研究生入学考试英语一真题答案解析

1、Section1UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityin

2、theProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.Asco-authorofthestudyJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiegosa

3、ys,"Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin."Theteamalsodevelopeda"friendshipscore"whichcanpredictwhowillbeyourfriendbasedontheirgenes.Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissi

4、milarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13than"functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywa

5、sthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfro

6、mapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.1Awhat2Adefended3Afor4Aseparated5AtestsBwhyBconcludedBwithBsoughtBobjects6AinsignificantBunexpected7Avisit8Asurpass9Aagain10AMeanwh

7、ile11AaboutBmissBinfluenceBalsoBFurthermoreBtoChowCwithdrawnCbyCcomparedCsamplesCunreliableCknowCfavorCinsteadCLikewiseCfromDwhenDadvisedDonDconnectedDexamplesDincredibleDseekDresembleDthusDPerhapsDlike12AlimitBobserveCconfuseDdrive13AaccordingtoBratherthanCregardlessofDalongwith14Achances15AfasterB

8、responsesCbenefitsBslowerClater16Aforecast17AunpredictedBrememberCexpressBcontributoryCcontrollableDmissionsDearlierDunderstandDdisruptive18 AtendencyBdecisionCarrangementDendeavor19 ApoliticalBreligiousCethnicDeconomic20 AseeBshowCproveDtell答案解析1、Awhat本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。第一个空

9、考察表语从句的引导词。2、Bconcluded本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。第二个空为针对从句谓语进行的词义考察。3、Don本句前半句的句意是：这项研究是一个基于1932个独特个体的基因组广谱分析。考察Conducton词组，进行。从句意为：它对成对儿的非亲缘朋友和陌生人进行比较。4、Ccompared比较，根据上下文及后一句的same知道，比较为最佳。5、Csamples词义题，样本，C为最佳选项。6、Ainsignificant词义题，1%，以及后面的notso转折，判断，Ainsignificant不显着，为最佳选项。7、Cknow

10、句意为：一些人虽然并不认识他们第四代的表亲，但他们选择的朋友却和这些亲戚颇有相似之处。8、Dresemble词义题，和上一个空形成转折。9、Balso上下文逻辑题，发现了，还发现了。Also为最佳选项。10、DPerhaps结合上下文：这一现象很难解释，后面接原因，原因“可能”是最符合文章大意。11、Bto介词题，意为：就像这个科研团队所发现的，这个因素不仅把我们带到详细的环境中来，更有一些深层次的影响。12、Ddrive词义题，根据上下文，对我们产生影响，驱使我们drive为最佳选项。13、Bratherthan逻辑题，基因上相似的，功能上相似的，二者对立不能同时存在，ratherthan不

11、是而是最符合。14、Cbenefits跟“功能”搭配，选个褒义词，带来好处的，最佳。15、Afaster词义题，根据后半句解释，这就是为什么“pickedpace"加速，这里只能选faster，些比另外一些进化得更快，符合文意。16、Dunderstand词义题，这个研究可以帮助我们理解一个事实。17、Bcontributory本句意为：社会环境是最主要的一个因素。Contributory贡献，最佳。18、Atendency结合文章主旨，选择基因相似的人做朋友是普遍现象，tendency趋势倾向最符合。19、Cethnic同义替换，基因背景相似，种族的，民族的，最符合。20、Asee

12、本句意为：尽管所有的研究对象都取自欧洲血统，研究者也花心思确保了所有(用于比对的)朋友和陌生人也源自该血统中的同一支系。SectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdo'ntabdicate,theydieintheirsleep

13、.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,diestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeantheunitingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishc

14、asepreviousargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchywhenpublicopinionisparticularly.Polarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstates.Andso,theM

15、iddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionistheworld,with10kingdomsnotcountingVaticancityandAndorra.ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsan

16、dqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside,symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomesPikettyandotherecumenistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarreth

17、atwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princeandprincesshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,theseareweal

18、thyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtostriveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchyreputat

19、ionwithherratherordinary(ifwell-healed)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaserviceasnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughttokn

20、owthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskingsofrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.21、accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,kingJuanCarlofspanA usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupportB wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalsC endedhisreigninembarrassmentD easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals22、monarchsarekeptasheadofstate

21、inEuropemostlyA owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatusB toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealityC togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookuptoD duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23. Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?A Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.B

22、Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.C Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.D Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges.24. TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlesA takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.B failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.C takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.D fails

23、toadapthimselftohisfuturerole.25. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedB Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsC Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsD Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone答案解析：21 Dendedhisreigninembarrassment此题属于细节题。根据关键词KingJuanCarlosofSpain定位到第一

24、段第一和第二句。Butembarrassingseandalshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.此处standdown译为放弃席位。因此Dendedhisreigninembarrassmen是原文内容的同义替换。22 Aowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus此题属于细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段第一句itisthisapparentthatexplainsasheadsofstate和第三句Butunliketheirabsolutistmostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecau

25、setheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfor.respectedpublicfigure.绝大多数皇室家族使得选民避免了寻找受人尊敬的公众人物的麻烦。因此Aowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus是原文内容的同义替换。23 Btheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies此题属于细节题。根据关键词定位到第四段最后一句话itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodernd

26、emocraticstates奇怪的是有钱的贵族家庭仍然处于现代民主国家的核心地位。因此Btheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies是原文内容的同义替换。24 Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised此题属于细节题。根据关键词”havemostoffear”定位到第六段，Charles定位到最后一段的地二句Charles后面who引导定语从句whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandworld因此Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised是原文内容的同义替换。25

27、 CCarlos，aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs此题属于全文主旨题。着眼全文，通篇都在围绕monarchs展开。第一段由Carlos引出当今君主制面临的危机。因此Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarch是全文内容的精确概括。Text2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephon

28、eisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnolo

29、gies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avas

30、tstorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspec'tspurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee&#

31、39;sreadinghistfinancialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConst

32、itution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmend

33、mentappliestodigitalinformationnow.26. TheSupremeCourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatetoA searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.B checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.C preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.D prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilep

34、hones.27. Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneofA tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28. Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentiscomparabletoA gettingintoone'sresidence.B handingone'shistoricalrecords.C scanningone'scorrespondences.D

35、goingthroughone'swallet.29. InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatA principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.B thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.C phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.D citizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(A)

36、 theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.(B) NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C) California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D) PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.T2答案解析：26 答案Bchecksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized解析：细节题。根据自然段定位原

37、则，定位到首段。根据题干关键词supremecourt，whether精确定位到第一段最后一句whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephone.，与选项进行对应，即为B在不授权的情况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息。注意A选项应是searchcontents。27 答案Cdisapproval解析：态度题。根据题干California'sargument定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句，这些句子中提到hardrecklesslymodest等负向词，表达的是负面态度。看选项属于负面的就是disapproval。A容忍，B冷漠是典型错误，D粗心。28

38、答案Agettingintoone'sresidence解析：细节题。题干问：作者认为搜索电话薄就相当于什么?根据段落界定原则定位到第四段转折处，提至UButexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome与选项对应，A中的residenee对应home,是原文的同意替换。注意D选项不是作者的观点，不能将文中人物观点当作作者观点。29 答案Deitizens'privaeyisnoteffeetiveproteeted解析：细节题。根据题干定位至5段和6段，题干问作者最关注的是什么，即是相应段落的段落中心。因此

39、，该题表面是细节题，实质为段落核心。5段首句为中心句提至，应采取措施保护数据隐私;6段又继续陈述原则的不恰当之处。根据这些内容，对应答案D市民隐私未能得至有效保护。30 答案BNewteehnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution解析：例证题。题干问的是引用OrinKerr的目的是什么，即OrinKerr是论据，其目的是论点。论点往往在论据的前面，所以要找例子前面的一句话，即New,disruptiveteehnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprot

40、ections.与选项对应，就是Bnewtechnology是原词复现，require等同于demands，reinterpretationoftheConstitution同义替换applicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections。Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromo

41、therjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjourna”l,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenex

42、pertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledt

43、hechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthestatisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScienc'esoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHea

44、lth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublish

45、ingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”31. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthatA Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.B journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.C fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.D lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32. Thephraseflagg

46、edup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningtoA found.B revised.C markedD stored33. GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmayA poseathreattoallitspeersB meetwithstrongoppositionC increaseScience'scirculation.D setanexampleforotherjournals34. DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA. adds

47、toresearchers'workload.B. diminishestheroleofreviewers.C. hasroomforfurtherimprovement.D. istofailintheforeseeablefuture.35. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A. ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersB. ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC. DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEdito&#

48、39;rsDesksD. StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScienceText3答案解析：31. 答案Bjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks段落推断题考查的是段落中心句，定位在首段首句ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.科学杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外的资源。与选项B同意替换。32. 答案Cmarked词义句意题根据所猜短语flaggedup所

49、在句子的句意，手稿将被flaggedup以供杂志编辑、现有的编辑评审委员会或外部同行审查。比较四个选项，只有Cmarked被标记，符合题意。33. 答案Dsetanexampleforotherjournals观点细节题定位在四段末句ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.这不仅对于科学杂志本身的出版有影响，还有希望影响其它的出版

50、社，这些出版社想继科学杂志之后树立自己的典型形象。选项D是这句话的概括总结。34. 答案Dhasroomforfurtherimprovement观点细节题定位在末段末句，VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthat”Vaux认为科学杂志的想法有一些好处，但是有个缺点是这就说明这个想法是有进一步改进的空间的。35. 答案AScieneeJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPape主旨大意题本文首段首句就是全文主题句，科学杂志将要对同行

51、评审过程增加额外的资源，而且全文其它各个段落都在围绕对这一想法不同专家的不同态度在论述，所以选项A是对全文中心的完整表达。Text4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofita

52、ndthemarket.But“it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofitDrivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom”.Thissameabsenceofmo

53、ralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludesfindingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,inn

54、ocentofthesamechargethewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.Inma

55、nyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessful

56、defensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavemattered

57、areefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwasw

58、rittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructionsnorreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.36. Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby(A) theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.(B) companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices(C) governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.(D) thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstit