(完整版)自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理

1、Chapter1BasicConcepts基本概念1.1 thedefinitionofaword(hedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction)1.2 soundandmean

2、ing:Symbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.Adogiscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.1.3soundandform:1.4vocabulary1.5classificationofwords词汇分类1.Noenoughletters:alphabetfromlatin2. Pronunciationchangedmorerapidly

3、3. Earlyscribes:changespellingforeasierrecognition4. Borrowing:differentrulesofpronunciationandspelling(byusefrequency按使用频率分:basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇广basicwordstock基本词汇allnationalcharacterstability稳定性productivity多产性polysemy一词多义collocability搭配性全民性、obvious>characteristics明显的特点n

4、onbasicvocabulary<非基本词汇bynotion按概念分:contentwordsandfunctionalwords实义词和功能词(terminology术语jargon行话slang俚语argon黑话dialectalwords方言词archaism古语词neologism新词rneutralinstyle文体上中性byorigin按起源分：nativewordsandborrowedwords(本地词和外来词nativewords本地词borrowedwordsJl外来词frequentinuse使用频繁denizens同化词aliens异形词translation-

5、loans译借词semantic-loans借义词Chapter2DevelopmentItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.Balto-Slavic波罗的海-斯拉夫语*Easternset：东部诸语族：:Indo-Iranian印度-伊朗语2.1Indo-European印欧语Wester

6、nset：(西部诸语族:Armenian亚美尼亚语'Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语厂Celtic凯尔特语Italic意大利语Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄语Persian波斯语(Bengali孟加拉国语Hindi印地语Romany普吉赛语"Scottish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士语、一一Breton布里多尼语广Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语JFrench法语Italian意大利语Roumanian罗马尼亚语fNo

7、rwegian挪威语Latin拉丁语言Hellenic希腊语GreekGermanic日耳曼语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish佛兰德语English英语Scandinavianlanguages斯堪的纳维亚语2.2Historicalreview历史概述OldEnglish(450-1150)古英语MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)-中古英语Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊语Frenchwords-leveledendings法语词汇水平结尾"50000-60000words5万6万间词汇H

8、ighlyinflected高度转折complexendings复杂的结尾<vowelchanges元音变化广EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)早期现代英语现代英语Borrow借词newwords新词noendings无结尾LateModernEnglish(1700-uptothepresent)I晚期现代英语fromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage。从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。therapiddevelop

9、mentofmodernscienceandtechnology现代科学和技术的迅猛发展(45)45)2.3GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabularythreemainsources三种主要来源social,economicandpoliticalchanges(11%)社会，经济和政治的变化(11%)theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages(24%)其它文化和语言的影响(24%)Creation创词formationofnewwords,mostimportant旧词新义斗semanticchange2.4 ModesofV

10、ocabularyDevelopmentoldformwithnewmeaning,newusages<borrowing借词vitalroleChapter3WordFormation3.1 Morphemes词素Definition:Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeis"thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords"词素是“构词中最小功能单位”。3.2 Allomorphs语素变体Morphemesar

11、eabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs'Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone.词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。onomorphemicwords：canstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.morphemeJ单语素词在句子中独立起作用allomorphs：thealte

12、rnativemorphsofthesamemorpheme洞素变体可替换语素（音标）的相同词素3.3TypesofMorphemesfreemorpheme自由语素freeroot自由词根Independent独立freegrammaticalunits自由的语法单位completemeanings完整的意义boundmorpheme粘着语素boundroot：粘着词根fundamentalmeaning基本意义affix词缀（附加物）attach,modify附着，修饰Inflectionalaffix曲折词缀attachedtotheendofwordsGrammaticalrelati

13、onshipsprefix前缀附在词尾文法关系derivationalaffix派生词缀&affix词缀Suffixj后缀3.4 RootandStemTheaffixationandcompoundinginvolvedifferentword-formingelements词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素rootorstem词根或词干Chapter4Word-formation'affixation(30%-40%)词缀法(30%-40%)compounding(28%-30%)复合法(28%-30%)Wordformati°Jconversion(26%)转化

