《英美文学》复习资料大纲

1、英美文学（03119）复习大纲第一部分英国文学一、课程简介本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家；本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。二、课程重点章节简介：第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学1. <<贝尔武夫>>2. 乔叟及其代表作第二章：文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴的定义2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗3. 培根的代表作第三章：十七世纪英国文学1. 弥

2、尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短第四章：启蒙运动时期1. 新古典主义2. 伤感主义3. 笛福及代表作4. 蒲伯及代表作第五章：浪漫主义时期1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作第六章：维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章：现代时期1. 现代主义文学2. 汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作三、本课程重点和难点内容简介第一章:古代与中世纪英国

3、文学:1. <<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。2. 乔叟及其代表作坎特伯雷故事集对英国文学做出的贡献3. 名词解释“骑士抒情诗”第二章：文艺复兴时期：1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定2. “文艺复兴”的名词解释3. “人文主义”的名词解释4. 莎士比亚的“Sonnet18”的主题5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析6. 英语解释论学习中的句子第三章：十七世纪英国文学：1. 英语解释弥尔顿失乐园选段中的句子2. 失乐园的主要内容和意义3. 失乐园中撒旦的人物分析第四章：启蒙运动时期：1. 启蒙运动时期的界定2. 新古典主义的基本主张和特色3. 伤感主义的名词解释4. 鲁滨逊漂流

4、记中鲁滨逊的人物分析5. 蒲伯的论批评的主题6. 英文解释论批评第五章：浪漫主义时期：1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”3. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的抒情歌谣集的重要意义4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点5. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独白游”中的句子6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子7. 雪莱“西风颂”的主题并用英语解释其中句子第六章：维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 艾米莉。布朗特的呼啸山庄的主题3. 夏洛特。布朗特的简。爱中简。爱的人物分析第七章：现代时期1. 现代主义文学的特点2. 哈代的代表作及写作特点3. 劳伦斯小说的主题及人物

5、分析四、课程内容疏理及应用领域、应用讲解方法1. OldandMedievalPeriod1.TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod（5thcentury-1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEnglish）Beowulf:ItisthefirstlongpoeminEnglish,whichisconsideredthenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.AlthoughBeowulfisanationalepicoftheEnglishpeople,butitisastoryoftheScandinavians2. TheAnglo

6、-NormanPeriod1）Themostprevailing（主要的）ofliteratureinthefeudalEnglandisRomance（骑士抒情诗）.名词解释：RomanceRomanceisaliteratureforminmiddleEnglishliteraturemeansalongcompositioninverseorproseformdealingwiththelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,generallyaknight（骑士）.Theknightsareunfailinglydevotedtothekingandthechurc

7、h.Theyarecommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,involvinginalargeamountoffightingsfortheirlordsandalwaysencounteringromanticloveaffairs.Inromances,loyaltytokingandlordisrepeatedlyemphasized.Romanceasaformofliterature,istheupperclassliterature.2) GeoffreyChaucer“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”and“t

8、hefatherofEnglishfiction"Hismasterpiece-CanterburyTaleisregardedasoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.论述题：BrieflyintroducethesignificanceofChaucerinhisCanterburyTale.(1) HiscontributiontoEnglishliteraturecanbeseenintwoaspects:a. Realism:Allkindsofpeopleexceptthehighest(kingandthetopnobil

9、ity)andthelowest(theverypoorlaboringpeople)arerepresentedbythese30pilgrims.Besidesbeingthetypicalrepresentativeofherorhisownclass,eachcharacterhasherorhisownindividualqualities.ThereforeitgivesatruepictureofChaucer'stime.b. Humanism:Hehighlypraisesman'senergy,quickwitandloveoflife,thushereve

10、alshisideasofhumanism.(2) HiscontributiontoEnglishlanguage:EversinceNormanConquest,FrenchandLatinwerethelanguagesusedbytheupperclasses.ChaucerchosetousetheLondondialectofhisdayinhismasterpiece.Indoingso,hedidmuchinmakingtheLondondialectthestandardfortheModernEnglishspeech.II、TheRenaissancePeriod(14t

11、htomid-17th)名词解释：1、Renaissance:ThewordaRenaissance”meansrevival,especiallybetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,therefore,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersmadeattemptstogetrideofconservatism(保守主义)infeudalistEuropean

