2020年新高考英语二轮复习专题02介词和代词讲解(学生版)

1、精品资源备战高考专题2介词和代词考情瞥读介词和介词短语也是高考的一个必考点，每年都保持在一至两个题目，命题形式除了单项填空外还在完形填空、语法填空、短文改错中进行考查，其考点主要涉及常用介词的用法区别，介词与动词、名词、 形容词等的常见搭配，介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。掌握介词必须要立足基本用法，广 泛记忆，细心体会比较。其考点主要包括：1 .考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出，介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词，如 at, in, for, from, to, of, on, with, until , about, by, since, as, a

2、round 等。2 .考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中，辨析意义相同或相 近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。3 .考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词，不 同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。高考对代词的考查主要涉及在给定的上下文中运用代词的能力，以及对不定代词和替代词的考查。命 题主要出现在单项填空、完形填空、语法填空、短文改错等题型中，侧重于在具体语境中考查各种代词之 间的区别。其考点主要包括：4 .考查替代词的用法。常考的替代词有one, ones, the one, the ones, that, tho

3、se, it等。5 . 考查不定代词的用法。常考的不定代词有any, some, all, none, other, another, every, nothing 等。6 .考查反身代词的用法。常考的反身代词有myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves 等。4.考查it的用法。it作形式主语、形式宾语的用法；it的实指用法；it的虚指用法，如：can help it, put it, catch it, come it, make it, see to it that 等。重点知收梳理知识点一、表示时间的介词1. in, on

4、, at, over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如：in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in one's thirties , in the morning 等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如：高频必考攻克高考精品资源备战高考on May 1st, on Monday, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning 等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间，也泛指圣诞节，复活

5、节等。如：at 3: 20, at this time of year, at Christmas, at night, at this moment 等。(4)over后面接一段时间，表示 超过”或 在期间”。如：David Crum, the CEO of Geldart Software, announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.(5)在 last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：

6、He went to Japan last year.We meet every day.2. in, after(1) “2段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如：My mother will come back in three or four days.(2) “afteL段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如：He arrived after five months.(3) “after具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如：She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.The rain began to fall after

7、seven.3. from , since, for(1)from后接具体时间，说明从什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since后接具体过去时间，表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。如：We have not seen each other since 2010.(3)for后接一段时间，通常与完成时连用。如：I have been in the army for 5 years.知识点二、表示地点方位的介词1. at, in, on, to(1)at表示在小地方或 在附近；在

8、 旁边”。如：He arrived at the station at ten.He is sitting at the desk.(2)in表示在大地方或 在范围之内工 如： 高频必考攻克高考精品资源备战高考He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Shandong lies in the east of China.(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如：Russia lies on the north of China.(4)to表示 在范围外”，不强调是否接壤。如：Japan is to the east of China.2. above, over, on(1)abo

9、ve意为 在上方"，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与 below相对。如：The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为 在之上“，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为 在 之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：He put his watch on the desk.2. above, over, on(1)above意为 在上方"，只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直，与 below相对。如：The bi

10、rd is flying above my head.(2)over意为 在之上“，表示垂直高于，与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。如：There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为 在 之上”，表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如：He put his watch on the desk.知识点三、表示运动方向的介词1. across, over, through(1)across表示从物体表面穿过，与 on有关。如：across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。

11、如：He jumped over the wall.(3)through表示从物体里面穿过，与 in有关。也可表示时间，指'队开始到结束)经历了 ”。如：through the pipe/forest/doorWe work hard all through the year.2. in, into(1)in通常表示静态，意为 在里面”。如：We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。(2)into通常表示动态，意为 进入到里面“。如：We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。知识点四、表示原因的介词1. for 表示原因时，常与 sorry,

12、famous, punish, praise, thank, blame 等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to you.2. at表示引起某种情感变化的原因，常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用，意为 因听到或看到而”。如：He was surprised at the news.3. from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the wound.4. of多用于表示自身或内在的原因，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger.5. with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如：

13、Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.He was shaking with anger.6. by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如：She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。7. over 一般用于cry, weep, laugh等带有感情色彩的动词后，表示所发生的事情的原因。如：She wept over the death of her daughter.We laughed over the victory.8. because of表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired l

14、ast month because of his illness.9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常意为 幸亏，多亏”。如：Thanks to John, we won the game.知识点五、表示计量的介词1. at表示 以速度；以价格”。如：It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.I sold my car at a high price.2. for表示 用交换；以为代价”。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars.注意：at表示单价，for表示总钱数。3. by表示 以计”，后跟度量单位。如：T

