMeanMean(axBIorytemperature+tympanict«mpentur»)J2Figu

9、h2Bknd-AltmanplotofLhedlff«r«n£»sbetweeninfraredtympanicthemnometr/andmercuryglasstcmpgratuFBmHSurem»ntL(曲JmrJJwdEftl廿一unWJn4n01duJ由一和UUZJdl七-口图3不同的红外测温法和水银玻璃鼓膜的温度测量腋的体温与鼓膜的身体温度平均(SD)体温测量分别是37.29(0.91;腋)和37.38(0.95;鼓膜的),P=0.373°C.有一个正相的关系,身体温度使用腋和鼓膜的方法(r=0.697,P0.001)两个

10、人之间的读数差是-0.093(-0.20)0.02°C当前主要目的是研究腋和鼓膜的测量体温方法.本研究,问题是在标准腋下温度的测量方法下,如何做鼓膜的膜温度测量,或可以新设备代替旧的吗红外线鼓膜温度计拿什么来衡量鼓膜的膜的红外热辐射.然而,已经表达了对鼓膜温度测量的准确性的疑心(16、17)和差异.已经观察到当测量由两个耳朵,耳朵感染的鼓膜时,如中耳炎可以影响真实的温度鼓膜180进一步研究比拟直肠温度测量与红外线鼓膜的温度计测量没有发现相同点.最后的结果,目前的研究得到的与Chueetal相比.2021年泰缅边境,来自口头上的水银温度计的恐慌,发现意味着在这两种设备的缺席下,所有观察

11、设备0.090C(95点信区间:0.07-0.12)10,不止一个被Chueetal阅读使用.同样,拉巴尼在2021得出同样的结论,尤其是在年轻的病人,两鼓膜和口腔温度记录,以及把口腔温度作为标准.然而与2021年相比,红外线鼓膜温度计在口头方式与卷曲玻璃温度计读数测量温度在不到5岁的发热和无热的孩子,发现平均温度相差0.41±0.37°C(P<0.001)和0.47±0.39发热组.C(P<0.001).尽管鼓膜的膜的温度有相当好的灵敏度和特异性,该研究得出结论说,当测量孩子们的体温时,他们可能不是可靠的估计.从目前的研究结果中看,由于他们平安,易于

12、使用和快速获取温度读数,所以支持使用红外鼓膜温度计.止匕外,汞的危害毒性使得红外温度计更加可取带老式汞玻璃温度计,基于他们的低本钱,相比鼓膜温度计,有些那么可能更喜欢后者.有一个限制是使用目前的研究腋窝温度作为测量的核心温度而不是肛.其是易于使用,通常用于我们的设置和可能接受的传统和习俗此设置.但衡量这要求的核心温度最好与肺动脉温度相关.这种侵入性的程序,是不适合使用在紧急护理实践中的.止匕外,本研究不包括患者体温过低,所以它的发现不能外推到新生儿或与低体温的病人.进一步的研究必须包括这些,组织应支持实施更广泛的使用鼓膜温度计.结论在这项研究中,鼓膜温度的测量一样可靠的准确的.因此,鼓膜温度测

13、量可以在临床实践中使用,由于它很容易使用和获得的快读的温度读数.作者细节1 .大学医学院,卡西姆大学,卡西姆,沙特阿拉伯.2 .buraidah中央医院,Buraidah、沙特阿拉伯.3 .教师大学医学院喀土穆,邮政信箱102,喀土穆,苏丹.收到:2021年3月140:2021年5月9日接受发表:2021年5月10日英文文献来源：GasimIGasim,ImadRMusa,MohamedTAbdien,IshagAdaminBMCResearchNotes(2021)thermometerAccuracyoftympanictemperaturemeasurementusinganinfrar

14、edtympanicmembraneAbstractBackground:Duringinvestigationanddiagnosisofpatients,accuratetemperaturemeasurementisofgreatimportance.Theadvantagesoftympanicmembranethermometryarespeed(temperaturereadingavailablewithinseconds),safety,andeaseofuse.Theaimofthisstudywastocomparetheaccuracyofinfraredtympanic