14、法(26%)fclipping删节构词的方式shortening(8%-10%)缩略法(8%-10%)-acronymy首字母缩略法beforetheword,modifythemeaning前置，改词意aftertheword,changewordclass后置，改词性blendingandothermeans(l%-5%)拼缀法和其他方法(1%-5%)“prefixation前缀法4.1Affixation词缀法fallsintotwosubclasses(子类)：Ysuffixation后缀法Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofword

15、sbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派生而来通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。4.1.1 Prefixation前缀法weshallclass

16、ifyprefixesonasemanticbasisintoninegroups我们可以在语义基础上将前缀分为九类Negativeprefixes否定前缀Reversativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize程度大小前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude倾向态度前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder时间顺序前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Miscellaneousprefixes多种前缀Prefixationistheform

17、ationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。1)Denominalnouns名词派生来的名词Nounsuffixes名词后缀2)Deverbalnouns动词派生来的名词3)De-adjectivenouns:-ity,-ness由形容词转化为名词4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes:-ese,-an,-ist

18、名词和形容词后缀a.Concrete具体名词-eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-ter=b.Abstract扌由象名词一age,-dom,-ery(-ry),-hood,-ing,-ism,-shipa. Thefollowingsuffixescombinewithverbstemstocreatelargelynounsdenotingpeople,-ant,-ee,-ent,-er(-or)下面这组后缀加在动词词干上构成新词，主要表示人,000b. Suffixesofthisgroupaddedtoverbstemstoproducelargelyabstractnouns,de

19、notingaction,result,process,state,etc:-al,-age,-ance,-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion),-ence,-ing,-ment下面这组后缀加在动词词干上，主要构成抽象名词，表示动作、I结果、过程、状态等。04.1.2Suffixation后缀法Adjectivesuffixes弋形容词后缀1) Denominalsuffixes：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y名词派生的后缀(加名词后)2) Deverbalsuffixes:-able(-ible),-ive(-ative,-sive)

20、动词派生的后缀(加动词后)Adverbsuffixes:-ly,-ward(s),-wise副词后缀Verbsuffixes：-ate,-en,-(i)fy,-ize(-ise)动词后缀Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem.Suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofst

21、ems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词0不像主要改变词干意义的前缀,后缀的只有很小语义作用,其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能0换句话说,他们主要是改变词性04.2 Compounding复合法Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisalexicalunitconsistingofmore

22、thanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.复合法，同样也被称作合成法,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。所以，复合词是“由多于一个以上的词干组成的，同时具有一个词的语法功能和意义功能的词汇单位”。厂l).Phoneticfeatures语音特点firstelementstress第一个构词成分重音2).Semanticfeatures语义特点unity,asoneword统一性，如同个单词-3).Grammaticalfeatures语法特点singleg

23、rammaticalrole独立的语法作用4.2.1 CharacteristicsofCompounds复合词的特征Compoundsdifferfromfreephrasesinthefollowingthreeaspects:复合词和自由词组不同于三个方面尸Nouncompounds名词性复合词4.4.2FormationofCompounds复合词的形成yjVerbcompounds动词复合词Adjectivecompounds形容词性复合词conversion反转backformation-er,-ing,-ion逆序法1.Conversiontonoun转化为名词4.3Conver

24、sion转化法2.Conversiontoverbs转化为动词State(ofmindorsensation)状态(心理或感觉)Eventoractivity事件或行动Resultoftheaction行动的结果Doeroftheaction行动的发出者Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith行动的工具Placeoftheaction行动的地点1(1)(3)(4)(5)(6)Phrasalverbstonouns：KeeporiginalorderInverttheverbandparticle:p+v动词短语转名词：保持原有顺序，'1)Verbtonoun动

