《英语国家概况》课课件英语国家概况

1、16th and 17th century The English permanent settlement in North America negan in the 17th century when Western Europe was undergoing great changes. Europe was under the authority of teh Roman Church. The federal system of serfdom prevailed.The growth of capitalism produced two new classesthe bourgeo

2、is class and the working class.The second force that brought the modern development of European was the Renaissance.people became more confident in themselves and show interest to the world about them. The third influential was the In 1517,Martin Luther, a German professor of techology, put “95 Thes

3、es” on the church door in protest against abuses and corruption in the church. He argued the Pope hsd no right to sell “indulgences” for the remission of sins.(出售赎罪券以减少罪孽)Religious Reformation.The settlement in Virginia The first English permanent settlement was founded in 1607 in Virginia, which wa

4、s organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I. The Company sent three small ships with 144 men to Virginia.44 died during the long voyage.The settlement They didnt grow food, a few labours among them started to dig gold,soon they ran into shortage of food,38 died. A

5、few years later,another colonist,John Rolfe began to experiment with the West India Tabacco and this plant grew well in Virginia soil. New England today includes Massachusetts,Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine and Rhode Island. The second enduring settlement was established in Massachusetts

6、 Bay in 1620.puritans A group of people thought that the Church of England was too catholic and wanted to “purify” the church,they have some different reliefs and believed that God was incomprehensible to man,while Catholics believed that God could be reached through the representative on the eartht

7、he Pope. Puritans belief Puritans believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God. The success in ones work or the prosperity was the sign of being Gods elect. Therefore, everyone must work hard and living a moral life. They conclude that the Bible was the authority of their doctrine.Re

8、asons of the belief They were cruelly persecuted, some were thrown into prison and even executed for their religious beliefs. Oliver Cromwell, one of the Puritans, became the revolutionary leader, overthrew the monarchy and founded a republic. Some puritans fled to Holland for religious freedom, whe

9、re they were not allowed to join the Dutch guilds of craftsmen, they had to do unskilled poorly paied jobs. Their children began to speak Dutch and married Dutch, they lost their Englishness.George Calvert The third colony being founded was Maryland, the founder was the second Lord Baltimore.his fat

10、her, George Calvert,decided to find a haven in North America for his fellow religious believers.He went to his old friend King Charles and asked for help.before he could do so, he died. Lord Baltimore wished to introduce a feudal system to the manor system in Europe to his colony. Not long after the

11、 founding of his colony,the feudal experimental plan was dropped, and the colony followed a capitalist development road. In 1760s, 13 colonies in North America had developed a similiar America pattern in politics, economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment. Between 1689 and

12、1815,France and Britain fought several wars.in 1756, England and France began to fight teh Seven Years War, known in America as the French and India War.the American War of Independence In 1773, a group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the “Boston Tea Party”. Disguised as Indians, the

13、y boarded Britain merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor. In 1775, the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot in a small town near Boston. Thus the American War of Independence began. Declaration of Indepedence, In May 1775, a sec

14、ond Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, assisted by Admas and Benjamin Franklin, drafted Declaration of Indepedence, which the congress adopted on July 4,1776.the independence of the United States The War

15、of Independence came to an end in 1781 with the victory of North Americans. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and Britain recognized the independence of the United States. Lord Baltimore who set up the colony _ was _ in religion. Maryland, Catholic. The first permanent settlement in North Ameri

16、ca was eatablished in todays _ in the year _. Virginia ,1607 _ was first to start the religious Reformation and the next important leader of Reformation was_. Martin Luther and John Calvin The crop -_ that was teansplanted from the West India saved Virginia. The theory of American politics and teh A

17、merican Revolution originated mainly from _. A George Washington B Thomas Jefferson C John Adams D John Locke The following were some of teh characteristics of Pretestantism except_. A challenging the authority of the Pope. B salvation through faith. C salvation through the church D establishin a di

18、rect contact with God.The United States The peace treaty of 1783 recognized the independence of the United States and the former 13 colonies along the east coast of the Atlantic become 13 states of the new nation.Executive branch The chief executive of teh United States is the president, together wi

19、th the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. The power of president is not without limitations.the president can vote any bill and the vote can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and the House of Representative.The president The president has the authority to appoint fed

20、eral judges as vacancies occur. Within the executive branch, the president has broad powers to issue regulations and directives regarding teh work of the federal governements many departments and agencies. He is also commander in chief of the armed forces. President appoints the heads and senior off

21、icials teh executive branch agencies. Under the constitution, the president is primarily responsible for foreign relations. The president appoints ambassadors and other officials, subject to Senate approval, and with the secretary of state, formulates and manages the nations foreign policy.Judicial

22、branch It is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only counrt specifically created by the Constitution. Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement. Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution.Bill Of Rights To all Americans, another basic found

23、ation in their constitution is the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791. This consists of 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the governemnt. In the Bill of Rights, Americans are guaranteed freedom of religion, of speech of right and of the press. It guarantees the right to assemble in public places,the right to a speedy trail if accused of a crime.Political parties Political parties are organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how the United States should be governed. Today, the two politica