15、thermometersincomparisontomercurythermometersinmeasurementofbodytemperature.Methods:AxillaryandtympanictemperaturewasmeasuredsimultaneouslyinconsecutivepatientsusingmercuryglassandinfraredtympanicthermometersatOmdurmanHospital,SudanduringOctober2021.Results:Intotal,temperaturewasmeasuredin174patient

16、s,95ofwhom(54.6%)weremale.Themean(SD)patientageandweightwas33.18(25.07)yearsand52.13(69.85)kg.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinmean(SD)temperaturemeasurementbetweenmercuryandinfraredtympanicmembranethermometers,37.290C(0.91)versus37.380C(0.95),P=0.373,respectively.Therewasasignificantpositivecorrela

17、tionbetweenaxillaryandtympanicbodytemperaturemeasurements(r=0.697,P<0.001).Themeandifferencebetweenthetworeadings(withlimitsofagreements)was-0.093(-0.20;0.02)0C.Conclusion:Inthisstudy,tympanicmembranethermometryisasreliableandaccurateasaxillarymercuryglassthermometry.Thus,tympanicthermometrycanbe

18、usedinclinicalpractice,especiallyintheemergencysetting,whereeaseofuseandspeedofobtainingthetemperaturereadingareimportant.Keywords:Tympanicmembrane,Axillarytemperature,Sudan,Infrared,ThermometryBackground:Measurementofbodytemperatureisoneoftheoldestknowndiagnosticmethodsandstillremainsanimport-antin

19、dicatorofhealthanddisease,bothineverydaylifeandinmedicalcare1.Sudanhasendemiclevelsofmanycommunicablediseases,suchasmalaria2,3,whichnecessitatespeedy,safeandaccuratetemperaturemeasurementforscreeningforfever.Bodytemperaturedependsonthetypeofthermometerandtheareaofthebodyusedfortakingthemeasurement4.

20、Humanbodytemperaturevariesdependingonthesitefromwhichthereadingwastaken-thesedifferencesareactuallynomorethananapproximationofthetruevaluethatisbeingestimated4,5.Integration.Table1ComparisonofaxillaryandtympanicbodyTable 1 Comparisonofaxillaryandtympanicbodytemperaturemeasurement(>Methodofmeasure

21、mentMean±SDMedian(min;max)PAxillarytemperature37.29=0.9137.20(3550;40.7D)0.373Tympanictemperature37.3B=C.9S37JS-3S.20；40,40)Infraredtympanicmembranethermometersareconsideredidealbecausethetympanicmembraneandthehypothalamusshareanarterialbloodsupplyoriginatingfromthecarotidartery;therefore,thety

22、mpanicmembraneisconsideredtodirectlyreflectcoretemperature10.Aninfraredtympanicmembranethermometeriseasytouseandisfavoredoveraconventionalmercurythermometerprovideditsaccuracyisguaranteed11,12.Fewpublisheddataareavailableontheaccuracyoftympanicmembranethermometers.Thus,theaimofthecurrentstudywastoco

23、mparethetemperatureobtainedbytympanicmembranethermometerswiththatobtainedwithmercuryglassthermometersbeforerecommendingtympanicthermometersforuseingeneralpracticeinSudan.Methods:PatientselectionThisstudywasconductedatOmdurmanTeachingHospital,SudanduringOctober2021.Patientsincludingbothadultsandchild

24、renaboveoneyearofage,presentingwithorwithoutfevertotheemergencyroomduringthisperiodwereevaluatedforinclusioninthestudy.Patientswererecruitedbyconveniencesampling(basedona2-sidedhypothesistestsusingEpiinfowith80%powerandconfidenceintervalof95%)until174setsofsimultaneousaxillaandtympanicmembrandempera

25、turemeasurementswereobtained.Thosewithotitisexterna/media,softtissueinfection,severeillness,traumapatients,thosewhohadhadacoldorhotdrinkorwhohadsmokedinthe20minutespriortoexamination,thosewearingahearingaidandthosewhowereunwillingtobeenrolledinthestudywereexcluded.Thestudywasapprovedbytheethicalcomm