12、dintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.HumanismistheRenaissance.essenceofthe2.Humanism:HumanismisboththekeynoteoftheRenaussanceandtheintellectualliberrationmovement,associatewithnewattitudetoancientGreekandLa

13、tinliteraure.Thehumaniststookinterestinhumanlifeandhumanactivitiesandgaveexpressiontotheneeewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeauty,humanachievement.3.ShakespeareHisplayscanbedividedintofourtypes:historicalplays,comedies,tragediesandromantictragi-comedies.Shakespeare'sfourgreatesttragediesareHamlet,O

14、thello,KingLear,andMacbeth1) .Hamlet,例题：论述题：WhatarethemainthemesinShakespeare'stragedies,andanalysisthecharacter-Hamlet.(What'sthethemeofHamlet?AnalyzetheimageofHamlet.)Histagediesoftenportraysomenobleherowhofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadiffultsituationwhosefateiscloselyconnecte

15、dwiththefateofthewhloenation.Theheroeshavesomeweaknessesintheircharacters,whichfinallyleadtotheirtragicfalls.ShakespearputsforwardtheimageofHamletasahumanistoftheRenaissance.Hehasanunboundedlovefortheworld,natureandman;helovesgood,hatesevil,andisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions,heshowsacon

16、temptforrankandwealth;heisamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated;heisascholar,soldier,andstatesman.HisimagereflectstheversatilityofthemanoftheRenaissance.Hisweaknessishismelancholy,butinspiteofhismelancholyanddelayinaction,Ham;etstillretainshisactiveenergy.Hislearning,wisdom,noblenature,limitati

17、onandtragedyareallrepresentativeofthehumanistsattheturnofthe16thand17thcenturies.2) Sonnet18ItisoneofthemostbeautifulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare,thepoetholdsthatthepoetrywillbringeternitytotheoneheloves.Anicesummer'sdayisusuallyshort,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThusShakespearehasafaithint

18、hepermanenceofpoety.3) Sonnet29Inthispoem,thepoemfirstcomplainsofhisownmiseriesanddissatisfactioninlifeandthenbecomeshappyuponthethoughtoftheoneheloves.记住这两首诗及注释。例题：1. “Forthysweetloverememb'redsuchwealthbrings,ThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.”1) Identifythepoemandthepoet.2) Whatdoesthewo

19、rd“state”mean?3) Whatisthepoemabout?Answer:1) Snonnet29byShakespeare2) Throne3) Inthispoem,thepoemfirstcomplainsofhisownmiseriesanddissatisfactioninlifeandthenbecomeshappyuponthethoughtoftheoneheloves.4.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)isregarded“FatherofEnglishEssays”.Helaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithh

20、isinsistenceonscientificwayofthinkingandfreshobservationratherthanasabasisforobtainingknowledge.Hisworks:AdvancementofLearning,ThegreatInstauration,NewAtlantics,Essays(论说文集)Ofthe58essaysinEssays,“OfStudy”isthebetterknownandwidelyread.Inthisessay,Bacontriestodiscusstheuseandabuseofstudies,theproperan

21、dimproperwaystopursueone'sstudies,andalsotheeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter.记熟此文的名句及注释例题：“somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;”1) .Wh

22、atdoesacuriously”mean?2)Whatdoesdeputyreferto?3) .Fromwhichessaydoestheabovesentensecome,whatistheeasymainlyabout?Answer:1) .carefully,attentively2) .personappointedtoactforanother3) .ThisessayisfromBacon's“ofstudies”.Inthisessay,Bacontriestodiscusstheuseandabuseofstudies,theproperandimproperway

23、stopursueone'sstudies,andalsotheeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter.III. TheSeventeenthCenturyIJohnMiltonHismajorliteraryworks:ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes,allofwhicharebasedonthebiblicallegend.记熟ParadiseLost选段及注释例题:GiveabriefcommentonJohnMilton'sParadiseLos

24、t,andanaylzeSatan,theherointhispoem.Answer:Thepoetpointsoutatthebeginningofthepoemthatthepurposeoftheepicisto“asserteternalProvidenceandjustifythewaysofGodtoman.”However,themainideaofthepoemshownbytheimageofSatan,isarevoltagainstthetyranny'sauthority.ThedefiantspiritofSatansimplyshowstheproudand

25、sombrepoliticalpassionsofthepersecutedrevolutionariesafterRestoration.Intheimageofthefirsttwohumanbeings,AdamandEve,Miltonshowshisbeliefinthepowerofman,andthelovebetweenAdamandEvevoicesMilton'sownenthusiasmforhumanisticelements.Thoughthepurposeofthispoemis,inMilton'swords,to“justifythewaysof

26、Godtoman”,yetasSatantriestojustifyhimselfbyposingasarebelagainsttyrnny,Miltonapparentlyunconsciouslymakesthedevilservesashisownmouthpiece.InthispartSatantellshisfollowersnevertosubmit,buttofightforthebrightfuture.ThefieryutteranceofSatantohisfollowersexposesSatanasarevolutionarywhoisagainstdepressio

27、nandtyrannyandlongingforfreedom,andshowsMilton'sintensehatredoftyrannyinthecapacityofabourgeoisrevolutionary.ToMilton,theproudandsobreSatonrepresentedtherebelliousspiritagainstunjustauthority.IV. TheAgeofEnlightenment名词解释：1.EnlightenmentItprevailedthewhole18thcentury.Itsaimwastoenlightenthewhole

28、worldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenersputgreatemphasisonreason,equlityandscience.Theyinsistedthatreasonshouldbetheonlyandthefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtsandactivities.Theycallfororder,reasonandrules.Moreover,theycherisheduniversaleducationasanimportantmeansofenlighteni

29、nghumanbeings.Theybelievedthathumanbeingsweerelimited,imperfect,andyetcapableofreasonandperfectionthrougheducation.2. Sentimentalism:Therewerethewritersandpoetsin18thcenturywhostroveforsomethingnaturalandspontaneousinthoughtandlanguage.Intheirliteraturecreation,emotionsandsentimentsbegantoplayaleadi

30、ngpartagain.Aninterestinnatureaswellasnaturalrelationsbetweenmanandmanwasawakenintheirliteraturecreation.3. 简答题WhatarethecharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?Answer:书上P103。4. DanielDefoe(1) Heisregardedbymanyasthefirsttruenovelist,andhisRobinsonCrusoehasaclaimtobethefirstEnglishnovel.(2) TheanalysisofRobi

31、nson:RobinsonrepresentstheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlierstageofitsdevelopment.Heismostpracticalandexact,alwaysreligiousandatthesametimemindfulofhisownprofit.Hestruggleshardagainstnatureandmakesherbendtohiswill.IndescribingRobinson'slifeontheisland,Defoeglorifieshumanlabour.LaboursavesRobinsonfro

32、mdespairandisasourceofprideandhappiness.Hetoilsforthesakeofsubsistence,andthefruitsofhislabourarehisown.Hiseveryvoyageisconnectedwithsomecommercialenterprise,eg:helaboursforhisownexistence,butassoonasanativemakeshisappearance,Robinsonassumestheroleofamaster.Hereliescolonialismingerm.5.AlexanderPope.

33、“EssayonCriticism”isdidacticpoem.Itdeploresthedepthoftruetasteamongthecriticsofhistime,andtellsthepoetsandcriticshowtowriteandappreciatepoetryaccordingtotheprinciplessetupbytheoldGreekandRomanwriters:gotonature,followtheancientcritics.Theexcerptinourtextbookistakenfromthesecondpartofthelongpoem“Essa

34、yonCriticism”.Itdemonstratesthedangerof“alittlelearningandoftheself-conceitednessofsomepeopleinlearningandemphasizestheimportanceoflearningintensivelyandextensively.记熟该诗及注释。例题：thoseattain'd,wetrembletosurveyThegrowinglaboursofthelengthen'dway,Th'increasingprospecttiresourwand'ringeye

35、s,Hillspeepo'erhills,andAlpsonAlps1) .Identifythepoemandthepoet.2) .Whatdoes“survey”mean?3) .Whatdoestheselinesimply?Answer:1)AlexanderPope's.“EssayonCriticism”2) .find2)Itdemonstratesthedangerof“alittlelearning”andoftheself-conceitednessofsomepeopleinlearningandemphasizestheimportanceoflear

36、ningintensivelyandextensively.V.TheRomanticPeriod(这一章是重点章节，注意所选诗歌的注释及主题)I.GeneralfeaturesofRomanticism这一部分可能出论述题或简答题(论述题要答约200个字，简答题50-80个字)参见书上P171-174。例题：HowisRomanticismdifferentfromtheNeoclassicism?Answer:先论述Romanticism的特点P171-174，然后论述Neoclassicism特点P103-105。I)RobertBurns记熟“Redredrose”例题(诗歌这种形式出

37、这样的题比较多)：“Tilla'theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun!AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.”(1) Identifythepoemandthepoet.(2) Interpretthemeaningofthisstanza.(3) Fromthecharacteristicsofthisstanza,wecandeducewhichperioditbelongsto.Answer:(1) Burns'"A

38、Red,RedRose”(2) Thethemeofitispermanentlove,whichitselfisdeep,genuineandnatural(3) Romanticism2)Wordsworth:therepresentativepoetofpassiveromanticism,PoetLaureate(桂冠诗人)ofEngland.Thepublicationofthe“LyricalBallads”markedthebreakwiththeconventionalpoeticaltraditionofthe18thcentury,andthebeginningoftheR

39、omanticrevivalinEngland.Wordsworth,ColeridgeandRobertSoutheyhaveoftenbeenmentionedasthe“Lakepoets”.记熟“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”及注释、主题“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”isregardedasthemostanthologizedpoeminEnglishliterature,andonethattakesustothecoreofWordsworth'spoeticbelifs.3) Byron:(1) Hecreated“ByronicH

40、ero”inhisworks.(2) “TheIslesofGreece”Inthispoem,thepoetdescribesGreecewithdeeppassion.Helamentsherfallenstateandspeaksofherforeman'sgloryandpower,herbravemenandheroicdeeds.WithstrongpassionhetriestoarousetheGreekpeople'spatrioticfeelingssothattheymightriseagainsttheTurkishinvasion.记熟“TheIsle

41、sofGreece”及注释4) Shelley“OdetotheWestWind”isoneofthemostprizedofShelley'sshorterlyrics.Inthispoem,Shellyeulogizesthepowerfulwestwindandexpresseshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Themainthemeofthepoemishiscallforpoliticalandsocialreform.记熟“OdetotheWestWind”及注释5) Themajornovelist

42、softheEnglishRomanticPeriodareJaneAustenandWalterScott.VI.TheVictorianPeriod(这一章着重于小说，注意小说的主题是什么，主角是谁，主角的人物分析).Characteristicsofthisage:1) anageofproseSincethewidespreadofeducation,thenumberofreadershasincreasedanditistheageofnewspapers,magazines,andmodernnovels.Newspapers,magazinesareabouttheworld&

43、#39;sdailylife,andnovelsarethemostpleasantformofliteratureentertainment,aswellasthemostsuccessfulmethodofpresentingmodernproblemsandmodernideals.2) anageemphasizedthemoralpurposeTheproseseemstodepartfromthepurelyartisticstandardofartforart'ssakeandtobeactuatedbyadefinitemoralpurpose,andthenovels

44、eemstosweepawayerrorandtorevealtheunderlyingtruthofhumanlife.SoVictorianAgeisemphaticallyanageofrealismratherthanofromance,whichstrivestotellthewholetruth,showingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare,andholdinguphealthandhopeasthenormalconditionsofhumanity.3)anageofdoubtandpessimismBecausethescientificd

45、iscoveryandespeciallytheEvolutiongivepeopleanewconceptionofmanandoftheuniverse,itiscustomarytospeakofthisageasanageofdoubtandpessimism.2.CharlesDickens:HeisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistwritersoftheVictorianAge.ThethemeofhisnovelsHehasaseriousintentiontoexposeandcriticizeallthepoverty,injustice,hyp

46、ocrisyandcorruptnessheseesallaroundhim.Inhiswork,heattemptstocallpeople'sattentiontotheexistingsocialproblemandthusbringaboutsomereformoramelioration.P293OliverTwist:Inthisnoval,Dickensgivesatruthfulpoor,andmakesapresentationofthesufferanceofthecompleteexposureoftheterribleconditionsintheEnglish

47、workhouseofthetimeandthebrutalityandcorruptionoftheoppressorsunderthemaskofphilanthropy.1)TheBrontesCharlottewroteTheProfessorandJaneEyre,AnnewroteAgnesGrey.,andEmilywroteWutheringHeights.TheanalysisofEyre:EyreherselfisCharlotte,little,long-suffering,shy,repressed,asmoulderingvolcanoofpassionbeneath

