Articulation关节学中南大学ppt课件

1、Xuegang LuoDepartment of Anatomy & NeurobiologyXiangya School of Medicine, CSUI. General DescriptionArchimedes said: Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.RF1. Classification of Levers in Movement1. First class 2. Second class 3. Third class Atlantooccipital Elbow AnkleArticulationj

2、ointsSynarthrosisimmovable articulation直接衔接不动关节 Diarthrosismovable articulation间接衔接可动关节Fibrous joints纤维连结纤维连结Cartilaginous joints软骨连结软骨连结Osseous joints骨性连结骨性连结Synovial joints滑膜关节滑膜关节2. Classification of the Joint骨连结关节骨连结关节1. Fibrous JointsBones held closely together by fibrous connective tissueII. S

3、ynarthrosisInterosseous membrane of leg2. Cartilaginous JointsBones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilageIntervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Epiphyseal plate3. Osseous jointsBones tightly connected by bony tissueFibrous JointsCartilaginous JointsOsseous jointsIII. Synovial JointsS

4、ynovial cavity separates articulating bonesFreely moveable (diarthrosis) Articular Surface Articular Capsule Articular Cavity1. Essential Structure:1.1 Articular SurfaceArticular Cartilagereduces frictionabsorbs shockMale/FemaleArea difference1.2 Articular CapsuleSurrounds joint Two layers:Fibrous m

5、embraneSynovial membrane1.3 Articular CavityMagdeburg HemispheresSurrounded by synovial membrane and articular cartilagePotential spaceSynovial fluid filledNegative to the atmosphere pressureExample of Synovial Joint2. The accessory structureLigamentsArticular discs or labrumSynovial fold & burs

6、aIntracapsular ligamentswithin capsule2.1 LigamentsExtracapsular ligamentsoutside joint capsule2.2 Articular discsAttached around edges to capsuleMake the articular surfaces fitting with each otherDiminish the shock of the joint Prolapsed discAnnulus fibrosusNucleus pulposus Root of spinal nerveSpin

7、al cord2.3 Synovial Bursa Between skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/bone Fluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint cavity Reduce friction between moving structuresSaclike structures3. The movement of synovial jointsFlexion (屈屈): decreasing the joint angle Extension (伸伸): increasing the angle A

8、bduction (展展): away from median plane of the body Adduction (收收): close to median plane of the bodyRotation (旋转旋转): turn the anterior surface to or from the midlineCircumduction (环转环转): Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction3.1 Flexion & ExtensionAround frontal axisDorsiflexi

9、on(Extension)Plantarflexion (Flexion)3.2 Abduction, AdductionAround Sagittal Axis3.3 RotationAround vertical axisPronation (旋前旋前)Supination(旋后旋后)3.4 CircumductionCombination of flexion, extension, adduction and abductionOccurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid jointsThe movements of three axi

10、s jointsFrontal AxisSagittal AxisVertical Axis3.5 Summary4 Classification of Articulations4.1 One Axis Hinge joint (屈戌关节屈戌关节) 或称为或称为滑车关节滑车关节 Pivot joint 车轴关节车轴关节4.2 Two Axis Ellipsoid joint 椭圆关节椭圆关节 Saddle joint 鞍状关节鞍状关节4.3 Three Axis Ball and socket joint (球窝关节球窝关节) Planar joint 平面关节平面关节4.1.1 Hinge

11、 JointConvex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd boneMovements producedflexionextensionExamplesKnee, elbow, ankle joints4.1.2 Pivot JointRounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligamentIt allows only rotation around longitudinal axisExamplesProximal ra

12、dioulnar jointAtlanto-axial joint4.2.1 Condyloid or Ellipsoidal JointOval-shaped projection fits into oval depressionBiaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possibleExampleswrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 54.2.2 Saddle JointThe articular surfaces are saddled-shaped; Biaxial mo

13、vementsExample Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb4.3.1 Ball and Socket JointBall fitting into a cuplike depressionMultiaxialflexion/extensionabduction/adductionrotationExamplesshoulder jointhip joint4.3.2 Planar JointBone surfaces are flat or slightly curvedSide to side movement onlyrotation prevent

14、ed by ligamentsExamplesintercarpal or intertarsal jointssternoclavicular jointvertebrocostal jointsIV. Shoulder JointHead of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapulaBall and socketAll types of movement1. CompositionArticular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neckGlenoid labrum deepens socketMan

15、y bursa nearby the joint (subacromial)2. Structures3. LigamentsAssociated ligaments and muscles strengthen joint capsuleTransverse humeral ligament holds biceps tendon in placeIV. Hip JointHead of femur and acetabulum of hip boneBall and socket type of jointAll types of movement possible1. Composition Acetabular labrum Ligament of the head of the femur Articular capsule2. Structures3. LigamentsDense, strong capsule reinforced by ligamentsiliofemoral ligamentpubofemoral ligamentischiofem