25、词转名词动词小品词出现反转2)Adjectivetonounl形容词转名词Wordsfullyconverted完全转化的词WordspartiallyconvertedMiscellaneousconversion广1)Nountoverb名词变动词(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(1)(2)(3)ToputinoronN放入名词部分转化的词多种转化TogiveNortoprovidewithNToremoveNfrom从TodowithN用名词做TobeoractasN象名词一样起作用TomakeorchangeintoN变成名词TosendorgobyN用名词送去提供名词消除名

26、词3.Miscellaneousconversion混合反转2)Adjectivetoverb形容词变动词(1)Voicelesstovoicedconsonant清辅音变浊辅音2)Initialtoendstress字首重音变字尾重音Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Sincethewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,thisprocessisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.Conv

27、ersionisgenerallyconsideredtobeaderivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclass,withouttheadditionofanaffix.Hencethenamezero-derivation.转类法是将一种词类转化为另一种词类构成新词的方法。这些词在语法意义上是新词。既然这些词在形态结构上不便，只在功能上有变化，这一转类过程也叫做功能转换。一般认为，转类法是单词不添加词缀而直接转化为一个新词的派生构词的过程。这一过程由于不加词缀，所以又称零派生。4.4blending拼缀法，

28、混合词blendsfallintofourmajorgroups:1head+tail头+尾2. head+head头+头3head+word头+整词-4word+tail整词+尾Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorpormanteauwords.拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼级词。45Clippi

29、ng截短法，删减法Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:1234Frontclipping前删Backclipping后删Frontandbackclipping前后删Phraseclipping删短语InitialismsAcronymsAnothercommonwayofmakingawordistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Thisiscalledclipping.另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法

30、叫截短法。1.Lettersrepresentfullwords、斗字母代表所有词首字母缩略词2.Lettersrepresentconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofaword-字母代表复合词或者只是一个词的几部分Initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.一个字母一个字母念。Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.首字母拼音词是由字母组合在一起作为一个标准单词拼音的词。Abstractnouns抽象名词Humannoun

31、s人类名词Compoundnounsandothers复合名词和其他Adjectives形容词Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Wordscreatedthroughback-formationaremostlyverbs.逆构法被认为是后缀法的相反过程。由逆构法生成的词多半是动词。FormationofnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixesStyle:informal非正式通过消除假想的后缀的方法来构词的方式厂namesofpeople人名4.8wordsfrompr

32、opernouns专有名词转化而来的词namesofplaces地名namesofbooks书名3tradenames商业名称Style:vivid,impressive,thought-provoking生动，印象深刻，发人深省的可替换为add,cut,join/combine,change)定义模式：it'stheformationofnewwordsbydoing.(doing是主要动词,分类：1）词的自身长度变化（变形）：加减法力口：affixation,减：clipping,back-formation2）词间组合：整体组合:compound;部分组合：blending;字母

33、组合：acronymy3）词的自身变化:变性:conversion:变态/变位:wordsfrompropernames（普通化/特殊变为普通）Chapter5WordMeaning词义Reference参照Concept概念Sense语感Wordsarebutsymbols,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.词只是符号，许多词只有获得参照后才有意义。参照是语言与周围世界的关系。Meaningandconcept

34、arecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.意义与概念有紧密的联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与参照相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。Generallyspeaking,themeaningofmeaning'isperhapswhatistermedsense'.Unlikereference,sense'denotestherelationshipsinside

35、thelanguage.Everywordthat-hasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)一般来说，意义'的意义也许就是“语感”。不像参照，“语感”表示的是语言内部的关系。有意义的每个词都有语感，但并不是每个词都有参照物。(OnomatopoeicMotivation象声动机：soundssuggestmeanings,imitatingnaturalsoundsornoises声音暗指意义，模仿自然的声音MorphologicalMotivation形态动机:themeaningsarethesumtotalofthemorpheme

36、scombined组合词素的综合厂thementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword词的概念所指的精神联系SemanticMotivation语义动机yjtheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesense文字语义和寓意间的联系EtymologicalMotivation词源动机：themeaningsoftenrelatetotheorigin与来源有关Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbol

37、anditsmeaning.动机是语言符号和它意义之间的关系。5.3TypesofMeaning意义的类型GrammaticalMeaning语法意义LexicalMeaning词法的意义广ConceptualMeaning概念意义AssociativeMeaning、联系意义1.2.3.Connotativemeaning内涵意义4.Stylisticmeaning文体意义Affectivemeaning情感意义-Collocativemeaning搭配意义appreciative褒义pejorative贬义Word-meaningisnotmonogeneousbutacompositec

38、onsistingofdifferentparts.Theseareknowninfamiliartermsasdifferenttypesofmeaning.词义并非是成分单一的，而是由不同部分组合的复合物。这些在熟悉的术语中通常称作不同类型的意义。Chapter6SenseRelationsandSemanticField语义关系和语义场senserelations弋语义关系polysemyhomonymysynonymyantonymyhyponymy歧义同音异义同义反义上下位关系6.1Polysemy歧义Definition:thewordswithmorethanonesenseso

39、rwhichcanbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings一词多义。6.1.1TwoapprochestoPolysemy:歧义的两个角度diachronicapproach.历时的角度:growthanddevelopment成长和发展primarymeaning基本义derivedmeaning派生义synchronicapproach.共时的角度:coexistence共存centralmeaning中心义sencondarymeaning次要义（secondarysometimesdominant有时占优势）6.1.2TwoProcessesofDevelopment:发

40、展的两个过程radiation辐射型:center,everydirectionlikerays;independent;backtocentralmeaning.e.g:neck（多个意思同时并存）concatenation连锁型:moveawayfromfirstsensebyshifts;noconnectionwithoriginalmeaning;Latermeaningisrelatedtoprecedingone.eg.:treacle,candidate（剩下一个意思）6.2 homonymy同音异义Definition:wordshavedifferentmeaningsbu

41、tidenticalsoundsorspelling声音拼写相同意义不同。Perfecthomonyms:identicalsoundsandspelling完全同形同音异义词6.2.1TypesofHomonyms同音异义的种类Homographs:identicalspelling同形异音异义词Homophones:identicalsound-mostcommonl同音异形异义词6.2.2 OriginsofHomonyms：changesinsoundandspelling;Borrowing;Shortening同音异义的起源声音和拼写的变化，借词，缩短厂Perfecthomonym

42、s:identicalsoundsandspelling完全同形同音异义词6.2.3DifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemants同音异义词和歧义词的区别Homographs:identicalspelling同形异音异义词Homophones:identicalsound-mostcommon同音异形异义词6.2.4 RhetoricFeaturesofHomonyms：createpunsfordesiredeffect-humour,sarcasm,ridicule同音异义词的修饰特点为预期的效果制造双关语幽默，讽刺，嘲笑6.3Synonymy同义词6.

43、3.1 DefinitionofSynonyms同义词定义Synonymscanbedefinedasworddifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.同义词可定义为在读音和拼写上不同但在意义却很相似或完全一样的词。6.3.2TypesofSynonyms同义词的类型AbsolutesynonymsRelativesynonyms绝对同义词相对同义词Borrowing借词6.3.3SourcesofSynonyms同义词的来源DialectsandregionalEnglish方言和区域词Fig

44、urativeandeuphemisticuseofwords比喻词和委婉语<Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions与习语的巧合6.3.4DiscriminationofSynonyms同义词的辨别1. Differenceindenotation指示义不同2. Differenceinconnotation隐含义不同3. Differenceinapplication应用不同6.4 Antonymy反义词6.4.1TypesofAntonyms反义词的类型1.Contradictoryterms矛盾词语2.Contraryterms对立词语3. Rela

45、tiveterms关联词语6.4.2SomeoftheCharacteristicsofAntonyms反义词的一些特征6.4.3TheUseofAntonyms反义词的使用(Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.反义词在意义对立的基础上分类。Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.多义词可以拥有一个以上反义词Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.反义词的语义内涵相互区别。Contrarytermsaregradableant