48、.Thisheroinrepresentthemiddle-classworkingwomanwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing,moreover,Janemaintainsthatwomanshouldhaveequalrightswithwoman.Thenovelseverelycriticizedthelimitedoptionsopentoeducatedbutimpoverishedwomen,andtheideathatwomen"oughttoconfinet

49、hemselvestomakingpuddingsandknittingstockings,toplayingonthepianoandembroideringbags."Jane'spassionatedesireforawiderlife,herneedtobeloved,andherrebelliousquestioningofconventions,alsoreflectedCharlotte'sowndreams.Janeisan"UglyDuckling",whofulfillsalltheteenageromanticdreamsof

50、passionthatbreaksallobstacles.VII.The20thCenturyLiterature1. Themajorchangesinattitudeandtechniqueinthemodernnovel:1)ThepublicvaluesoftheVictoriannovelgavewaytomorepersonallyconceivednotionsofvalue,dependentonthenovelistownintuitionsandsensibilitiesratherthanonpublicagreement.2）Timewasnolongeraserie

51、sofchronologicalmomentstobepresentedbycontinuousflowintheconsciousnessoftheindividual,witharetrospectmergingintoanticipation.3）“Stream-of-consciousness”becameaimportantnewtechniqueoftheEnglishnovel.4）ThethemeofmodernnovelsThethemeofmodernfictionisthepossibilityoflove,theestablishmentofaemotionalcomm

52、unicationinacommunityofprivateconsciousness.2. ThomasHardyLivingattheturnofthecentury,Hardyisoftenregardedasatransitionalwriter.Inhimweseetheinfluencefromboththepastandthemodern.Assomepeopleputit,heisintellectuallyadvancedandemotionallytradition.NovelsUndertheGreenwoodTree（<<绿林荫下>>）1872F

53、arfromtheMaddingCrowd（远离尘嚣>>）1874TheReturnoftheNative（<<还乡>>）1878TheMayorofCasterbridge（<<卡斯特桥市长>>）1886TessoftheD'Urbervilles（<<德伯家的苔丝>>）1891JudetheObscure(<<无名的裘德>>)1. D.H.Lawrence18951) .MainWorksSonsandLoversRainbowWomeninLoveLadyChatterla

54、y'sLover2) SonsandLoversSonsandLovers(anautobiographicalnovel)例题：MakeananalyseofthethemeofD.H.Lawrence'swork,andananalyseofPaul,theheroof“SonsandLovers”.ThethemeofHardy'snovels:Hebelievesthatlifeimpulseistheprimacyofman'sinstinct,andthatanyconsciousrepressionofsuchanimpulsewillcaused

55、istortionorperversionoftheindividual'spersonality.Inhisnovels,hetracesthepsychologicaldevelopmentofhischaractersandcriticizesthedehumanizingeffectofthecapitalistindustrializationonhumannature.Heclaimsinhisnovelthatthealienationofthehumanrelationshipsandtheperversionofhumannatureinthemodernsociet

56、ywerecausedbythewholecapitalistmechanicalcivilization,whichturnedmenintoinhumanmachines.AnanalyseofPaulPaulisalwaysunderthestronginfluenceofhismotherinaffections,aspirationandmentalhabits,andseeshisfatherwithhismother'seyes.Hedependsheavilyonhismother'slovewhichhelptomakesenseoftheworldaroun

57、dhim.Inordertobecomesanindependentmanandatrueartisthehastomakehisowndecisionsabouthislifeandworkandhastostruggletobecomefreefromhismother'sinfluence.However,heisincapableofescapingtheoverpoweringemotionalbondimposedbyhismotherslove,sohefailstoachieveafulfillingrelationshipwithgirls.Finally,Pauld

58、eterminedtofacetheunknownfuture.第二部分美国文学一、课程简介：美国文学是英语专业在高年级开设的一门课程，包括美国文学简史与作家，作品介绍。史的部分在课程中做了简要的概述，作家作品部分有：作家的详细介绍；作品的内容提要；重点文选；注释。在教学中以讲授作品，作家介绍为主。本课程的目的在与要学生掌握美国文学的基本主流，主要的文学流派，文学作品，以及各时期的代表人物及作品二、课程重点章节简介：第一章:TheLiteratureofColonialAmerica1. CaptainJohnSmithbecamethefirstAmericanwriter.2. ThewritersoftheSouthernandMiddleColonieswhofollowedJohnSmithmadetheirgreatestcontributiontoAmerican.第二章：TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolu