北京理工大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案

1、北京理工大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartIReadingComprehensionPartIReadingComprehension(40(40points)points)Directions:Directions:Inthisparttherearefourpassagesforyoutoread,Aftereachpassagetherearefivequestions,beloweachofwhomtherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswerandmarkthecorrespondingletterwitha

2、pencilontheMACHINE-SCORINGANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOnePassageOneIwasintroducedtotheconceptofliteracyanimatorinOladumiAirbed(1994)articleonhighilliteracyratesamongwomenandschooldropoutratesamonggirls.AccordingtoArigbede,literacyanimatorsviewtheirroleasassistingintheself-liber

3、atingdevelopmentofpeopleintheworldwhoarestrugglingforamoremeaningfullife.Animatorsareafamilyofdeeplyconcernedandcommittedpeoplewhosegut-levelrejectionofmasshumanpauperizationcompelsthemtointerveneonthesideofthemarginalized.Theirmotivationisnotderivedfromaloveofliteracyasmerelyanothertechnicallifeski

4、ll,andtheyacceptthatliteracyisneverculturallyorideologicallyneutral.我在奥拉杜米阿吉戈贝德的文章上接触到了扫盲志士这个概念，这篇文章发表于1994年。该文章描述了女人中的高文盲率和女孩中的高辍学率。根据阿吉戈贝德的观点，扫盲志士以帮助世界各地那些为更有意义生活而奋斗人们的自我解放为己任。这些扫盲志士非常热心也很敬业，他们真切地拒绝集体赤贫化，这驱使他们积极参与到对边缘化人们的帮扶工作中。他们的动力不是来自视识字仅仅是人们的一种技术性生活技巧意义上的热爱。他们认为识字水平在文化和意识形态意义上从来不是中性的。Arigbedewr

5、itesfromherexperiencesasananimatorworkingwithwomenandmeninNigeria.Shebelievesthatliteracyanimatorshavetomakeaclearchoiceaboutwhosecultureandwhoseideologywillbefosteredamongthosewithwhomtheywork.DoliteracyeducatorsintheUnitedStatesconsiderwhethertheinstructiontheypursueconflictswiththeirstudentstradi

6、tionalculturesorcommunity,orfostersilliteraciesinlearnersfirstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?阿吉戈贝德基于她在尼日利亚以扫盲志士身份跟男女一起工作的经历进行写作。 她确信， 扫盲志士必须在如下方面做出明确选择：在跟自己工作的人们中间培养什么样的文化和意识形态。美国的文化教育工作者们是否想到过，他们实行的教育是否跟学生的传统文化或共性相冲突；是否在学习者的第一语言或母语或方言，以及其口语形态方面对文盲者有所促进？Someapproachestoliteracyinstructio

7、nrepresentanideologyofindividualism,control,andcompetition.Consider,forexample,thedifferenceinvaluesconveyedandrepresentedwhenstudentsengageinchoralreadingversusthepracticeofhavingonestudentreadoutloudtothegroup.Toidentifyasaliteracyanimatoristochoosetheideologyofsharing,solidarity,love,equity,co-op

8、erationwithandrespectofbothnatureandotherhumanbeings.Literacypedagogythatmatchestheanimatorideologyworksonmaintainingthelanguagesandculturesofmillionsofminoritychildrenwhoatpresentarebeingforcedtoacceptthelanguageandcultureofthedominantgroup.Itmightleadtoassessmentthatexaminestheperformanceoutcomeso

9、facommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy,asopposedtomeasuringwhatanindividualcandoasareaderandwriteronastandardizedtest.Shor(1993)describesliteracyanimatorsasproblem-posing,community-based,dialogiceducators.Doourteacher-educationtextbooksonreadingandlanguageartsprom

10、otetheideathatteachersshouldexploreproblemsfromacommunity-baseddialogicperspective?有些文化教育手段饱含个体主义、控制和竞争这样的理念。例如，让学生参加合唱班和让一个学生面对群体大声朗诵， 其传达和表现的价值是不同的。 成为一个合格的扫盲志士就是选择了“分享、 团结、爱、平等、尊重并与自然和其他人合作”等思想意识。适合扫盲志士思想意识的文化教学法，会存续几百万少数民族孩子的语言和文化，而目前这些孩子被迫接受统治者群体的语言和文化。这样可以评估一个扫盲地区的总体成效和使用文字的社会意义，而不是在一个标准化考试中对某

11、一个体作为读者和作者的所作所为进行测评。肖(1993年)将扫盲志士描述为问题启发式、基于共性式、对话式的教育者。我们关于阅读和语言艺术的教师教育教材，提升了教师应从一种基于共性的对话或视角来探讨问题的理念吗？1. Aliteracyanimatorisonewho.A.strugglesforamoremeaningfullifeB.freespeoplefrompovertyandilliteracyC.iscommittedtomarginalizetheilliterateD.isconcernedwithwhatisbehindilliteracy2. Theauthorsuggest

12、sthatliteracyeducatorsintheUSinaway.A.promotestudentshomelanguagesB.forcestudentstoaccepttheircultureC.teachnothingbutreadingandwritingD.considerliteracyasofnon-neutralnature3. ArigbedeworkedwithNigeriansprobablyto.A.teachAmericancustomsandideologyB.makeachoiceofculturetobefosteredC.rejectthevalueso

13、fthedominantclassD.helpmaintainNigerian-languageandculture4. Accordingtotheauthor,choralreadingmayrepresent.A.individualismB.collectivismC.competitionD.immersion5. Animatorideologyemphasizesmoreon.A.thesocialfunctionofliteracyB.studentsperformanceintestsC.thedominantgroupslanguageD.theattainmentofli

14、feskillsPassageTwoPassageTwoAccordingtoonesurveyof12,000people,about30percentofthosemakingNewYearsresolutionssaytheydontevenkeepthemintoFebruary.Andonlyabout1in5actuallystaysontrackforsixmonthsormore,aconsumerdietandfitnessWebsite.Butdontletthoseoddsmakeyoureachforthenearestbagofpotatochips.Expertss

15、ayyoucankeepthoseresolutionslongterm,evenifyourestrugglingnow.Themotivationcomesfromwithin,andsowhenyoufindthatyouredeclininginyourhealthyeatingprogram,andthenjustaskyourself,IsthisgoingtogetmetheresultsthatIwant?saysLeslieStewart,aregistereddietitianandlicensednutritionist.Andifyouredoingsomethinge

16、verydaytoeathealthy,thenthatsgoingtopayoffinthelongrun.Stewartadvisestousewhatshecallsthe90-10eatingrule.Ifyoureeatinghealthy90percentofthetime,then10percentofthetime,youcancutyourselfsomeslackandeatpleasurably.Shesaysshebelievesthathealthyeatingisevolutioninsteadofresolution.Thesameprinciplecanbeap

17、pliedtoalaggingexerciseresolution,too.StayingmotivatediskeytoLong-termsuccess,andreviewingoriginalgoalscanhelpstrengthenaweakeningworkoutprogram.Addingvarietytoafitnessregimealsocanpreventyoufromhangingupthoseexerciseshoes.Afterafewweeksofwell-intentionedworkouts,boredommaybecreepingyoureyourroutine

18、.Settinggoalstoohighisanothercommonmistake.Ifyourenotrunningamarathonattheendofthemonth,dontworry,sayMayoClinicexperts.Atoointenseworkout-andtheresultingpainandstiffness-isdiscouragingandmayforcemosttoabandonaprogram.Startingslowlyiskey.Butifyourgoalsalreadyhavefallenbythewayside,Uriasaystostartupag

19、ainimmediately.AlittlesetbackisOK;getbackonthehorseandride.drivetowardthatgoal,hesays.6. Accordingtotheauthor,onlyabout20%peoplekeepingtheirresolutionsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat.A.hefigureisratherdepressingandunexpectedaswellB.thosewhohavemadetheirresolutionshouldgiveuptheireffortC.whoeverkeeptheirr

20、esolutionsshouldstarteatingpotatochipsD.long-termresolutionsarenotimportantforthosefacingtroubles7. Whatistheideabehindthe90-10eatingruleaccordingtothepassage?A.Youshouldkeepeatinghealthy90%ofthetime.B.Youshouldfeelfreetoeat10%ofthetime.C.Youshouldlearntoeathealthygradually.D.Suddenchangewillbemoree

21、fficientandeffective.8. Whichofthefollowingyoushouldavoidtokeepyourselfinterestedinexercise?A.Hangingupyourexerciseshoesifyoufeeltired.B.Keepingboredomawayfromyourdailyactivity.C.Makingaschedulewithtoohighgoalsinit.D.Runningamarathonatthebeginningofthemonth.9. Howmanysuggestionsatleasthavebeenintrod

22、ucedconcerningtheexerciseresolution?A.Four.B.Five.C.Six.D.Seven.10.Whatiscriticallyimportantinmakinglong-termresolutionssuccessful?A.Youshouldbestrugglingwithyourselfallthetime.B.Youshouldconstantlyevaluatetheresultsyouwant.C.Youshouldtrytokeepyourselfmotivated.D.You8houldtryyourbesttodiversifyyourf

23、itnesspractice.PassageThreePassageThreeOurpresentgenerationofculturalcritics,arrivingaftertheassaultofpostmodernismandtheincreasinglywidespreadcommercializationof-culture,hasbeencastadrift,withoutanyfirmbasisforjudgments.Publicationsandinstitutionstosupportseriouscriticism,inthisview,eithernolongere

24、xistorarefewinnumber.Criticstoday,itisalsoclaimed,aretoocozybehindtheiviedwallsofacademe,contenttoemployaprosestylethatisdecipherableonlytoahandfulofthecognoscenti.Thedeadlydiveofuniversitycriticsintotheshallowdepthsofpopularculture,moreover,revealstheunwillingnessofthesecriticstoupholdstandards,Eve

25、nifthereasonsofferedarecontradictory,theseJeremiahshuddlearoundtheirsadconclusionthatseriousculturalcriticismhasfallenintoamorassofpettybickeringandbloatedreputations.Suchnarrativesofdeclension,astapleofAmericanintellectuallifesincethetimeofthePuritans,aremisplaced,self-serving,andhistoricallyinaccu

26、rateanddifficulttoprove.Hasthelevelofcriticismdeclinedinthelast50years?Ofcoursethelogicofsuchanopiniondependsonthefiguresthatarebeingcontrastedwithoneanother.Anynumberofculturalcriticsthrivingtodaycouldbeinvokedtodemonstratethatculturalcriticismisaliveandwell.Butmanynewandthrivingvenuesforcriticisma

27、nddebateexisttoday,andtheyarenotlimitedsolelytothediscussionofliteraryworks.Actually,theybecamesoencrustedwiththeirowncertitudeandpoliticaljudgmentsthattheybecamelargelyirrelevant.Todaythecomplaintisthatliteraryculturelackscivility.Weliveinanageofcormmercialismandspectacle.Writersseekthelimelight,an

28、donewaytobaskinitistopublishreviewsthatscorchthelandscape,withDalePeckasthefatuous,butnotatypical,caseinpoint.HeidiJulavits,inanessayinTheBeliever,lamentedthedownfallofseriousfictionandreviewing.Shesurveyedaliteraryculturethathadembracedsnark,hertermforhostile,self-servingreviews.Thesnarkreview,acco

29、rdingtoJulavits,eschewsaseriousengagementwithliteratureinfavorofasound-biteapproach,anattempttoturnthereviewintoaformofentertainmentakintofilmreviewsorrestaurantcritiques.Acriticfoundculturalcriticismtobeincriticalcondition.Forhim,thepostmodernturnto,theory,initsquestioningofobjectivity,cutthecritic

30、al,independentgroundoutfromunderreviewers.Theriseofchainbookstoresandblockbusterbestsellersdemeanedliteraryculture,makingitpreytothecommercialvaluesofthemarketandentertainment.Thecriticismdoesnotseemdiscontinuous.NorshouldweforgetthatcivilityrarelyreignedinthecirclesofNewYorkintellectuals.Theartcrit

31、icClementGreenbergphysicallypummeledthetheatercriticLionelAbelafterAbelrejectedtheviewthatJeanWahl,theFrenchphilosopher,wasanti-Semitic.ThoughRobertPeckhasthereputationofaliteraryhatchetman,sofarasIknowhisblowsthusfarhaveallbeenconfinedtotheprintedpage.Culturalcriticismhascertainlychangedovertheyear

32、s.Theolddaysofthecriticwhowieldedunchallengedauthorityhavehappilypassed.Oursisamorepluralisticage,onenotbeholdentoanarrowliteraryculture.Thedemocratizationofcriticism一asintheAmazonsystemofreadersevaluatingbooksisamessyaffair,asdemocracymustbe.Butthesolutiontotheproblemsofcriticisminthepresentisbestn

33、otdiscoveredinthemustybasementsofnostalgiaandsentimentfortheculturalcriticismofahalf-centurygone.Ratherthesolutionistorecognize,asJohnDeweydidalmostacenturyago,thattheproblemsofdemocracydemandmoredemocracy,lessnostalgiaforagoldenagethatneverwas,andaspiritofopennesstowhatisnewandinvigoratinginourcult

34、ure.11. Whatisthepossibleconnectionbetweenculturalcriticsandpublicationsandinstitutions?A.Culturalcriticsattackpostmodernismandcornmercializationcherishedbypublica-tionsandinstitutions.B.Postmodernismandcommercializationareattackedbytheseriouspublicationsandinstitutions.C.Culturalcriticismisshortofj

35、udgmentsandwillnotexistwithoutthesupportofpublicationsandinstitutions.D.Publicationsandinstitutionsshowalmostnointerestinseriousculturalcriticism.12.Howdotheuniversitycriticsliketheseriousculturalcriticism?A.CulturalcriticismisnotseriousenoughwhenthearticlesarewritteninthecozyprosestyleB.Popularcult

36、ureissoprevailingthatseriouscriticsarenotwillingtokeeptotheshallowstandards.C.Seriousculturalcriticismisfullofinsignificantquarrelsandthepublicdonotreallytrustit.D.CulturalcriticshavebecomesoseriousastotellthestoriesimbuedwithAmericanintellectualPuritanism.13.Whatistheauthorsopinionofthecurrentcompl

37、aintabouttheliteraryexpansionintotheotherfields?A.Whenliterarycriticsdiscussissueswithpoliticaljudgments,theirviewsarelikelytobemeaningless.B.Itisreasonableforwriterstoseeklimelightsincewearelivingintheageofcom-mercialism.C.Criticsshouldbeencouragedtowriteandpublishpoignantarticleswhichwouldscorchth

38、elandscape.D.Itisthecriticsresponsibilitytolamentthedownfallofserious-fictionandreviewing.14.WhatdoesthesnarkreviewrefertoaccordingtoHeidiJulavits?A.Culturalreviewswhichareunfriendlyandselfish.B.Literaryreviewsavoidingseriouscriticism.C.Entertainmentreviewsinthefilmindustry.D.Postmodernreviewsindepe

39、ndentofobjectivity.15.Inordertofindawayoutthecurrentdilemmafortheculturalcriticism,theauthorsuggeststhat.A.weshouldreturntotheolddayswhenthecriticspassedtheirjudgmentswithoutchallengesB.pluralismshouldbeheldback,reinforcingtheunchallengedauthorityintheliterarycriticismC.democraticcriticismshouldnotb

40、eadoptedbecauseitisrathermessyasprovedintheAmazonsystemD.weshouldencouragemoredemocracy,dismissnostalgiaandcultivateanopenattitudePassageFourPassageFourInJuly,almostunnoticedbythenationalpress,adeadlybirdvirusarrivedonapheasantfarminSurrey.ExpertsfromtheDepartmentfortheEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffair

41、s(Defra)identifiedNewcastledisease,avirususuallymortaltoturkeysandgeesebutnothumans,inaflockof9,000pheasantchicksimportedfromFranceaheadoftheshootingseason.Withinhoursofthediagnosis,veterinaryexpertshadswungintoaction,throwingupa3kmexclusionzonearoundthefarmnearCobhamandculling10,000birds.Thecarcass

42、eswereburnedandpremisescleanedtostopthevirusescaping.ItwasfourweeksbeforeDefrasVeterinaryExoticDiseasesDivisionfeltitwassafeforpoultrymovementsintheareatoresume.Thisweekend,withthenewsthatH5Nl,afarmoredeadlybirdvirus,hasreachedTurkey,similaremergencyplansarebeingreadiedbyofficialsfromDefraandotherag

43、encies.ThescenariotheyarepreparingforisthattheH5Nlvirus,whichsofarhasledtothecullingofbillionsofchickensinsouth-eastAsiaand60humandeaths,willsoonarriveontheseshores.Whathappensnextdependsonwheretheoutbreakoccurs,whetheritcanbecontainedandmostimportantofallwhetheritmutatestobecomeinfectiousbetweenpeo

44、ple.Sofar,onlypoultryworkersorthosedirectlyexposedtochickenfaecesorbloodarethought,tobeatrisk,thoughdirecthuman-to-humantransmissioncannotberuledout.Everytimeanewpersongetsinfectedwiththevirusthereisasmallchancethatpersonwilltriggerapandemic,saidNeilFerguson,ascientistatImperialCollege,whohasbeenrun

45、ningsimulationsonwhatmighthappenwereH5NltoreachBritain.Itsaverysmallchance,probablylinal,000,1in10,0000rless.ShoulddiseasedbirdsreachBritain,thefirststepforveterinaryofficialswouldbetocontaintheoutbreakastheydidwithNewcastledisease.AnamberalertwouldbesoundedandsamplessenttotheVeterinaryLaboratoryAge

46、ncy(VLA)inWeybridge,Surrey.IfIanBrown,theheadofavianvirologythere,confirmsthecauseofdeathasH5Nl,thealertlevelwillberaisedtoredandawholeseriesofemergencyprocedures,fromquarantine,restrictionofpoultrymovementstoculling,willswingintoaction.Otheragencies,suchastheDepartmentofHealth,theHealthProtectionAg

47、encyandtheMinistryofDefence,wouldbebroughtintotheloop.Intheeventthattheoutbreakcannotbecontained,Deframayhavetoconsidermasscullingprogrammesandthepossibilityofvaccination.Atthispoint,withtheriskofthevirusspreadingtohumanpopulations,theDepartmentofHealthwouldappointaUKnationalinfluenzapandemiccommitt

48、eetocoordinatetheresponseofhospitaltrustsandlocalauthorities.TheCivilContingencySecretariat(CCS)oftheCabinetwillalsobealertedandCobra,theemergencycommitteewhichcoordinatesWhitehallsresponsetoterrorism,readiedforapossiblebreakdownincivilorder.TheDepartmentofHealthspandemicpreparednessplanpublishedinM

49、archenvisagesasmanyas54,000Britonsdyinginthefirstfewmonthsofaflupandemic.ButinJune,CCSofficialswarnedthatthatcouldbeanunderestimate.Themorelikelyfigure,theysaid,was700,000projectiontheDepartmentofHealthisexpectedtotakeonboardwhenitupdatesitspandemicpreparednessplanlaterthismonth.Inthemostseriouscase

50、,officialsestimatetherewouldbeasmanydeathsinthe12weeksofanepidemicasthereusuallyareinayear.Atthepeakofthepandemic,19,000peoplewouldrequitehospitalbeds,promptingcouncilstorequisitionschoolstoaccommodatethesick.Totreatthedying,thegovernmentwouldbegindrawingdownitsstockpilesofTamiflu（药名），ananti-viraldr

51、ugthattreatsflu.Butwithonly14courses,enoughforaquarterofthepopulation,likelytobeavailable,soonerorlaterrationingwouldhavetobeimposed,withhealthprofessionalsandessentialcivilservantsthefirstinline.Thegovernmentwouldalsocomeunderpressuretoreleasestoresofitspreciousfluvaccine.Atpresenttherearecontingen

52、cyplansforjusttwotothreemilliondoses.ButthereisnoguaranteethatvaccineswhichprotectagainstannualhumanflustrainswillalsoworkagainstH5Nl.Theconsequenceshardlybearthinkingabout.Earlierthisyear,inadressrehearsalintheEastMidlandscodenamed,OperationArcticCircle,officialsquicklyconcludedthatmassmortuarieswo

53、uldbeneededtoburythedead.Butnooneknowswhether,intheeventofapandemic,anyofthesemeasureswillproveeffective.JohnAvizienius,seniorscientificofficerattheRSPCAandamemberofDefrasavianinfluenzastakeholdergroup,said:Allyoucandoisplanfortheworstcasescenario.ThefearisthatwildgeesemovingfromwesternChinatoSiberi

54、amayhavespreadthevirustoseveralspeciesofducksandgullsthatbrieflyvisitBritishshoresontheirannualmigrationnorth.Theseducks,manyofwhichmaynotshowsignsofillness,maybepassingonthevirustopoultryonBritishfarms.Inthehopethattheyarenot,DefraandtheWildfowlandWetlandannouncedlastweekthattheywouldbeconductingte

55、stson11,000wildbirds-threetimesthenormallevel.TheriskofavianinfluenzaspreadingfromeasternRussiatotheUKviamigratingbirdsisstilllow,saidDefraschiefvet,DebbyReynolds.However,wehavesaidallalongthatwemustremainonthelookout.16.WhatdoesthescenarioinParagraph2meantoTurkey?A.Turkeywillbeexposedtothenationwid

56、eaggressionofthedeadlyvirusasthemostseverelyattackedcountryontheseshores.B. Turkeymustkillbillionsofchickenandotherkindsofpoultry.C.TurkeyhastoberesponsibleforthearrivalofH5Nlontheseshores.D.AlltheveterinaryexpertsinTurkeywillsoonswingintoaction.17.Whatis,accordingtoNeilFerguson,thepossibleriskofbir

57、dfluifonegetsinfected?A.Anyonesinfectionwilltriggerpandemicthoughitisprobablyoneintenthousand.B.Eachtimeapersongetsinfectedwiththeviruswillcauseanenormouspandemicbirdflu.C.Thepersoninfectedwiththeviruswilldogreatharmtopeoplearoundhim.D.Itisimpossiblethatthevirusinfectionofacertainpersonswillcauseana

58、tionalbirdvirusspreading.18.Thechangeofalertcolorsfromambertoredimpliesthat.A.allpoultryworkersmustleavetheirworkingplacesassoonaspossibleB.theofficialsintheDepartmentofHealthmustcallformuchmoreofinternationalassistanceC.themostserioussituationofbirdfluhasappearedD.thechangeofthecolorfunctionsgreatl

59、yastheweatherreportsdo19.WhatarethestepstakenbytheDepartmentofHealthofUKwith-theriskofthevirusspreadingtohumanpopulation?A.TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredCivilContingencySecretariattopublishdocu-mentsforthepandemicpreparedness.B.TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredtheUKnationalcommitteetoco-workwithhospitalt

60、rustsandlocalauthorities.C.TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredCivilContingencySecretariattomakeapandemicplanassoonaspossible.D.TheDepartmentofHealthrequireseveryhospitaltostoreTamiflu,thepreciousfluvaccine.20.BritishgovernmentsfearofthewildgeesefromwesternChinatoSiberiaisdueto.A.thedomesticducksandgullsin