15、hey paid him by the month.注意： by后接具体度量单位要加the。知识点六、表示工具或手段的介词1. by意为用某种方式”，后面的名词不带冠词。如：I went there by bus.2. with表示 用某种工具”，后面的名词需带冠词。如：He broke the window with a stone.3. in表示用”时，后面的宾语不带冠词，且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如：I hate letters written in pencil.We will never forget this historical lesson written in bloo

16、d.4. on表示 以方式”，多用于固定词组。如：They talked on the telephone.She learns English on the radio/on TV.知识点七、表示 在之间”的介词1. between表示在两者之间。如：You are to sit between your father and me.2. among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如：He is always happy among his classmates.3. 有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，但强调多者中的两两关系时用betweeno如:Switzerland lies between

17、France, Italy, Austria and Germany.Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.知识点八、表示除了 ”的介词1. besides表示 除之外，还有 ”。如：We all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我们也都去看电影了。2. except表示 除外，把除去"。如：We all went to see the film except you.除你之外我们都去看电影了。3. but 与 except 同义

18、，但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all 和副词 nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4. except for表示 如无就,只是:多表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5. except that表示 除外，把除去"，后面接句子。如：I know nothing about him except that he is fr

19、om Beijing.6. apart from在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含义，又有 except和except for的含义，要根据上下文来判别。如：Apart from/Besides English , he has a good command of Russian and French.He has no interests, apart from/except his work.It's a good paper, apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.知识点九、介词与某些词类的习惯搭配高考主要考查学生对固定

20、短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。1 .名词词组： 如on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one's opinion根据某人的看法；on time准时；outof reach够不着2 .动词词组：如remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事；rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的 ;result from由引起；call at访问（某地）3 .形容词词组：如 be curious about对好奇；be proud of因而自豪；be popular with受到的欢迎4 .介词短语：如 apart from 除 之夕卜；

21、in addition to 除 之外（还）；because of 因为；instead of 代 替；in fear of 为提心吊胆；for fear of 以免；in case of 防备，万一；thanks to 由于；in the middle of 在中间 according to 根据；in front of 在前面；in return for 作为对的回报；in charge of 负责；as a resultof作为的结果；in exchange for与交换等。知识点十： both , all, either , each, every, neither , none 的用

22、法1. both, either, neither用于两者。both意为 两者都“；either意为 两者中的任何一个"；neither意为 两 者中的任何一个都不”。如：Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。2. all, none, each, every用于多者。all意为全部都”，指可数的东西时为复数，指不可数的东西时为 单数；none意为 全都不，任何一个都不”，指可数的东

23、西时可为单数或复数，指不可数的东西时为单数； each和every意为每一个"，为单数，两者都能作定语用，但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。All of the students are there.All (of) the milk is there.Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have an e-dictionary./Each of the students has an e- dictionary./The students each have an e-dictio

24、nary.每个学生都可有一本电子词典。知识点H一:some和any的用法1 .表示 .些”时，some常用于肯定句；any常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。如：If you have any questions, please ask me.2 .在疑问句中可用 some,表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。如：Would you like some coffee?3 . some可接单数名词表示某一个“；any可接单数名词表示 任何一个“。如：I remember having read this article in some magazine.Here are three novels.You may

25、 read any.知识点十二：复合不定代词的用法由some, any, no, every加上-body , -one, -thing构成的不定代词，叫复合不定代词。1. some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句，意为某人或某物，重要的人或事”。如：Somebody is waiting outside.I have something for you.She thinks she's something since she won the prize.获奖之后，她觉得自己了不起了。2. any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中，意为随便某个人或物，无论什么人或物，什么

26、人或物都可以“。如：Does anybody else want to go?There isn't anything in the box.If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!有时也用于肯定句中表示任何人或物”。如：Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.You can take anything you like.3. no构成的不定代词意为没什么人或物”。如：I know nothing about it.There is nobody here.4.

27、 every构成的不定代词意为忆切人或物，每个人或物”。everything还可表示 最重要的人或物”。如:Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.She does everything to help her mother.Her son is everything to her.对她来说儿子就是一切。知识点十三： the other , other, another , others , the others 的区另Uthe other/the others单独使用，特指两个人或物中的另一个；也可修饰名词表示 另外other的other不能单独使用

28、，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义another可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或二者以上的人或物中的另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外 another后可接 基数词/few +复数名词 形式，表小 另外 的（多少）”others/theothersothers只能单独使用，表不泛指思义，意为 其他的人或事物，常与some一起出现；特指其他的全部人或事物时用the othersHe is willing to help others/other people.Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other

