英语翻译短文

1、TheWorkmansCompensationHowcansomeone,hourafterhour,dayafterday,yearinandyearout,tightenapproximatelythesamenuttothesameboltandnotgomad?Thatmostworkingpeopledonot,infact,gomadisdueinlargemeasuretoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisfoundwhereverpeoplelaborinindustry:takingiteasy.Itwouldtakesomekindofrealmenta

2、lcasetodoalltheworkonecouldalldaylong.Nooneexpectsit.Takingiteasyonthejobwhilesomeoneelsecoversyourwork,orworkingonandoff,asitisusuallycalledinAmerica,isanestablishedpartoftheworkinglife.Workingonandoff,however,hasitslimits.Therulesareinfinitelyvaried,subtle,andflexible,and,ofcourse,theyarealwayscha

3、nging.Management,uptoacertainlevelatleast,isawareofthepractice,andinsomeindustriesemploysentirecadresofpeopletocurtailorputanendtoit.Simultaneously,theworkersaresubtlydoingtheirbesttokeepitgoingandtoextenditwhereverpossible.Everyworkerhasahighlydevelopedsenseofhowmuchworkisexpectedofhim.Whenhefeelst

4、hattheexpectationisexcessive,hetriestodosomethingaboutit.Thisinstincthastodowiththepoliticalnatureofworkitself,somethingeverymodernworkerunderstands.Thebosseswantmorefromtheworkerthantheyarewillingtogiveinreturn.Theworkersgivework,andthebossesgivemoney.Theexchangeisneverquiteequal,andthediscrepancyi

5、scalledprofit.Sincethebossescannotdowithoutprofit,workershaveanedge.Agoodworkerinakeyspotcould,solongashekeptupproduction,takeallthecoffeebreakshewanted,andthebosseswouldverylikelylooktheotherway.Hecouldalsochoosetocutdownonthecoffeebreaks,applyhimself,andincreaseproduction,andthenaskforandgetmoremo

6、ney.Butthatwouldbeself-defeating,andheknowsit.Itwouldalsoplacehimincompetitionwithotherworkers,whichwouldbeplayingintothebosseshands.Whathewouldratherdoiscreatesomeslackforhimselfandenjoyhisjobmore.AtpresentontheWestCoast,whenagangoflongshoremenworkingoncargostartashift,theyoftendividethemselvesinto

7、twoequalgroupsandtossacoin.Onegroupgoesintothefarreachesoftheshipsholdandsitsaround.Theothergroupstartsloadingcargo,usuallyworkingwithavengeance,sinceeachoneofthemisdoingtheworkoftwomen.Anhourlater,thegroupschangeplaces.Inotherwords,althoughmyfellowlongshoremenandIaregettingpaidforeighthours,onoccas

8、ionweworkonlyfour.Ifsomeonereadingthisfeelsasenseofmoraloutragebecausewearesittingdownonthejob,Iamsorry.Ihavesearchedmymindinvainforapolitewaytotellthatreadertogotohell.Ifyouarethatreader,Iwouldrecommendthatyouabandonyouroutrageandbeginthinkingaboutdoingsomethingsimilarforyourself.Youprobablyalready

9、have,evenifyouwontadmitit.Whitecollarofficeworkers,too,havecomeundercriticismrecentlyforrobbingtheirbossesoftheirfull-timeservices.ToomuchtimesisbeingspentaroundtheMr.Coffeemachine,andsomepeople(wouldyoubelieveit?)haveevenbeenhavingpersonalconversationsoncompanytime.Infact,oneoffice-systemexpertrece

10、ntlysaidthathehadyettoencounterabusinessworkplacethatwasfunctioningatmorethanabout60percentefficiency.Managementoftenstruggleshardtosetupasituationwhereworkisdoneinseries:aworkerreceivesanarticleofmanufacture,doessomethingtoit,andpassesitontoanotherworker,whodoessomethingelsetoitandthenpassesitontot

11、henextguy,andsoon.Theassemblylineisaperfectexampleofthis.Managerslikethistypeofmanufacturebecauseitismoreefficient-thatis,itachievesmoreproduction.Theyalsolikeitforanotherreason,eveniftheywillnotadmitit:itmakesitverydifficultfortheworkertodoanythingotherthanwork.FrederickW.Taylor,theefficiencyexpert

12、whoearlyinthiscenturyconductedthetime-and-motionstudiesthatledtotheassembly-lineprocess,triedtoreduceworkerstorobots,allinthenameofgreaterproduction.Hisstaffofexperts,eacharmedwithclipboardandstopwatch,studiedindividualworkerswithaviewtowardeliminatingunnecessarymovement.Theysoonfoundagreatdealofopp

13、ositionfromtheworkers.Mostpeoplenotdirectlyengagedindailyworkexpressdisapprovalwhentheyhearofpeopleworkingonandoff.Astudiedcampaignwithcarefullychosenlanguage-afulldaysworkforafulldayspay,takingafreeride-hasbeenpushedbycertainemployerstodiscreditthepractice,andtheirsuccessissuchthatIrarelydiscussite

14、xceptwithotherworkers.Myresponseispersonal,andIfeelnoneedtodefendit:IfIamgettingafreeride,howcomeIamsotiredwhenIgohomeattheendofashift?工作者的补偿一个人怎么能时复一时，年复一年地把几乎相同的螺帽拧到相同的螺栓上而不发疯的呢？事实上，多数劳动者并不发疯多半是由于不紧不慢的现象很平常，在企业中只要有人工作的地方随处可见这种现象。一个人恐怕要有某种真正的精神病才能一整天竭尽全力地干活。没人希望这样。在别人帮你干活时，你就不紧不慢地干，也就是像美国人常说的那种干干停停

15、是工作生涯的一个既定部分。然而，干干停停有它的局限性。这些惯例的变化无休无止，很微妙、很有弹性。当然，它们总在变。至少在一定程度上管理部门知道这种做法。一些企业雇佣干部以减少或结束这种做法。同时，工人们巧妙地、尽全力使之继续下去并使之触及到可能的任何地方。每个工人对自己干多少活都是高度敏感的。当他感到希望他做的事过多时，就会采取某些措施。这种天性与每个现代工人所懂得的工作本身的政治特性有关。老板希望从工人身上得到的比他们给予的要多；工人付出劳动，老板付出报酬。这个交换从来不会太平等，此差异叫做利润。由于老板不能没有利润，工人们就占了上风。一个在关键岗位的好工人，只要他保持产量不降低，可以随心所

16、欲地利用工间休息，而老板可能装作没看见。工人也可以缩短工间休息，卖力干活，增加生产，然后要求并得到更多的钱。但他知道那是违背自己利益的，这样做也会将自己置于与他人竞争之中，这种竞争会有利于老板。那么，他宁愿为自己4/4创造一些空闲，更好的享受工作。经常分成两组，然后通常干得卖力，因为目前在西海岸，从事船货装卸工作的一伙码头装卸工开始轮班时，掷硬币决定先后顺序。一组走到船舱深处分散坐下。另一组开始装货，他们每人干着两人的活，一小时以后两组交位置换。换句话说，虽然我和工友们获得八小时的报酬，有时却只干四小时。如果有人读到此，为我们怠工而愤慨的话，我很抱歉。我白费心机的绞尽脑汁想找到一个礼貌的说法，

17、但现在要告诉这位读者，让他见鬼去吧。如果你是那个读者，我会劝你不要愤慨，开始为自己考虑一下类似的事情。即便你不承认，你可能已经想过了。近来，白领职员也由于不为老板全天服务而受到批评。在电煮咖啡机旁花了太多的时间。一些人甚至在工业时间进行私人交谈。事实上，一个办公制度专家近来说，他还没有遇到工作效率高于60%的商业网点。管理部门经常努力创建一条龙式的工作：一个人接到产品后为之做些什么，把它传给另外一个工人，这个工人再做些什么，然后传给下一个工人，如此类推。装配线就是一个极好的例子。经理喜欢这种生产方式，因为它效率更高，也就是说能生产出更多的产品来。尽管老板不会承认，但还有另一个喜欢这种方式的原因

18、，它使工人很难做工作以外的其他事情。弗雷德里克W泰勒，是本世纪初进行时间和运动研究的效率专家，这种研究产生了装配线工序。他试图把工人变成机器人，只是为了更大的产量。他的专家组每人配有带弹簧夹子的书写板和秒表用来研究每个工人，使他们不能偷懒。很快他们发现工人们特别反对这种做法。大多数不直接从事日常工作的人听到人们干干停停地工作时，会表示不赞同。一些雇主推行了一场预先计划的运动，和全天工作付全天报酬只拿钱不干活这些精心选择的语言来诋毁这种做法。除了同其他工人，我很少谈起他们的成功。我的回答是个人观点，我感到没必要为之辩护：拿钱不干活，我下班回家后怎么会那么累呢？Work,Labor,andPlay

19、SofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy,amanmustfeel,firstly,freeand,secondly,important.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing,orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasociety

20、whereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoit,butalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.Theantit

21、hesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwiseweshouldnotplayit,butitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessar

22、ylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalaborer.Whichamani

23、scanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworker,leisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwivesbirthdays.Tothelaborer,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsion,sothatiti

24、snaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Te

25、chnologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagine

26、asocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinear5liertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssociet

27、ythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forveryso

28、ontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith

29、,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrasegettingonesteethintoaproblem.工作，劳作和娱乐据我所知，汉纳阿伦特小姐是第一个给予工作和劳作之间本质区别的人。一个人要高兴，首先要感到自由，其次是感到重要。如果他被社会强迫做他不愿