全国计算机等级考试三级网络技术知识点总结(良心出品必属精品)

1、is responsible forOrganization training, a nd implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annualeconomic indicators of implementation, reporti ng to financial healthon a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the dailyoversight in the allocati on and use of funds; 14, responsible forall Departmen

2、t statistics,collecting, sorti ng, reportingof accounting reports;15, thecompany responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the "third grade" library, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handl ing,sampling, storage monitoring, thepicki ng work, and provid

3、e the i nventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions ; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account managemen

4、t; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to thedepartments responsible forclearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management secti on of the FinanceDepartment of th

5、e companyorganized on acompa ny-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to thecompany'sbusiness activities, monthlyproje cts involved in the business activities of the company (includi ng expenses, business management, cost control,cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis,

6、provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, foreca sting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is第一章计算机基础知识1、计算机的发展阶段：经历了以下5 个阶段 ( 它们是并行关系 ) ：大型机阶段 ( 经历四小阶段它们是取代关系) 、小型机阶段、微型机阶段、客户机/ 服务器阶段（对

7、等网络与非对等网络的概念）和互联网阶段（Arpanet 是在 1983 年第一个使用 TCP/IP 协议的。在1991 年 6 月我国第一条与国际互联网连接的专线建成它从中国科学院高能物理研究所接到美国斯坦福大学的直线加速器中心。在1994 年实现 4 大主干网互连 ( 中国公用计算机互联网 Chinanet、中国科学技术网 Cstnet 、中国教育和科研计算机网Cernet 、中国金桥信息网ChinaGBN)）2、计算机种类：按照传统的分类方法：计算机可以分为 6 大类：大型主机、小型计算机、个人计算机、工作站、巨型计算机、小巨型机。按照现实的分类方法：计算机可以分为5 大类：服务器、工作站

8、、台式机、笔记本、手持设备。3、计算机的公共配置： CPU、内存（ RAM）、高速缓存（ Cache）、硬盘、光驱、显示器 (CRT、LCD)、操作系统(OS)4、计算机的指标： 位数指 CPU寄存器中能够保存数据is responsible forfixed assets and assetOrganizati s to theon traini ng, a nd impl ementation, and check ; 12, master w orkshops annual economi c indicator s of implementati department s respon

9、sible for clearing, settlement a nd asset mont hly report submitted to the asset managemeon, re porti ng to fina nt secti on of the Financial healthon a regular banceDepartment of the companysis; 13, is responsi organized on able for the dailycompa ny-wioversight ide special inspen the allocati on a

10、nd use of funds; 14, rection of asset management; 20, asponsible for all Departccording to thecompany'smentstatistics,collbusiness activities, mecting, sorti ng, reportingonthlyproje cts involved iof accounting reports;15, thecompany responsin the business activities of the company (inclble for

11、the supervision of the Treasury, including the "thirudi ng expenses, business management, cost control,d grade" librarcash flow, reve nuey, a li brary of materials, pr oducts for reg , etc) financial analy sis, provide a basiular inve ntory ha ndl ing, sampling, storage monit ori ng, the p

12、icki s for de cisions for the company, the busi ness of the company responsing work, a nd provi ble for monitoringde the i nventory report, a, forecasting and risk analynd make the asis; 21, responsiblppr opriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recye for the settlement of transac

13、tions with the Bank; 22, iscling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the company, accordi

14、ng to the changes in accounting treatment of的位数、速度 (MIPS、MFLOPS)指 CPU每秒钟处理的指令数通常用主频来表示 CPU的处理速度、容量（ B、K B、MB、GB、TB）、数据传输率（ Bps）、版本和可靠性（ MTBF、MTTR）。5、计算机的应用领域：科学计算、事务处理、过程控制、辅助工程、人工智能、网络应用。（补充实例）6、计算机系统的组成 : 硬件系统具有原子特性 ( 芯片、板卡、设备、网络 ) 与软件系统具有比特特性。 且它们具有同步性。7、奔腾芯片的技术特点 :奔腾 32 位芯片，主要用于台式机和笔记本，奔腾采用了 RIS

