医学英语术语学及应用

1、医学英语术语学及应用第一页，共26页。Chapter OneAn Etymological (词源的 ) Study of English Language第二页，共26页。Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesnEnglish belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.nThe word for father vater (in Ger

2、man), pater (in Greek), pedar in (Persian), pater (in Latin), and pitr (in Sanskrit)第三页，共26页。Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesnIn case of the word “brother”, it is of similar nature. In Greek it is phrater, in Latin frater, in Sanskrit bhratar, in French frere and in German brudernOf all the dif

3、ferent branches in Indo-European family, two are of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages.第四页，共26页。Old English (450 -1100)nThe Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to

4、populate those areas.nAnglo-Saxons 第五页，共26页。Old English (450 -1100)nthe original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is know England Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.第六页，共26页。Old English (450 -1100)nThe invaders language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what

5、 we know as Old Englishnwater, stone, foot, fire, sheep, and strong derive from Old English roots第七页，共26页。The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)nWilliam the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, subsequently King William I, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066. They spo

6、ke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.第八页，共26页。The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)nThe influence of the Normans: be

7、ef and cownBeef Anglo-NormannCow GermannThe mixture of the two languages: Middle English第九页，共26页。Early Modern English (1500 -1800)nThe next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geomet

8、ry, astronomy, and musicnWilliam Shakespeare第十页，共26页。Late Modern English (1800 - Present)nThe principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary.nTwo historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British EmpirenNeologism :oxygen, protein, nuclear, vaccine (L

9、atin /Greek roots)第十一页，共26页。Late Modern English (1800 - Present)nHorsepower, airplane, typewriter (English roots)nThis burst of neologism continues today, visible in the field of electronics and computers: cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip第十二页，共26页。Late Modern English (1800 - Present)nIn addit

10、ion, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.nFinally, the 20th century saw two world wars, and the military influence on the language第十三页，共26页。Chapter TwonAn Etymological Study of Medical Eng

11、lishnBased on their origin, medical terms can be divided into two large categories: native and borrowed.第十四页，共26页。Words Evolved from Old EnglishnOld English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structur

12、es, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.第十五页，共26页。Anatomic Words第十六页，共26页。Words Denoting Concepts第十七页，共26页。Words Originated from GreeknFrom Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the ar

13、eas that have been influenced by Greek. 第十八页，共26页。Words Originated from Greek第十九页，共26页。Words Originated from LatinnThe earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater

14、 influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest. 第二十页，共26页。Words Originated from Latin第二十一页，共26页。Words Borrowed from FrenchnAfter the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. A great number of French words, including those used in medical works, took their roots in Eng