第二节但丁和《神曲》_001（The second section and Dante's Divine Comedy _001）

1、第二节 但丁和?神曲?_001The second section and Dante's Divine Comedy _001The second section and Dante's "Divine Comedy"Dante? Ali gailey (1265 - 1321) is Italy's first national poet, is the culmination of medieval European literature. The significance of Dante was that he was between th

2、e middle ages and the Renaissance, the literary giant standing on the threshold of the end of the old century and the beginning of the new century. Therefore, his creation is twofold and contradictory.I. life and creationDante was born in Italy, Florence, a declining aristocratic family. He famous s

3、cholar Latini, under the guidance of Professor of ancient Greek mythology and epic, medieval legend, Provence Lyric Poetry and astronomy, geography, history, music, painting, architecture, political philosophy, ethics and theology have carried out extensive research, has laid the foundation for the

4、very learned, just days after he the creation of. Dante's life and his creation are closely related to two things. First, Dante met his lifelong favorite Beatrice at a boyhood feast. Unfortunately, not only did the two love affair fail, but Beatrice died in 1290. 1292 to 1293 years, Dante gave B

5、eatrice wrote poetry into "new life", to express love and grief. In the poem, Dante regarded Beatrice as God sent to save his soul angel, the idealized image of symbol is also extended to the later "the Divine Comedy" in. The second thing is because of politics, Dante from exile

6、in 1302, never to return to his hometown, he said at last. Italy, where Dante lived, was the first country in capitalist production relations in the world. As early as the end of the thirteenth Century, cities such as Florence, Milan and Italy in the northern part of Venice had become a huge economi

7、c center, and commercial handicraft industry was well developed. But at the same time, the contradictions between the old and new economic relations and political struggle are also very complicated. In Florence, the feudal aristocracy party base white linpai supported the emperor, emerging city civi

8、l affairs party to the party in support of the Pope to golf, golf party later split into black and white party party. Members of the Dante family is owned by Ralph Dante from the party's youth will actively participate in the political activities of the party to golf. The party split, because Fl

9、orence's warm advocate against the Pope interference and become cabaidang members of independence and freedom, and in 1300 was elected consul. In 1302, the black party won with the help of the Pope. Dante was driven out of the city and began to live in exile for nearly 20 years. In exile, he cre

10、ated the "feast" on the philosophy of Theology (1304 - 1307), language and poetic works "on vulgarism" (1304 - 1305), "treatise monarchia politics" (1309) and his greatest works "the Divine Comedy". "The Divine Comedy" is about to start writing in 13

11、07 Dante's most painful period of exile. Exile is miserable for natural grief but also in terms of Dante, it is because that the poet can go to the motherland in the mountains, can he ways of the World Expo, standing in a connecting position to the era of all conflicting cultural factors so as t

12、o blend together, western culture into a new the level of culture. Therefore, Dante and his "Divine Comedy" become a lofty monument in the history of the European literature.Two, "the Divine Comedy""The Divine Comedy" formerly known as "comedy". Dante's &q

13、uot;Divine Comedy" that began with the sad end to hell, bright heaven, meaning the pain to the beginning to end of the joy of art spirit, so it can be called a comedy. After Bio named the works "God", the later generations were called "the comedy of God"".The medieval p

14、oet of fantastic literature form, according to the Christian universe realms concept, describes the process in three. The whole poem is divided into "hell", "Purgatory", "paradise" three, each 33 songs, plus Overture, a total of 100 songs, count 14233 lines. Through Dan

15、te's account, the poet lost his way in the dark forest from the early hours of Easter on 1300. At dawn he was afraid of going up a hill when he met three wild animals. Leopards symbolize lust; lions symbolize arrogance; wolves symbolize greed.At a critical moment, Virgil, the great poet of ancie

16、nt Rome, appeared, who was rescued by Dante's lover Beatrice, who led Dante to hell and purgatory. Then Beatrice led him through the heavens.The plot of the poem is full of meaning, and the content is complex and rich. Talking about "the Divine Comedy" theme, Dante first expounded the

17、medieval popular "meaning that". "The meaning of the work is not simple," he said. "What we get through words is a meaning, and what we see through words is another meaning.". The head of a meaning can be called the literal meaning, and second kinds of meanings can be c

18、alled metaphor, or mystical significance. In order to clarify the meaning of it, this method can consider the following line of Poetry: "when Israel from Egypt, Jacob's family fled to speak foreign languages alien, Jewish became his sanctuary, Israel became his right.". If you are lite

19、rally speaking, appeared in front of us just the children of Israel in the days of Mose to leave Egypt this thing; but if it is said as a metaphor, Christ has done for us if the atonement; moral theory of meaning, what we see is the soul of the transition from evil to suffering more sacred if; as th

20、e fable, that is the Holy Spirit from servitude to corrupt to eternal glory free." According to Dante's statement, "the Divine Comedy" the theme is to understand from two aspects. First, from the literal meaning of the whole work is written in the "dead experience", name

21、ly people died in the world. Second, if from the allegorical point of view, "the theme is human". Dante, as a representative of the period of cultural transition, inevitably has the so-called literal meaning on him, that is, the brand of medieval theology, and must show its rich meaning, n

22、amely, human characteristics. Therefore, "the Divine Comedy" is actually a form of religious consciousness as the humanistic connotation as the nature of the work, this would mean that the two old and new age ideas coexisting and contradictory unity.(a) "the Divine Comedy" the id

23、eological content1, "the Divine Comedy" religiousAs the last poet in the middle ages, Dante was undeniably rooted in Christian culture and used Christian culture to irrigate the flowers of his poetry. From the perspective of the framework structure, the framework of "the Divine Comedy

24、" principle is the symbol of the Christian tradition. The hell, purgatory, and Paradise trilogy was based directly on the Christian tradition. Dante fully learned from the Bible and later Christian stories about hell and heaven, and took the description of purgatory in the Catholic doctrine of

25、Rome to construct a huge and complex framework of the universe. Figures in the middle ages have mysterious symbolic meanings, such as: "three" symbolizes "Trinity", "ten" symbolizes "perfect" and "perfect", and "seven" symbolizes the "

26、seven Spirits of God" and so on. Hell and purgatory of the main part is arranged according to the seven kinds of crimes committed by Christians: pride, envy, anger, laziness, greed, gluttony, lust. Dante will be under his pen soul according to their crimes were sent to the degree from shallow t

27、o deep layer of hell and from low to high level in purgatory. From the work of ideology, "the Divine Comedy" conveys the Christian religious consciousness. The core of Christianity is the concept of God. It recognizes not only that the ultimate source of the universe is God, but that God i

28、s the only and supreme ruler of the universe. Dante accepted Christian theology, the "Divine Comedy", from first to last throughout with God is the source of all things of the universe and the concept of Supreme master. Dante "Divine Comedy" in the dark forest, from the start, wi

29、th a bright heaven end, through hell and purgatory. This process is consistent with the human process described by the Christian Scriptures as "original sin - trial salvation". Although Dante denies that man's nature is original sin, he acknowledges that man is in the abyss of evil, an

30、d that it ends up in heaven, from hell to heaven, with faith in god. He led Virgil, who was a symbol of reason, to lead himself through hell and purgatory,And let the love symbol of his travels Beja Terry's Guide to heaven, and God will be regarded as the source of the spirit of love. That is to

31、 say, he believes that reason can only make people tell the truth, goodness and beauty, understanding of evil, and human ascension and beyond, we must depend on love and faith. In the works, he arranged the hell position of the soul according to the Christian idea. Will those though but because the

32、front be a brilliant man of wide learning, was born in Jesus before the Christian faith to the ancient sages of the dead, those non Christian cult ghosts and spirits of God and those who violate the agreement, including the so-called animalist for love and crime are arranged in hell. And those who h

33、ad to follow God's agreement, a strong belief in God and the life in good spirits, philanthropist, philosopher, and theologian of God fought for the faith of the dead souls and angels, and of the Holy Spirit, are arranged in the heaven.2, "the Divine Comedy" humanistic connotationDante

34、 was an exponent of liberation in his early years. He learned the ancient Greek culture and nutrient Florence liberal culture determines that Dante has never been ascetic. He lacked the patience and restraint of Christians, and lacked the complete abandonment of God and devotion to himself. He is me

35、rely a poet, a poet who is passionate about politics, a passion for politics, a national destiny, and a poet who loves all mankind. He always sticks to think and explore the nation and the human way, and the reality of love filled with sorrow and anger into his "Divine Comedy". Therefore,

36、although the poet is catharsis in the religious world has long suppressed his anger, but it can not be divorced from the "people" theme. Dante's God is a human being, a human being. Or, the God he wrote is Dante himself, and this "God" represents the love and justice of Chris

37、tianity and represents the love and justice of the human world. Dante created the hell in his work according to the image of religion. In "Inferno", the entrance to hell is written: you come in here, all hope to bury! The image of hell is as ghastly as that of religion, and it has all sort

38、s of horrible and terrible punishments. The only difference is that Dante uses the punishment in the real world of the wicked who can not be punished. In particular, lay down those who are evil in society at the lower levels of hell. Such as suffering in the eighth layer is the seducer, encomiast, c

39、orrupt officials, simonist, hypocrite, thieves, advised people to evildoers, and mischief makers forged and calumniator and Pope of Rome etc. Suffer in the ninth layer is all traitors, treachery, murder of their glory, rebels treason. Here is the perpetual ice lake, which is subjected to the harshes

40、t punishment. In "the Divine Comedy", criminal trial standards is obviously different to the realistic life of Christianity, is in accordance with the evaluation of good and evil is Dante's standard. The most typical expression is Dante's attitude towards secular love. On the secon

41、d floor of hell, Dante puts a group of people who violate the doctrine of abstinence into punishment, but the poet feels strange in the face of the evil of love. In two to see hell still because of love around each other's soul, Dante even too excited because compassion and self-control, even al

42、most fainting. At this time Dante has taken off the cloak of Theology and completely revealed his secular feelings. The trial of hell shows that Dante is different from the ethical values of Christianity. The trial of the kingdom of heaven is actually Dante's trial, or Dante's "good&quo

43、t; for the "evil" trial. It is of great significance to the kingdom of the trial into a world in Dante's "Divine Comedy", "hell" is no longer the oppression of people's spiritual concept in Boulder, and become a symbol of justice over evil. It can be said that t

44、his is the human trial that Dante uses in the authority of God, and behind the authority of God lies secular principles and human nature."The Divine Comedy" the humanistic connotation is also reflected in the two main characters: Virgil and Beatrice's body. Dante gave worship and love

45、to Virgil as a guide to hell and purgatory, and praised him highly. He gave the poet of ancient Rome to the lofty mission, with him as the symbol of wisdom and reason, let him through hell and purgatory, symbolizing the poet for knowledge and knowledge as a respected guide to the It's perfection

46、 itself. heaven. Dante's reason and wisdom as a guide to the promotion of spiritual life in this world is quite different from the medieval tradition. Beatrice's symbolic image is more colorful in human studies. She guides Dante to the kingdom of heaven, and finally sees God, who symbolizes

47、the supreme truth and the highest good through love, and the happiness of eternal life. Beatrice is not only the emotional accumulation of Dante's juvenile love, but also the symbol of his spiritual salvation as well as the combination of two things, the love of the secular and the love of faith

48、. The components of natural love contained in Beatrice's image show that Dante's salvation path not only points to religion, but also to the world. Although Beatrice's early death, this feeling has greatly risen to a spiritual love, but still belongs to a secular love between men and wom

49、en. From a Christian point of view, this secular passion is evil and should be prohibited. Dante has sublimated it into the love of the Virgin Mary, and it has led Beatrice to lead poets to the heavens. Here, although this secular love has been overshadowed by religion, it clearly marks the poet'

50、;s affirmation of this secular love. Through the symbolic meanings of these two characters, we can clearly see Dante's final approach to the human spiritual crisis, the perfect combination of human wisdom and love. The human model designed by Dante is the exploration of human nature, the affirma

51、tion of individual personality and the elevation of subjectivity. It is also an important symbol of Dante's distinction from Christian poets.(two) "the Divine Comedy" artistic characteristics1, rigorous conception and complete structure. "The Divine Comedy" the book is divide

52、d into three chapters, each chapter has thirty-three songs, plus one hundred songs. Each chapter is roughly equal in length and well proportioned in structure. The inferno is divided into nine layers, plus ten outer layers. The main body of purgatory consists of seven floors, with a total of nine outlying and terrestrial amusement parks. Heaven is also on the ten floor.2. Symbolism. In "the Divine Comedy", symbolism can be found everywhere. Schwarzwald is symbolic of evil in the world, jackals, lions and wolves are a symbol of lust, arrogance and gree