15、C和 CISC技术 ( 技术特点 10 个请看书 P8)8、安腾芯片的技术特点：安腾是64 位芯片，主要用于服务器和工作站。安腾采用简明并行指令计算（EPIC）技术9、主机板与插卡的组成：(1) 主机板简称主板 (mainboard) 或母板 (motherboar d) 。由 5 部分组成（CPU、存储器、总线、插槽和电源）与主板的分类(2) 网络卡又称为适配器卡代号 NIC，其功能为： （见书 P11）10、软件的基本概念：软件由程序( 功能实现部分 ) 与is responsible forOrganization training, a nd implementation, and c

16、heck; 12, master workshops annualeconomic indicators of implementation, reporti ng to financial healthon a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the dailyoversight in the allocati on and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics,collecting, sorti ng, reportingof accounting reports;

17、15, thecompany responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the "third grade" library, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handl ing,sampling, storage monitoring, thepicki ng work, and provide the i nventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treat

18、ment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the com

19、pany, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to thedepartments responsible forclearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management secti on of the FinanceDepartment of the companyorganized on acompa ny-wide special inspection of asset ma

20、nagement; 20, according to thecompany'sbusiness activities, monthlyproje cts involved in the business activities of the company (includi ng expenses, business management, cost control,cash flow, reve nue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the

21、 company responsible for monitoring, foreca sting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is文档 ( 功能说明部分 ) 组成。软件是用户与计算机硬件系统之间的桥梁。11、应用软件包括：桌面应用软件、演示出版软件、浏览工具软件、管理效率软件、通信协作软件和系统维护软件。12、程序与文档：程序是由指令序列组成的，告诉计算计如何完成一个具体的任务。文档是软件开发、使用和维护中的必备资料。13、软件开发：软件的生命

22、周期中，通常分为三大阶段，每个阶段又分若干子阶段： 计划阶段：分为问题定义、 可行性研究 （是决定软件项目是否开发的关键）。 开发阶段：在开发前期分为需求分析、总体设计、详细设计三个子阶段，在开发后期分为编码、测试两个子阶段。前期必须形成的文档有： 软件需求说明书，软件设计规格说明书。 运行阶段：主要任务是软件维护。 为了排除软件系统中仍然可能隐含的错误，扩充软件功能。14、编程语言：（机器语言与汇编语言都依赖于具体的机器，汇编语言与高级语言都需要编译） 机器语言：能被计算机直接理解和执行，速度快，但该种语言难记、难学、难懂。is responsible forfixed assets and

23、 assetOrganizati s to theon traini ng, a nd impl ementation, and check ; 12, master w orkshops annual economi c indicator s of implementati department s responsible for clearing, settlement a nd asset mont hly report submitted to the asset managemeon, re porti ng to fina nt secti on of the Financial

24、 healthon a regular banceDepartment of the companysis; 13, is responsi organized on able for the dailycompa ny-wioversight ide special inspen the allocati on and use of funds; 14, rection of asset management; 20, asponsible for all Departccording to thecompany'smentstatistics,collbusiness activi

25、ties, mecting, sorti ng, reportingonthlyproje cts involved iof accounting reports;15, thecompany responsin the business activities of the company (inclble for the supervision of the Treasury, including the "thirudi ng expenses, business management, cost control,d grade" librarcash flow, re

26、ve nuey, a li brary of materials, pr oducts for reg , etc) financial analy sis, provide a basiular inve ntory ha ndl ing, sampling, storage monit ori ng, the picki s for de cisions for the company, the busi ness of the company responsing work, a nd provi ble for monitoringde the i nventory report, a

27、, forecasting and risk analynd make the asis; 21, responsiblppr opriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recye for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, iscling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsi

28、ble for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment of 汇编语言：用英文助记符和十进制数代替二进制码，使机器语言变成了汇编语言。汇编语言属于低级语言。汇编语言要通过汇编程序把汇编语言翻译成机器语言程序计算机才能执行。 高级语言：高级语言是一种面向问

29、题或过程的语言。它是近似于日常会话的语言。它不但直观、 易学，而且通用性强。高级语言要通过编译（或解释）翻译成机器语言才能执行。15、媒体的概念与分类 :(1)媒体的概念 : 信息的载体(2) 媒体的分类：传输媒体、表现媒体、表示媒体、感觉媒体16、多媒体的基本概念：指有声有色的信息处理与利用技术。多媒体技术可划分为偏硬件技术和偏软件技术两部分。17、MPC的组成：具有 CD-ROM、具有 A/D 和 D/A 转换功能、具有高清晰的彩色显示器、具有数据压缩与解压缩的硬件支持18、多媒体的关键技术：数据压缩与解压缩技术、芯片与插卡技术、多媒体操作系统技术、多媒体数据管理技术。19、超文本与超媒体

30、的概念：is responsible forOrganization training, a nd implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annualeconomic indicators of implementation, reporti ng to financial healthon a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the dailyoversight in the allocati on and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Depa

31、rtment statistics,collecting, sorti ng, reportingof accounting reports;15, thecompany responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the "third grade" library, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handl ing,sampling, storage monitoring, thepicki ng work, and p

32、rovide the i nventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account manag

33、ement; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to thedepartments responsible forclearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management secti on of the FinanceDepartment o

34、f the companyorganized on acompa ny-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to thecompany'sbusiness activities, monthlyproje cts involved in the business activities of the company (includi ng expenses, business management, cost control,cash flow, reve nue, etc) financial analy

35、sis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, foreca sting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is(1) 超文本是非线性非顺序的而传统文本是线性的顺序的。(2) 超文本概念：超文本是收集、 存储和浏览离散信息以及建立和表现信息之间关系的技术。(3) 超媒体的组成： 当信息载

36、体不限于文本时， 称之为超媒体。超媒体技术是一种典型的数据管理技术，它是由称之为结点 (node) 和表示结点之间联系的链 (lin k) 组成的有向图（网络），用户可以对其进行浏览、查询和修改等操作。(4) 超媒体系统的组成： 编辑器、导航工具、 超媒体语言第二章网络的基本概念1、信息技术涉及内容：信息的收集、储存、处理、传输与利用。2、计算机网络形成与发展大致分为如下4 个阶段：（ 1）第一个阶段 20 世纪 50 年代（ 2）第二个阶段以 20 世纪 60 年代美国的 APPANET与分组交换技术为重要标志。（ 3） 第三个阶段从 20 世纪 70 年代中期开始。（ 4） 第四个阶段是

37、20 世纪 90 年代开始。3、计算机网络的基本特征：资源共享。4、计算机网络的定义：把分布在不同地理位置上的自治计算机通过通信设备和通信协议进行互联实现共享资源信息传输。is responsible forfixed assets and assetOrganizati s to theon traini ng, a nd impl ementation, and check ; 12, master w orkshops annual economi c indicator s of implementati department s responsible for clearing, s

38、ettlement a nd asset mont hly report submitted to the asset managemeon, re porti ng to fina nt secti on of the Financial healthon a regular banceDepartment of the companysis; 13, is responsi organized on able for the dailycompa ny-wioversight ide special inspen the allocati on and use of funds; 14,

39、rection of asset management; 20, asponsible for all Departccording to thecompany'smentstatistics,collbusiness activities, mecting, sorti ng, reportingonthlyproje cts involved iof accounting reports;15, thecompany responsin the business activities of the company (inclble for the supervision of th

40、e Treasury, including the "thirudi ng expenses, business management, cost control,d grade" librarcash flow, reve nuey, a li brary of materials, pr oducts for reg , etc) financial analy sis, provide a basiular inve ntory ha ndl ing, sampling, storage monit ori ng, the picki s for de cisions

41、 for the company, the busi ness of the company responsing work, a nd provi ble for monitoringde the i nventory report, a, forecasting and risk analynd make the asis; 21, responsiblppr opriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recye for the settlement of transactions with the Bank;

42、22, iscling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the company, according to the changes in

43、accounting treatment of5、早期计算机网络结构实质上是广域网的结构。广域网的功能：数据处理与数据通信。逻辑功能上可分为：资源子网与通信子网。资源子网负责全网的数据处理，向网络用户提供各种网络资源与网络服务。主要包括主机和终端。 主机通过高速通信线路与通信子网的通信控制处理机相连接。 终端是用户访问网络的界面。通信子网由通信控制处理机、通信线路与其他通信设备组成，完成网络数据传输、转发等通信处理任务。通信控制处理机在网络拓扑结构中被称为网络节点。通信线路为通信处理机之间以及通信处理机与主机之间提供通信信道。6、现代网络机构的特点：微机通过局域网连入广域网，局域网与广域网、广

44、域网与广域网的互联是通过路由器实现的。7、按传输技术分为：广播式网络（通过一条公共信道实现）点-点式网络（通过存储转发实现）。采用分组存储转发与路由选择是点- 点式网络与广播网络的重要区别之一。8、按规模分类：局域网（LAN）、城域网（ MAN）、广域网（ WAN）（ 1）广域网的通信子网采用分组交换技术，利用公用分组交换网、卫星通信网和无线分组交换网互联。（ 2）广域网（远程网）以下特点： 1 适应大容量与突发性通信的要求。2 适应综合业务服务的要求。 3 开放的设备接口与规范化的协议。4 完善的通信服务与网络管理。（ 3）几种常见的广域网的特点： X25、FR、SMDS、B-ISDN、N-

45、ISD N、ATMis responsible forOrganization training, a nd implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annualeconomic indicators of implementation, reporti ng to financial healthon a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the dailyoversight in the allocati on and use of funds; 14, responsible for all

46、 Department statistics,collecting, sorti ng, reportingof accounting reports;15, thecompany responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the "third grade" library, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handl ing,sampling, storage monitoring, thepicki ng work,

47、and provide the i nventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling , transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account

48、management; 19, isresponsible for the flow of controlof all assetsof the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to thedepartments responsible forclearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management secti on of the FinanceDepartm

49、ent of the companyorganized on acompa ny-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to thecompany'sbusiness activities, monthlyproje cts involved in the business activities of the company (includi ng expenses, business management, cost control,cash flow, reve nue, etc) financial

50、analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, foreca sting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is（ 4）广域网扩大了资源共享的范围， 局域网增强了资源共享的深度。（ 5）期的城域网产品主要是光纤分布式数据接口 (FDDI)（ 6）各种城域网建设方案有几个相同点：

51、传输介质采用光纤，交换接点采用基于 IP 交换的高速路由交换机或 ATM交换机，在体系结构上采用核心交换层， 业务汇聚层与接入层三层模式。 城域网 MAN介于广域网与局域网之间的一种高速网络。9、计算机网络拓扑是通过网中结点与通信线路之间的几何关系表示网络结构，反映出网络中各实体间的结构关系。 主要是指通信子网的拓扑构型。10、网络拓扑可以根据通信子网中通信信道类型分为：（ 1） 点- 点线路通信子网的拓扑：星型，环型，树型，网状型。（ 2）广播式通信子网的拓扑：总线型，树型，环型，无线通信与卫星通信型。11、描述数据通信的基本技术参数有两个：数据传输率与误码率。（1）数据传输速率 : 在数值

52、上等于每秒钟传输构成数据代码的二进制比特数 , 单位为比特 / 秒(bit/second), 记作 bps. 对于二进制数据 , 数据传输速率为 :S1/T(bps), 其中 ,T 为发送每一比特所需要的时间 .（ 2）奈奎斯特准则： 信号在无噪声的信道中传输时 , 对于二进制信号的最大数据传输率 Rmax与通信信道带宽 B（ B=f，单位是 Hz）的关系可以写为： Rmax=2*f(bps)（ 3）香农定理：香农定理则描述了有限带宽 ; 有随机热噪声信道的最大传输速率与信道带宽 ; 信号噪声功率比之间的关系 . 在有随机热噪is responsible forfixed assets and

53、 assetOrganizati s to theon traini ng, a nd impl ementation, and check ; 12, master w orkshops annual economi c indicator s of implementati department s responsible for clearing, settlement a nd asset mont hly report submitted to the asset managemeon, re porti ng to fina nt secti on of the Financial healthon a regular banceDepartment of the companysis; 13, is responsi organized on able for the dailycompa ny-wioversight ide special inspen the allocati on and use of funds; 14, rection of asset management; 20, asponsible for all Departccording to thecompa