26、itteeatOmdurmanHospital,andwrittenconsentwasobtainedfromallpatientsorfromaguardianforchildren.InstrumentsABraunThermoScan(IRT4520,BraunGmbH,Kronberg,Germany),adevicevalidatedinapreviousstudy13,wasusedfortheinfraredmeasurementoftympanicmembranetemperature.Anon-self-adjustedmercurybulbthermometerwasus

27、edtomeasureaxillarytemperature.Allthemercurybulbthermometerswerecalibratedinasinglewaterbathsetat380C.Onlythosethermometerswithadeviationoflessthan0.10Cwereusedforthestudy.Allpatientswereexaminedotoscopicallytoexcludeearinfectionandoccludingearwaxwascleared.Thesameprocedureusingtherightearrightwasus

28、edtomeasurethetympanicmembranetemperatureforeachpatient.券DO-3000口37比t3600t3500-35003700圜B398箱网axillaryFigure1ScatterplotofEorrelatianbetweenbodytemperaturemeasurementsbyinfraredtympanicandm&rturyglas&thermameters-Table 2 81TdMion,biasTardlirmitsofagreementbetweenaxillaryandtympanicmeasuremen

29、tsofbodytemperatureAjcilllaryvs.tympanictemperature亡白rr国占6口CiMffitientHi占s生SD95%CllLimits-of-gr庭电m电nt0.697«O.O93±0.72-0.20;0:02-154to1.36ProcedureAmedicalofficerandthreenursesreceivedtrainingontheproperuseofalltemperaturemeasuringdevices.Theirvisualacuityinbotheyestested6/6.Patientswhofuel

30、ledthestudycriteriahadtheiraxillaandtympanicmembranetemperaturessimultaneouslymeasuredat08.00h.Theprobeoftheinfraredthermometerwasinsertedintotheexternalauditorymeatusbypullingthepinnabackward,anddirectingtheprobetowardstheeye.Theprobewasheldinthesamepositionuntilthebeepwasheard.Themercurybulbthermo

31、meterwasshakenbeforeeachrecordingtodecreaseitstemperaturereadingtobelow35°Candthenplaced,foraminimumof5minutes,inthepatient'saxilla.Thesamehealthcareworkerwouldreadanddocumentthedigitalreadingfromthetympanicmembranethermometerandthemercurybulbthermometer.Immediately,anothermemberoftheteamwo

32、uldthenreadanddocumentthemercurythermometer,blindedfromtheresultsoftheoriginalhealthcareworker.StatisticalanalysesTheresultswereanalyzedusingSPSS,version20.0forWindows(SPSSInc,Chicago,IL,USA).Linearcorrelationsweremadebetweentympanicandaxillarytemperatures.Differencesbetweensetsofdatawereplottedasde

33、scribedbyBland-Altman14.Basedonpreviouslypre-definedclinicallyacceptablelimits,agreementbetweentympanicandaxillarymeasurementmethodswasacceptedwhenthemean±2standarddeviationswaswithin±0.20C15.ResultGeneralcharacteristicsTemperaturewasmeasuredfor174patients(67;38.5%werechildren<18years),

34、allofwhomweremedicalcases.Therewere95(54.60%)males,theirmeanage(SD)was30.1(24.1)years(range2-80years)andmeanweight(SD)was54.4(69.8)kg.likewiseforthefemales,themeanage(SD)was32.4years(range2-80)andthemeanweight(SD)was56.1(62.7)kg.Outofthese174patients,61(35.1%)patientswerefebrile(temperature>37.50

35、C)accordingtobothaxillaryandtympanicreadings.AxillarybodytemperatureversustympanicbodytemperatureThemean(SD)bodytemperaturemeasurementswere37.29(0.91;axillary)and37.38(0.95;tympanic),P=0.373°C(Table1).Therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenbodytemperatureusingaxillaryandtympanicmethods(r=0.697,P<