46、onyms,differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.I对立词语是分级的反义词，在程度上区别，因此每个都有它们自己的反义词。广Todefinethemeaning定义词义Toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthought简练地表达某一特定思想的对立面Toforantithesisformantithesistoachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideastogether将对立的思想拼合在一起来形成对偶Toserves

47、tylisticpurpose去达到风格的目的superordinateterms上位关系65Hyponymy上下位关系subordinateterms下位关系Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.上下义关系涉及语义包容的关系。也就是说，一个更具体的词的意义被包含在另外一个更一般的的词的意义之中。66SemanticField语义场Definiton:wordstoreisco

48、mposedaroundanumberofmeaningareas.围绕着一定数量的意义区域构成。Function:wordsineachfielddefineoneanother.每个语义场中的词语义关联和定义其他的。Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning词义的变化71TypesofChanges变化类型extension延展narrowing缩小degradation降级elevation升级transfer转移7.2CausesofChanges变化原因i.Historicalreason历史原因7.2.1 Extra-linguisticFactorsv2.Class

49、reason阶级原因语言以外的因素I3.Psychologicalreason心理原因7.2.2 LinguisticFactors语言因素：shortendphrase;borrowings;competitionofnativewords;analogy短语，借词，本地词竞争，类推Chapter8Meaning&Context意义和背景8.1 TypesofContext背景类型8.1.1Extra-linguisticContextnon-linguisticsituation,culturalbackground非语言背景8.1.2LinguisticContext1.Lexi

50、calcontext非语言状况，文化背景词法背景Definition定义Explanation解释Example例子Synonymy同义Antonymy反义Hyponymy上下位关系Relevantdetails相关的细节Wordstructure词语结构I2.Grammaticalcontext句法背景8.2TheRoleofContext背景的功能8.2.1 EliminationofAmbiguity歧义的消除8.2.2 IndicationofReferents指代物的说明8.2.3 ProvisionofCluesforInferringWord-meaning推导词义的线索供应Ch

51、apter9EnglishIdioms英语习语Idiomidiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences，whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.Strictlyspeaking，idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.Inabroadsense，idiomsmayincludecolloqui

52、alisms，catchphrases，slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.习语由固定的短语和短句组成，它们是所涉及的语言所独有的，而且带有本族的文化和观念。严格来讲，习语是不能从其个体成分的文字意思立即理解其意义的，从广义上讲，习语可以包括口语词、时髦词、俚语、谚语等。9.1 CharacteristicsofIdioms习语的特点9.1.1SemanticUnity语义的整体性9.1.2StructuralStability结构稳定性:1.2.3.5.6.Theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced.Thestructureisfi

53、xed.首先，习语的组成部分成分不可替换。Thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged.习语的语序不能倒装或改变。Theconstituentsofidiomscannotbedeletedoraddedto，notevenanarticle.习语的组成成分不能删除或增加。Manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable很多习语在语法上是不可分析的。theidomaticityofidiomsisgradableandmaybestbethoughtintermsofscale.习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从等级上来研究。The

54、fixityofidiomsdependsontheidiomaticity.Themoreidiomatictheidiomsthemorefixedthestructure.习语的稳定性在于其习语性程度。Idiomsnominalinnature（名词性习语）9.2ClassificationofIdiomsIdiomsadjectiveinnature（形容词性习语）VIdiomsverbalinnature（动词性习语）*Idiomsadverbialinnature（畐U词性习语）<SentenceIdioms（句式习语）Phrasalverbs短语动词Verbphrases动词短语ThestandardofClassificationofidiomsisThecriterionof'grammaticalfunction'.习语的分类标准是语法功能的标准Colloquialisms口语词Slang俚语Literaryexpressions书面表达式广Phoneticmanipulation语音运用lAlliteration头韵（法）-Rhyme韵脚9.3UseofIdioms习语的使用Rhetoricalfeatu