29、students/The others have not.Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball.We need another five chairs/five more chairs.知识点十四： none, no one, nobody , nothing 的区另Unone既可指人，也可指物；侧重数量，通常指三者或二者以上的人或物；后可接 of短语；作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句-How much money do you have? None.no

30、one/nobody只能指人；是泛指概念，常用来回答由who引导的疑问句；不与of短语连用；作主语时，谓语动词用单数 Who is in the room?Nobody./No one.nothing只能指物，且表泛指概念；常用来回答由what引导的疑问句 What are you doing now? Nothing.知识点十五：替代词的用法和区别it替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物 Have you found your pen? No, I haven't found it.one/onesone用来替代前卸出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于 a/an+单数名词。其复数形式为 on

31、esI think this book is better than the one I read last time.These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.that/thosethat用来替代前面出现的同类的名 词，是同类替代，但并非同一个，可以 是可数名词，也可以是/、可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为 those, 相当于 the onesThe weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.知识点十六

32、：it的用法1. it可用于无人称句，表示自然现象、季节、时间、距离、环境等。如:It is getting warmer and warmer.It was already ten o'clock when he arrived home.It's ten minutes' walk from here to our school.It's very quiet at the moment.2. it可代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。如：It's important for us to learn a second language.We

33、 must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.3. 熟记下列有关it的固定句型make it; get it; keep it up; see to it that; put it高频考点一、考查介词辨析例 1.【2018 北京】Good morning, Mr. Lee ' s office.Good morning. I ' d like to make an appointment next Wednesday afternoon.A. for B. on C. in D. at【变

34、式探究】 （2017 北京）Many people who live along the coast make a living fishing industry.A. at B. in C. on D. by【变式探究】I hate it when she calls me at work I'm always too busy to carry a conversation withher.【变式探究】 Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 C the average.A. be

35、lowB. onC. atD. above高频考点二、考查介词短语辨析例 2. （2019 江苏卷）Favorable policies are to encourage employees ' professional development.A. in effectB . in commandC. in turnD . in shape【举一反三】 【2018 江苏 China' s sofpower grows the increasing appreciation and understandingof China globally.A. in line with B.

36、 in reply toC. in -return forD. in honour of【变式探究】 These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory ofB. in response toC. in touch withD. in possession of高频考点三、考查介词或介词短语的用法例 3、（2019 天津卷）all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.A. Accord

37、ing toB. Instead ofC. In addition toD . In spite of【举一反三】 【2018 天津】Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went.A. at first B. after allC. above all D. at random【变式探究】 （2017 江苏）Determining where we are our surroundings remains an essentialskill for our su

38、rvival.A. in contrast toB. in defense ofC. in face ofD. in relation to【变式探究】 That young man is .honest , cooperative , always there when you need his help ., he's reliable.A. Or else B. In shortC. By the wayD. For one thing高频考点四 all, both, any, either, neither, none 的辨析B. eitherD. both例 4. It

39、9;s an either-or situation we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can't doA. othersC. another【变式探究】I've lived in New York and Chicago, but don't like of them very much.A. eitherB . anyC. eachD. anotherof her【变式探究】 Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illne

40、ss for years, she lost enthusiasm for life.A. someB . neitherC. noneD. all高频考点五another, the other, （the） others, the rest 的辨析A. another例 5. Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing isB. the otherC. one another高频必考攻克高考【变式探究】 To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and

41、 then of her colleagues.A. thatB . oneC. onesD. those高频考点六it, one, ones, the one(s), that 和 those 的辨析例 6. (2019 天津卷)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier thanwho are not.A. onesB. thoseC. theseD . them【举一反三】 The traffic on the main streets has a longer gre

42、en signal than on the small ones.A. oneB. thisC. thatD. it【变式探究】 At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine.A. themB . theseC. thoseD. ones【变式探究】 Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share theirdeepest wishes and darkest fea

43、rs.A. theseB . someC. onesD. those高频考点七复合不定代词的辨析例 7. can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn't love it.A. AnybodyB . EverybodyC. NobodyD. Somebody【变式探究】 This project requires close teamwork.will be achieved unless we work well together.A. NothingC. SomethingB. AnythingD. Everything真题感悟

44、、介词1.【2019 江苏卷】 27.Favorable policies are to encourage employees' professional development.A. in effectB. in commandC. in turnD. in shape2.【2019 新课标 I 卷】 Modem methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consisten

45、tly over a large area.3.【2019 新课标 III 卷】 We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 63 dogs , seven to be exact.4.【2019 浙江卷】 But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer 61 this question is not clear.1 .【2018 北京】 Good morning, Mr. Lee ' s office.Good morning. I ' d like t

46、o make an appointment next Wednesday afternoon.A. for B. on C. in D. at2 .【2018 江苏】 China ' s sopower grows the increasing appreciation and understanding of Chinaglobally.A. in line withB. in reply toC. in return forD. in honour of3 .【2018 天津】 Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because

47、he had to write a report, but he wentA. at firstB. after allC. above all D. at random1. （2017 江苏）Determining where we are our surroundings remains an essential skill for oursurvival.A. in contrast toB. in defense ofC. in face ofD. in relation to2. （2017 W匕京） Many people who live along the coast make

48、 a living fishing industry.A. at B. in C. on D. by3. （2017以津） When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be trees that areover 1,000 years old.A. among B. against C. behind D. below1. （2016 新课标 I , 64）But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in themid-1980

49、s , when I was the first.2. （2016 新课标n , 44）Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later inthe day.3. （2016 新课标出， 70）Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.4. （2016 四川，67）The mother continued to care for t

50、he young panda more than two years.5. （2016 浙江，16）In this article , you need to back up general statements specific examples.6. （2016 天津, 8）Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice her opinion on the subject.二、代词1 .【2019 天津卷】 3.A study shows the students who

51、 are engaged in after-school activities are happier than who are not.A. onesB. thoseC. theseD. them1. （2017 江苏）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of purposes is to relieveworldwide starvation.A.whichB.it ' sC.whoseD.whom2. （2017 江苏卷）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme

52、, one of purposes is to relieveworldwide starvation.A. whichB. itsC. whoseD. whom3.（2017 江苏卷）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one ofpurposes is to relieveworldwide starvation.A. whichB. itsC. whoseD. whom4. （2017 江苏）In 1963 the UNset up the World Food Programme, one ofpurposes is to r

53、elieveworldwide starvation.UK.A.whichB.it ' sC.whoseD.whom1. （2016新课标I（it）mother.68）On my recent visit , I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by2. （2016 四川，68）By that time , the panda no longer needed（it）mother for food.3. （2016 浙江， 3）In many ways , the education system in

54、 the US is not very different fromin the以下内容为：高中英语到底怎么学？开学伊始，对于所有的同学来说，都是新的开始，新学期到底该如何学好英语？这是很多同学高中三年都一直追问的问题。看了那么多英语学渣变身学霸的逆袭故事，为什么还是学不好英语？我只能说：愿望是好的，行动是关键！今天，一位高考英语137分的学姐和大家分享高中三年英语到底该怎么 学，希望你不只是看一看，唯有行动才能结出硕果！进入高中的第一天起，你的人生就开始了一个崭新的阶段。高中三年，你要为你的将来打拼，你 要知道，能够对自己人生负责的只有自己。不要想着刚刚开学，一切都不着急，高中的每一天都不能

55、 懈怠，因为别人一直在进步，你停滞不前就是退步。更不要觉得初中底子好，短期内吃吃老本儿没关 系，久而久之，你就会为你的懒惰和厌恶改变埋单。英语学习也是这样，你要做好改变的准备，改变 以前初中时的英语学习方法，你要做好打一场持久战的心理准备。如果你是高二、高三的同学，以上 说的这些同样适用。单词方面，大家都知道，初中英语1600词，高中英语3500词，这只是量的比较。从单词长度和用法来讲，高中英语远远难于初中。没有一定的词汇量，英语水平和成绩的提高便无从谈起。所以， 你要制定一套不同于初中的记单词方法。下面推荐一套完整的高中英语记单词方法：1 .买一本课本同步参考资料。课本上的单词不仅要记住，其

56、固定搭配、句型和用法也非常非常非常重要，而这些你都可以在参考资 料上找到。2 .准备一个单词笔记本。把课本同步资料上的重点单词、短语、句型及其用法用心摘抄到笔记本上，一周至少复习三次。3 .买一本3500词。没错，高一开始就可以刷 3500词了，你可以利用零碎时间看和记。这样做的好处是，到高考前夕，一本3500词你至少应该可以翻个七八遍了， 相对于那些一遍都没翻过的同学， 你领先的可不是一点点哦！4 .保存做过的每一篇完形和阅读。这样做的目的是，要定期翻看上面的生词注释，避免遗忘。前提是，做完每一篇之后你要把生词查出 来标注在相应位置。我不建议把文章中的生词摘抄到笔记本上，脱离语境的记忆印象不深刻、记忆不 持久、用法不清晰。5 .看名著简写本。阅读英语名著，可以增加词汇量、提高阅读能力、了解英语