36、;0.001;Figure1).Themeandifference,withlimitsofagreements,betweenthetworeadingswas-0.093(-0.20;0.02)0C(Table2andFigure2).DiscussionThemainfindingofthecurrentstudywasapositivecorrelationbetweenaxillaryandtympanicmethodsofmeasuringbodytemperature.Thisstudypositivelyansweredthequestion'Howwelldoesty

37、mpanicmembranetemperaturemeasurementagreewithstandardaxillarymeasuringtechnique?',orcanthenewdevicesubstitutefortheold?Infraredtympanicmembranethermometerstakesecondstomeasurethenaturalemissionofinfraredthermalradiationfromthetympanicmembrane.However,doubtshavebeenexpressedabouttheaccuracyoftymp

38、anicmembranethermometry16,17anddifferenceshavebeenobservedwhenmeasurementsaremadeinbothears.Earinfectionsegotitismediacaninfluencethetruetemperatureofthetympanum18.Afurtherstudycomparingrectaltemperaturemeasurementwithinfraredtympanicthermometermeasurementdidnotfindexcellentagreementofresults19.Simi

39、larresultstothepresentstudywereobtainedbyChueetal.,2021whocomparedtympanicandoralmercurythermometersin201patientsontheThai-Myanmarborder,andfoundthemeandifferenceinthetwodevicesforallobservers/devicestobe0.090C(95%CI:0.070.12)10.MorethanonereadingwasusedbyChueetal.,andonlyonereadingwasusedinthecurre

40、ntstudy.Likewise,Rabbanietal.,2021reachedthesameconclusion,especiallyinyoungpatients,wherebothtympanicmembraneandoralcavitytemperatureswererecorded,aswellasoraltemperatureasstandard20.However,Edeluetal.,2021comparedinfraredtympanicthermometerinoralmodewithmercuryglassthermometerreadingsformeasuringt

41、hetemperatureinfebrileandafebrilechildrenlessthan5yearsold,andfoundameandifferenceof0.41±0.370C(P<0.001)inthefebrilegroupand0.47±0.39°C(P<0.001)intheafebrilegroup.Althoughtympanicmembranethermometershaveafairlygoodsensitivityandspecificity,thestudyconcludedthattheymaynotbereliab

42、leinestimating'core'bodytemperatureinchildren21.Findingsfromthepresentstudysupporttheuseofinfraredtympanicmembranethermometers,becauseoftheirsafety,easeofuseandthefastspeedforobtainingtemperaturereadings.Moreover,thehazardsofmercurytoxicitymakesinfraredthermometerspreferabletotheoldmercurygl

43、assthermometers,althoughsomemightpreferthelatterbasedontheirlowcostcomparedwithtympanicmembranethermometers.Oneofthelimitationsofthepresentstudywastheuseofaxillarytemperatureasameasurementofcoretemperatureratherthantherectalone.Axillarytemperatureiseasytouse,commonlyusedinoursettingandmightbeaccepta

44、blebythetraditionsandcustomsinthissetting.Pulmonaryarterytemperaturecorrelatesbestwithcoretemperature,buttomeasurethisrequiresaninvasiveprocedurewhichisunsuitableforuseinrou-tineemergencycarepractice.Furthermore,thisstudydidnotincludepatientswithhypothermia,andsoitsfindingscannotbeextrapolatedtonewb

45、ornsortopatientswithhypothermia.Furtherstudiesincludingthesegroupsshouldbecarriedouttosupportthewideruseoftympanicmembranethermometers.ConclusionInthisstudy,tympanicmembranethermometrywasasreliableandasaccurateasaxillarymercuryglassthermometry.Thus,tympanicmembranethermometrycanbeusedintheclinicalpr

46、actice,becauseitiseasytouseandthespeedofobtainingthetemperaturereading.AuthordetailsCollegeofMedicine,QassimUniversity,Qassim,SaudiArabia.2BuraidahCentralHospital,Buraidah,SaudiArabia.3FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofKhartoum,P.O.Box102,Khartoum,Sudan.Received:14March2021Accepted:9May2021Published:10M

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